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© Copyright by Yousif M.S.Abdelrahim 2019 All © Copyright by Yousif M.S.Abdelrahim 2019 All Rights Reserved TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE The undersigned, approved by the Doctoral Dissertation Committee, have examined the dissertation entitled TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE The undersigned, approved by the Doctoral Dissertation Committee, have examined the dissertation entitled TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE AND SCALE CONSTRUCTION presented by Yousif Abdelrahim a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Business Administration and hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. Aditya Simha, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Management Committee Chair SIGNATURE:_______________________________ K. Praveen Parboteeah, Ph.D. Professor of Management Second Committee Member SIGNATURE:_______________________________ Rimi Zakaria Assistant Professor of Management Reader SIGNATURE:_______________________________ TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE _____________________________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Wisconsin—Whitewater ______________________________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Business Administration ______________________________________________________________________________ By: YOUSIF ABDELRAHIM Dr. Aditya Simha, Dissertation Chair Dr. K. Praveen Parboteeah, Dissertation Second Committee Member Dr. Rimi Zakaria, Dissertation Reader May 2019 TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who directly or indirectly contributed to the successful completion of this project. It is by God's love and grace that I was able to complete this great project. I give many thanks to the Lord God for His faithfulness, grace, and favor and for granting me the health, patience, and energy to complete this work. I give warm gratitude to my dissertation chair, Dr. Aditya Simha, my second committee member Dr. K. Praveen Parboteeah, my reader Dr. Rimi Zakaria, and to all my lecturers at the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater for their professional advice, support, and motivation to achieve this great goal. These individuals imparted useful knowledge and made me more valuable to society. I must also remember my colleagues who continually encouraged me both in class and during group discussions. I also sincerely acknowledge my wife Rian and my children Mugtba, Muayed, Muram, and Ahmed for their patience and encouragement throughout my studies. The entire family gave me material, financial and moral support for the completion of this project. To them, I give great honor. iv TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE YOUSIF ABDELRAHIM Dr. Aditya Simha, Dissertation Chair ABSTRACT The first essay in this dissertation develops and validates a new, reliable, scale for measuring and predicting individual tribal behavior within society using segmentary lineage theory (Evans-Pritchard, 1940). The primary measurement data were collected using a pencil- and-paper questionnaire survey. The newly developed tribalism scale suggested three reliable and valid dimensions for measuring tribalism at the individual level; these three dimensions are tribal pride, tribal loyalty, and tribal group identity. The second essay examines the relationships between tribalism and ethically suspect behaviors at the individual level; and tribalism and corruption at the country level. It further v TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE explores whether tribalism is a unique cultural behavior—different from Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and those of the GLOBE study. I used institutional anomie theory to develop my hypotheses relating tribalism to individuals’ ethically suspect behaviors. The present study used hierarchical linear modeling techniques (HLM) and multiple linear regression analysis of secondary datasets of 68,630 individuals from 56 countries. The secondary datasets were borrowed from the Jacobson and Deckard (2012) Tribalism Index (TI), the KOF Index of Globalization (KOFI), and the World Value Survey (WVS, sixth edition). The findings showed that tribalism is a unique cultural behavior that differs from Hofstede’s cultural dimensions (i.e., collectivism, masculinity, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance). I extended Hofstede’s cultural dimensions by identifying, validating, and showing the uniqueness of tribalism construct. Besides, the results confirmed that the concept of tribalism is positively related to corruption and that the relationship is weaker at a higher level of globalization. However, the results did not support the relationship between tribalism at the country level and ethically suspect behaviors at the individual level. Future research, theoretical vi TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE and practical implications, and research limitations are also discussed. Keywords: Tribe, tribalism, Tribalism Index, tribal behavior, pride, group identity, tribal pride, unethical behaviors, corruption, belonging, patriarchy. vii TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………….……………………………………….………......iv ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………...……….….v LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………….….…..xiv LIST OF FIGURES….…………………………………………….….……………………..….xvi I. CHAPTER 1- THE RESEARCH SUMMARY .........................................................................1 Essay 1 Tribalism: Scale Construction and Validation………………….……….………..….3 Essay 2 Tribalism and Corruption: Explorations Beyond National Culture….........................5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................6 References .................................................................................................................................9 II. ESSAY 1—TRIBALISM: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION………..…..11 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................11 Literature Review ....................................................................................................................15 The Concept of Tribalism…………………………….……….……...…….…………..15 Tribal Loyalty.…………………………………….…………………………………….18 viii TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE Tribal Belonging and Oneness………..……………………………….….……………...19 Tribal Group Identity..………………………………………...…….………...................20 Tribal Patriarchy…..………………………………….……….…………….…………...21 Tribal Pride…..………………………………………………………………..................24 Tribal Commitment, Favoritism, and Face Saving…..…………………………………..25 How is the Newly Developed Tribalism Scale Different from Meir's (2009) measure?...27 Methodology……..........................................................................................................................30 Scale Development and Procedures………………………………………………………….….30 The Guidelines for Tribalism Scale Development and Analyses...……………………31 Step 1: Creation of Scale Items (Item Generation).……………………...…………….32 The Theoretical Domain of the New Measure………...……...…………………..32 Number of Items in the Scale……….………...…………......……………………33 Deductive Approach…………………....……………………...............................34 Item Development………………………...……………………………………....35 ix TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE Content Validity………………………………...………………………………...38 Step 2: Assessment of Content Adequacy…...………………………………...……....39 The Content Adequacy Sample….……………………….……………………....40 Step 3: Questionnaire Administration………….….………………...…………………41 Using Paper-and-Pencil Self-Administered Questionnaires...…………………....42 The Influence of Incentives on the Study Response Rate………………………...43 Item Scaling…………...…….………………………………...………………….43 Sample Size………………...……………………….………...…..........................44 Step 4: Exploratory Factor Analysis and Factor Analysis………………………...…...45 Conducting an Exploratory Factor Analysis …………….………..........................45 Conducting Confirmatory Factor Analysis………....…………..............................50 Step 5: Assessment of Internal Consistency….…….…...……………………...……...50 Step 6: Content Validity……….………...…………….…………...…………...……...51 Model Fit in Analysis of a Moment Structures…………………………...…........52 x TRIBALISM AND CORRUPTION: SCALE CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLORATIONS BEYOND NATIONAL CULTURE Common Method Bias…………………………...…………………………....….46 Testing Common Method Bias…………………………...…………………...….58 Ethical Considerations….……………………………..……………………….....59 Step 7: Reliability and Final Scale Validity……………...…..……………....………..61 Results and Analysis…………..…………………………………………………………………63 The scale Validation Using Simple Regression Analysis……….….…........................63 Discussion, Limitations,
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