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Framing of the 2006 Lebanon War in the Egyptian Press Framing of the 2006 Lebanon War in the Egyptian Press Dissertation Zur Enlangung des Grades einer Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. Phil.) am Fachbereich Politik-und Sozialwissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Ingy S. Al-Sayed im Juni 2015 Datum der Disputation: 2 Juni 2015 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Trebbe Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Carola Richter Tag der Disputation: June 2, 2015 Abstract English The 2006 Lebanon war was as a link in the chain of the prolonged Arab-Israeli conflict. Unlike the previous wars between the Arabs and Israel, the 2006 war in Lebanon took place amid a changing regional and international political and cultural context. Based on the constructionist approach as a theoretical background, the study aimed to explore the role of media in wartime. It focused on one aspect of the prolonged Middle East conflict by depicting the 2006 Lebanon war in order to explore the main frames in the Egyptian press, as well as the orientation of the newspapers toward the war journalism and peace journalism frames. The uniqueness of this particular war was the role played by non-state movements in the region, transcending the traditional ideologies of Pan-Arabism and Islamism prevalent in the Middle East, and introducing a new ideological frame referred to as “transnational Islamo-Arabic order” (Valbjørn & Bank, 2007). The thesis structure is based on the content analysis of three Egyptian newspapers representing three ideological tendencies in the society: the governmental, the liberal, and the leftist Pan-Arab trend. The central argument was the ideological orientation of the newspaper would affect the framing of the war. The study treated the ideology of the newspaper as the independent variable and the frames as dependent variables. Despite the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, the tension between the two sides was reflected in the media. The purpose of studying the framing of war was to shed light on the political system in Egypt and how different factors – including political factors, social norms, ideological perspectives and journalistic organizational structure – mediate to determine how the media framed specific events dependent on the nature of the event itself, as well as other factors. The press framed the war within predetermined frames that resonated deeply in society. Based on the definition of framing adopted by Entman, the thesis relied on the deductive approach in identifying the frames of the 2006 war in Lebanon in the newspapers under study. The analysis recognized six main frames: victim/feuding neighbors, strategic interest, responsibility, reconciliation, protest, and heroic Hezbollah. Furthermore, the thesis concerned the study of framing within the premise of Galtung’s competing war journalism and peace journalism frames in order to reach an understanding of the role of media in war times. The frames were determined in news, editorials, and visuals. The period of analysis was the war time from July 13 to August 15, 2006. The study applied the purposive sample to select three newspapers based on the circulation of the newspaper and the influence of the political ideological trend it represented. Then, censuses of all issues related to the Lebanon war of 2006 were analyzed in the chosen newspapers. The analysis involved a total of 1728 materials, including 756 materials in Ahram, 822 in Masry, and i 150 materials in the weekly Araby. Findings suggested that the Egyptian presses under study did not homogenously frame the 2006 Lebanon war but were divided along lines of ideological tendencies that affected their framings. The state-owned press was inclined to echo the stance of the Egyptian regime while the liberal press showed more diversity in framing the war. As for the leftist press, it corresponded with the ideological perspective of the Nasserite party it represented. ii Abstrakt Der Libanonkrieg im Jahr 2006 war eine weitere Etappe im andauernden Nahostkonflikt. Ungleich den vorhergegangenen Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Israel und den arabischen Staaten, stand der Krieg 2006 erstmals in einem Kontext der politischen und kulturellen Veränderung – sowohl auf nationaler wie auch regionaler Ebene. Basierend auf einen konstruktivistischen Ansatz als theoretischen Rahmen, versucht die vorliegende Arbeit die Rolle der Medien in Kriegen zu erforschen. Als Teil des Nahostkonflikts wird sich bei dieser Arbeit auf die Darstellung des Libanon Kriegs von 2006 fokussiert, um dadurch die grundlegenden Frames der ägyptischen Presse und deren Haltungen zu den Frames des Kriegs- und Friedensjournalismus zu untersuchen. Die Einzigartigkeit dieses besonderen Krieges liegt bei den Rollen der nichtstaatlichen Bewegungen