Сторінка молодого вченого

UDC 332.2 CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS OF GREEN ZONES USE IN KIEV

R. Derkulskyi , PhD student* National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of E-mail: [email protected]

The current state of city green areas was analyzed in planning, land management, legal and environmental aspects. This article provides comparison per capita green space provision between Kyiv and European cities. Keywords: land governance, public land management, acquisition, management and disposal of state land, green space provision, green areas, city land cadastre, city-plnning cadastre, state land cadaster, urban forests.

The problem formulation correlat- ervation, improving effective mechanisms ed with Willi Zimmermann’s (Germany), for their protection has become a priority opinion,who said that public property of economic and environmental policy. assets (which should include green belts, Cities and urban landscapes research public green space, green areas) are of- has always paid much attention. Green ar- ten mismanaged, and nearly all countries eas researches are especially important for underutilize these resources. The power to modern big cities. This is due to the fact that allocate public land is of great economic these areas are showing significant posi- and political importance in most coun- tive impact on air quality and climatic con- tries, and it is a common focus of corrupt ditions of the urban environment, increase practices. Public land is often treated as its attractiveness, promote biodiversity a “free good”, whereas “good” land in urban landscape, providing favorable con- terms of location, use and service delivery ditions for the rest of the urban population is in fact scarce and valuable. [1]. [2]. It should be noted that an important We want to pay attention on green areas indicator that characterizes green areas in in Ukrainian cities, especially in Kyiv as urban green area is the per capita green the Ukrainian capital and also most urban- space provision. This problems were dis- ized city in our country. Green areas val- cussed in this article. ue is environmentally and economically understated, and the existing legal frame- Recent research and publications work does not guarantee reliable mech- analysis. anisms for full environmental activities conducting in cities. Therefore, we have to V. Andreytseva, V. Brun, O. Glotova, find ways to ensure the green spaces pres- N. Ilnytska, P. Kulinich, O. Pogribnyi,

1 Scientific supervisor - Ph.D., Associate Professor A. Martyn

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V. Semchyk, N. Titova, Y. Shemshuchen- land is often treated as a “free good”, ko are ukrainian scientists who concen- whereas “good” land in terms of loca- trated their researches on legislation prob- tion, use and service delivery is in fact lems of public land and land use[3]. scarce and valuable [1]. Biotic components of the urban In accordance with Ukrainian law landscape of green areas research and public lands in cities includes: squares, its optimization devoted many works streets, driveways, roads, embankments, of the Eastern European researchers beaches, parks, squares, boulevards, (Y.Khromov, 1974; V. Kucheryavyi, cemeteries, landfill sites [6]. The list 1984, 1994, 1999; A. Verhunov, 1982; indicated in this article isn’t full, so we A.Belkin, 1987 ; S.Yablokov, 1994; should assume including green areas in O.Laptev AA, 1998). this list. Article purpose is the analysis of Ukrainian law determines that public current state and trends of green areas lands boundary definition it’s preroga- use in the Kyiv city. Comparison per tive of village, town and city councils capita green space provision in Kyiv and minicipal administrations within the and European cities. powers defined by law, and Kyiv and Sev- astopol city municipal administrations The main material. in accordance with plans of “red lines” [7]). Thus the term «red line» is under- Public lands in the cities are lands of stood by a town-planning documentation public ownership (according to V.Ry- regarding geodetic network points as bakov and R.Shyshka’s opinion which boundaries existing and planned streets, in their work, notes that there are two roads, squares, which demarcates the ter- types of ownership: public (state, mu- ritory neighborhoods, districts and other nicipal and property of the people) and purposes territories [3]. private [4, pp. 383-384]. Particular attention should be given to Public property land use, as the A. green areas in the cities, including the cap- Ripenko assumed conflict between the ital – Kyiv and question their current state private interests of the lessee of land and prospects of development. Green (who could be owner of building which spaces area of all kinds in the city on a located on this land) and others who reported basis is 56.5 thousands hectares has guaranteed by the Constitution of or 67.4% of the total area of the city, in- Ukraine [5] general right of land use. cluding 21.6 thousands hectares located Public land accounts for a large por- within the municipal area. According to tion of public wealth of both developed the accepted classification of these plan- and developing countries. Willi Zim- tations are divided by functional grounds mermann’s (Germany), said that public into three main groups: property assets (which should include a) public green area: recreation green belts, public green space, green parks, parks, squares and boulevards, areas)are often mismanaged, and nearly special parks (botanical gardens, the all countries underutilize these resourc- zoo, Museum of Folk Architecture and es. The power to allocate public land is Rural Life, National Complex «Expo- of great economic and political impor- center of Ukraine», Golf Park); tance in most countries, and it is a com- b) green areas of limited use – resi- mon focus of corrupt practices. Public dential area between houses, child cares

68 № 4’2016 Сторінка молодого вченого land use territories, schools, universi- appropriate and often only depend on ties, academic and medical institutions, political grounds. Thus its not a hard enterprises and organizations; to change for a few weeks the Concept c) green areas for special purposes (program) that determines for nearly 10 – sanitary protection zones of indus- years development and preservation of trial enterprises, melioration and shel- green areas in the city. terbelts, greenhouse farms and arbore- Also particular chapter of the Con- tums, corridors utilities, green parts of cept was dedicated to coordination and streets, roads and cemeteries. [8] planning land management projects by We should consider including in structural subdivisions of Kyiv City the legislative field of Ukraine the con- Municipal Administration.In accor- cept of «green lines» as border between dance to this Concept Kyiv City Mu- green spaces (parks, squares, boule- nicipal Administration should to ensure vards, forests, water park, etc.) and the planning and coordination of land urbanized territories, neighborhoods, management projects for the organiza- other public areas. Implementation tion and define of boundaries and usage of this concept and precise regulation of lands of nature reserve and other en- of the use, protection and valuation of vironmental purposes, forests, public these areas could completely change green places and submit them for con- urban planning functions, it could be sideration and approval of the Kyiv city step towards improving environmental council. However, nowadays almost performance and become a part of im- nothing has been done for acquisition plementing the principles of sustainable of ownership by municipal enterpris- development in urban planning and land es “Administration of Green Spaces”. management. Kyiv almost has not gave Technically green zones boundar- permits for planning land management ies should be defined in accordance projects, information about green areas with land management projects, which has not included into State Land Ca- should be planned and approved in ac- dastre. There are many motifs of such cordance with the Law of Ukraine «On inaction of local government, including Land Management», the Land Code of corruption issues. Meanwhile, there is Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of another equally important problem or Ukraine decrees etc. However, green even the threat: property owners that zones boundaries wasn’t defined. Cur- have registered ownership of the objects rent situation gives to local authorities located within the green areas, quite le- and officials the opportunity to «man- gally file a relevant petition for permit ual mode» manage of the green zones on planning land management project boundaries, but this is straight way to and in case the city council decision corrupt practices Analyzing Kyiv city (positive or negative) has not been not we should say that the current regulatory published within 30 days, according framework and Concept of green space to «Land Code of Ukraine» property development in the downtown (Kyiv owners can use «tacit consent» right for city council act № 806/3381) does not planning land management projects and solve all problems with the green areas adding land parcel information into the preservation and protection. Concept State Land Cadastre database. The land changes do not always a reasonable and ownership registration could be next

№ 4’2016 69 Землеустрій, кадастр і моніторинг земель step even without any city council de- most of Forest enterprises, so there is cision (in case of court order). There- not hard to find half legal ways for to fore, the role of the Concept of green acquisition ownership for urban forests space development in the downtown territories, including for target purpos- can be reduced to almost «0». Proper- es, which may have adversely affect to ty (building) owners are able to acquire green spaces surrounding the city of ownership or land lease of land parcels Kyiv city, which play an important role located within the green areas and to use in ecology of human habitats in many this territories not for environmental ac- ways: they filter air, water, sunlight, tivities but for their business interests. provide shelter to animals and recre- Urban forests (green belts) comple- ational area for people. They moderate ment public green spaces of Kyiv city. local climate, slowing wind and storm- Urban forests of Kyiv city include terri- water, and shading homes and business- tories of the forest park farms: «Concha es to conserve energy. They are critical Zaspa», “” and “Darnitsya” in cooling the urban heat island effect, that form Kyiv’s green belt, their total thus potentially reducing the number of area is 34.7 thousand ha; Also includ- unhealthful ozone days that plague ma- ed Separated subdivision of NULES of jor cities in peak summer months. Ukraine “Boyarka Forestry Research Also according to Comprehensive Station” forests (222.6 ha), Institute of (general) plan and detailed plans of ter- Zoology – 93.28 hectares and «Feofa- ritories, green areas are visualized in nia» park – 150.0 hectares. Urban for- the city-planning cadastre as functional ests bring many environmental, sani- areas, which are divided into territorial tary, recreational and other benefits to planning elements (zones). There is sit- cities. uation at current time that information Continuing subtopic about legal sta- about same objects – the area covered tus of green areas, we can say that ur- with greenery visualized in two sep- ban forests within the legal framework arate resources: city-planning cadas- are under better protection, because ac- tre and city land cadastre that are not cording to the Forest Code of Ukraine synchronized with each other not to planned cartographic materials of the mention appropriate integration into a forest management of previous years single database for handling objective are documents that confirm land use and only real time information in public right for State foresty enterprises even use, which also must to interrelates with without city council decisions and state State land cadastre database. cadastral registration [9]. There is another important question: Cartographic materials of forest “Is the Kyiv really one of the greenest management with graphics available for cities in Europe or not?” most urban forests territories in Kyiv The actual green space provi- city. Thus forest park farms can be ap- sion in Kyiv city with urban forests is proved as legitimate urban forests hold- 215.2 m2/ person., and within urban ar- ers. However, we have to say that infor- eas – 82.3 m2/ person. mation about Forest park farms bound- Noted squares are not accurate and aries has not added in the State land should be measured by instrumental cadastre database, but only available in conducted surveys, but we could use city land cadastre database and also in Concept data and information.