in der Region, die die im Nahen Osten geläufigen traditionellen Ideologien des Pan-Arabismus und des Islamismus überschritten und eine neue ideologische Rahmenbedingung, die „transnationale islamo-arabische Ordnung“ (Valbjørn / Bank, 2007) einführten. Der Aufbau der Arbeit basierte auf der Analyse dreier ägyptischer Zeitungen, die ihrerseits die drei ideologischen Tendenzen innerhalb der ägyptischen Gesellschaft repräsentieren; Einen von der Regierung vorgegebenen, einen liberalen und einen den Pan-Arabismus vertretenden linken Trend. Die Hauptthese war hierbei, dass die ideologische Orientierung einer Zeitung das Framing des Krieges beeinflusst. Die Ideologie der Zeitungen wird hierbei als eine unabhängige Variable behandelt, wohingegen die Frames als abhängige Variablen angesehen werden. Trotz des Friedens zwischen Ägypten und Israel wurden die Spannungen zwischen beiden Länder durch die Medien reflektiert. Der Einstieg der Untersuchung von Kriegsframing erfolgte durch das Beleuchten des politischen Systems in Ägypten und über die Frage, inwieweit Faktoren wie Politik, soziale Normen, ideologische Perspektiven und die Organisationsstruktur des Journalismus zusammenspielen. Dadurch wird determiniert, wie die Medien bestimmte Ereignisse in Abhängigkeit zur Natur der Ereignisse als auch zu anderen Faktoren einfangen. Nachrichtenagenturen hielten den Krieg in einem von der Bevölkerung ausgehenden vorbestimmten Rahmen fest. Ausgehend von Entmans Definition des Framing obliegt dieser Arbeit ein deduktiver Ansatz bei der Identifizierung von den Frames des Libanonkriegs 2006 in den zu untersuchenden Zeitungen. Sechs Frames werden in die Analyse mit einbezogen: Opfer / Zerstrittene Nachbarn, strategische Interessen, die Frames der Verantwortung, der Aussöhnung, des Protests, und der heroischen Hisbollah. Ein weiteres iii Anliegen der Arbeit ist die Untersuchung des Framings unter der von Galtung aufgestellten Prämisse über konkurrierenden Rahmenbedingungen des Kriegs- und Friedensjournalismus. Dies kann zu einem Erkenntnisgewinn über die Rolle der Medien in Kriegszeiten führen. Die Frames wurden durch Nachrichten, Überschriften und Illustrationen ermittelt. Der Zeitraum der Analyse umspannte die Kriegszeit zwischen dem 13. Juli und dem 15. August 2006. Begründet durch die Auflagezahlen der Zeitungen und deren Einfluss auf die politisch ideologischen Meinungen die sie vertreten, erfolgte eine bewusste Festlegung auf drei Zeitungen. Daraufhin folgte bei jeder der drei Zeitungen ein Zensus aller Themen, die sich auf den Libanonkrieg von 2006 bezogen. Dabei entstand eine Sammlung von 1728 Materialien, darunter 756 Auswahlstücke von Ahram, 822 von Masry und 150 in der Wochenzeitung Araby. Die Ergebnisse vermuteten, dass die ägyptische Presselandschaft kein einheitliches Bild zum Libanonkrieg 2006 darstellte, sondern aufgrund der ideologischen Unterschiede der Zeitungen verschiedenen Arten des Kriegsframings benutzt wurden. Die staatlich kontrollierten Zeitungen wiederspiegelten die Haltung des ägyptischen Regimes, wohingegen bei den liberalen Zeitungen unterschiedliche Ansätze des Kriegsframings zu beobachten sind. Für die linksgerichtete Presse gilt, dass ihre Meinung mit der ideologischen Perspektive der nasseristischen Partei einherging. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation has become a reality thanks to the support of many individuals who solidified this work from the very beginning. They all deserve an acknowledgment for their prolific efforts. I’m highly indebted to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Joachim Trebbe, for his academic support and valuable comments. He was overwhelmingly generous and patient in guiding me in my work. His guidance allowed me to really focus my topic and ideas. I would also like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Weiß for imparting his incredible knowledge and expertise in this study. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the comments of Prof. Dr. Carola Richter, whose expertise and knowledge of the Middle East, specifically, the Egyptian media, added considerably to my work. I’m also thankful to Prof. Dr. Barbara Pfetsch for being part of my defense committee and for showing eagerness to help me in different phases of my work. My deep gratitude goes to Sünje Paasch-Colberg from the Institute of Media and Communication studies for her kind help. I would like to express my gratitude to Claudia Baldermann from the Statistics Advice Center for her statistical and technical support. My thanks and appreciations also go to Prof. Dr. Shahira Fahmy from the University of Arizona, whose comments helped me to develop a focus. Finally, my most heartfelt gratitude goes to my family: my mother, my husband Walid, and my two sons, Ahmad and Ali, for their solidarity with me all the way through. Their selflessness and encouragement became a
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