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Table 1. The actual existing public green area availability (with special parks) [8].

Administrative district Public green area, ha Per capita green space provision. m2/person. Golosiivskyi district 1118,78 54,46 344,15 11,96 Dniprovskyi district 1158,98 34,14 Desnianskyi district 531,97 16,11 676,63 22,08 383,74 29,53 218,55 12,09 Svyatoshinskyi district 320,66 10,12 Solomyanskyi district 264,18 8,99 Shevchenkivskyi district 487,07 20,83 Total: 5504,71 20,91

Fig. 1. Green coverage within city and per capita green space provision [10].

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We can compare green space provi- most important network of green areas sion in Kyiv with the main European cit- of the city belongs to public green ar- ies. “The scaling of green space coverage eas which, directly affect the state of in European cities” is the article which the urban environment and also they are was published 11 May 2009 by Richard zones of a mass recreation [8]. A. Fuller, Kevin J. Gaston, in accordance to this research the 386 European cities Conclusions. accounted for 170.6 million inhabitants in 2001 (34% of Europe’s population). Green We briefly analyzed the current state space coverage varied markedly, averaging of Kyiv city green areas in planning, land 18.6 per cent and ranging from 1.9 (Reggio management, legal and environmental as- di Calabria, Italy) to 46 (Ferrol, Spain) per pects and we found out obvious problems cent. This coverage showed a clear central in their use and protection. It is important tendency, and its frequency distribution to create a unified information system for among cities was not distinguishable from the whole city, for real time visualization a normal distribution (Kolmogorov Smirn- of all decisions of the local government, ov Z=1.107, p=0.172). Some 45.2 million promising programs and trends, chang- people inhabited cities in the lowest quar- es in the Concept of green space devel- tile (2–13%) of green space coverage, in- opment in the downtown. Publicity and dicating limited green space availability openness of data is an integral part of the for a significant proportion of Europe’s future city and it can be implemented har- population. Proportional green space cov- moniously within the framework of “Kyiv erage in the cities increased with latitude Smart City” project. (r=0.434, n=386, p<0.001; figure 1). Per It should be noted that regulatory in- capita green space provision varied by two dex of per capita green space provision orders of magnitude, from 3 to 4 m2 per in a residential area and within walking person in Cádiz, Fuenlabrada and Almería distance to them should vary depending (Spain) and Reggio di Calabria (Italy) to on the proportion of buildings number more than 300 m2 in Liège (Belgium), of storeys, and considering the unsys- Oulu (Finland) and Valenciennes (France). tematic development of Kyiv city over This variation formed a clear spatial pattern the last two decades, indicators of per at country level, with lowest provision in capita green space provision should be the south and east of Europe, increasing to revised. Cartographic materials, includ- the north and northwest (figure 1) ing the comprehensive (general) plan of So if we compare per capita green a city, land cadastre and city-planning space provision in Kyiv city (includ- cadastre and other data could be the ba- ing forests), result is 215.2 m2/person, sis for finding out the most critical area only within urban areas the situation neighborhoods, for which new green is different - 82.3 m2/person, but if we spaces creation is extremely import- compare the actual green space provi- ant and the next step may be to initiate sion by public green areas (with spe- appropriate changes to the Concept of cial parks) average result is 20.91 m2/ green space development in the down- person. In this case we can see that per town. As the result should be the green capita green space provision in Kyiv space provision increasing provision and city is totally different from the average forming of the fundamental elements of in Europe at the same time leading and the Kyiv city ecological network.

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9. Forest code of Ukraine, [Electronic source]: References – Access: http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/ 1. Efektyvnyi prozoryi menedzhment zemel show/3852-12. publichnoi vlasnosti: dosvid, kerivni prynt- 10. Richard A. Fuller, Kevin J. Gaston The scal- sypy ta instrumentarii, [Electronic source]: ing of green space coverage in European – Access: http://www.myland.org.ua/user- cities [Electronic resourse] / Richard A. files/file/Zimmermann ML.pdf. Fuller, Kevin J. Gaston // The Royal Society, 2. Savytska O.V. The Landscape-eсological [Electronic source]: Access: http://rsbl.roy- Analysis of Green Zone of the alsocietypublishing.org/content/5/3/352. (on example of Kyiv, Ukraine and Berlin, Germany). – Manuscript. *** 3. MILIMKO L.V. OKREMI ASPEKTY VYKORYS- Деркульський Р.Ю. TANNIa ZEMEL ZAHALNOHO KORYSTU- СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ВИКО- VANNIa NASELENYKh PUNKTIV, [Electronic РИСТАННЯ ЗЕЛЕНИХ ЗОН У М. КИЄВІ source]: – Access: http://pravoznavec.com. Проведено аналіз чинних нормативно ua/period/article/1739/%CC. правових актів, що регулюють викори- 4. Tsyvilne pravo Ukrainy : pidruchnyk : u стання земель загального користування 2-kh ch. Ch. 1. / Kroitor V. A., Shyshka R. B., та зокрема зелених зон у м. Києві. Проведе- Chalyi Iu. I. ta in. ; za zah. red. Shyshky R. B. но порівняння рівня забезпеченості озеле- ta Kroitora V. A. – Kh. : Vyd-vo Kharkivskoho неними територіями у м. Києві із показни- nats. un-tu vnutr. sprav, 2008. – P.516. ком забезпеченості у країнах Європи. 5. Ripenko A. Pravove rehuliuvannia vyko- Ключові слова: землі загального корис- rystannia zemel zahalnoho korystuvannia тування, зелена зона, озеленені території, naselenykh punktiv / Ripenko A., [Electronic забезпеченість зеленими насадженнями, source]: – Access: http://www.myland.org. міський земельний кадастр, містобудівний ua/userfiles/file/Ripenko_commons.pdf. кадастр, державний земельний кадастр. 6. Land code of Ukraine, [Electronic source]: – Access: http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgibin/ *** laws/main.cgi?nreg=2768-14&c=1#Csht- Деркульский Р.Ю. ent. СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ТЕН- 7. Pro planuvannia i zabudovu terytorii : Za- ДЕНЦИИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЗЕЛЕНЫХ kon Ukrainy : vid 20 kvit. 2000 r. // Vidomo- ЗОН В Г. КИЕВЕ sti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy. – 2000 – № Проведен анализ действующих норма- 31. – P. 250. тивно-правовых актов, регулирующих ис- 8. Pro zatverdzhennia Prohramy rozvytku пользование земель общего пользования и в zelenoi zony m. Kyieva do 2010 roku ta kont- частности зеленых зон в г.. Киеве. Проведе- septsii formuvannia zelenykh nasadzhen но сравнение уровня обеспеченности озеле- v tsentralnii chastyni mista: Rishennia Ky- ненными территориями в г.. Киеве с показа- ivskoi miskoi rady vid 19 lypnia 2005 roku N телем обеспеченности в странах Европы. 806/3381 (zi zminamy ta dopovnenniamy)/ Ключевые слова: земли общего поль- stanom na 19 lystopada. 2015 r., [Electronic зования, зеленая зона, озелененные тер- source]: – Access: http://kmr.ligazakon.ua/ ритории, обеспеченность зелеными наса- SITE2/l_docki2.nsf/alldocWWW/ F568AC- ждениями, городской земельный кадастр, 23F047A944C22573C00053FA80?Open- градостроительный кадастр, государ- Document. ственный земельный кадастр.

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