Pacific Affairs

Vol. 83, No. 1 MARCH 2010

– Special Issue – CITIZENSHIP AND MIGRATION Guest Editor: Apichai W. Shipper Pa g e Introduction: Politics of Citizenship and Transnational Gendered Migration in East and Southeast Asia Apichai W. Shipper 11

Outlawed Children: Japanese Filipino Children, Legal Defiance and Ambivalent Citizenships Nobue Suzuki 31

Rethinking Belongingness in Korea: Transnational Migration, “Migrant Marriages” and the Politics of Multiculturalism Timothy Lim 51

Marital Immigration and Graduated Citizenship: Post-Naturalization Restrictions on Mainland Chinese Spouses in Taiwan Sara L. Friedman 73

Nostalgia, Anxiety and Hope: Migration and Ethnic Identity of Choso˘njok in China Wang-Bae Kim 95

Labour Recruitment, Circuits of Capital and Gendered Mobility: Reconceptualizing the Indonesian Migration Industry Johan Lindquist 115

Books Reviews (listed on pp. 6-9) 133

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abstracts

Introduction: Politics of Citizenship and Transnational Gendered Migration in East and Southeast Asia Apichai W. Shipper

The concept of citizenship is fluid and constructed. State actors, societal actors, and courts play important roles in the construction and reconstruction of formal, substantive, and differentiated citizenship. The recent arrival of transnational gendered migration from neighbouring countries to East and Southeast Asia challenges pre-existing assumptions about how political communities are defined and how new members should be treated. This introductory chapter proposes an analytical framework to understand the politics of citizenship and transnational gendered migration within the context of East and Southeast Asia.

Outlawed Children: Japanese Filipino Children, Legal Defiance and Ambivalent Citizenships Nobue Suzuki

Recently, many scholars have studied the burgeoning number of intimate relationships involving global migrations of people. They have demonstrated that cross-border liaisons of mixed nationalities are born not simply out of “love” but also of inequalities and power struggles occurring at crisscrossed intersections of race, ethnicity, gender, class and nationality. Yet, the existing literature on these associations has thus far tended to focus on adult relationships, and studies on children born to these couples continue to be scarce, especially, when children are born out of wedlock to border- crossing parents, the children’s citizenship and other rights complicate the existing social system and may challenge national sovereignty. Based on ethnographic research conducted in the 2000s among children born to unwed Filipino women and Japanese men (JFC), this article details the processes of JFC’s lawsuits against the Japanese state in order to reinstate their once-denied Japanese nationality. It then discusses some of the implications of their defiance to the state power for these children’s citizenships beyond political entitlements by introducing several cases of the experiences of the children who grew up in Japan and those who recently gained entry to their pátria without fathers.

2 Rethinking Belongingness in Korea: Transnational Migration, “Migrant Marriages” and the Politics of Multiculturalism Timothy Lim

Korean identity—based on a conflation of race and ethnicity—has been generally accepted as an unquestioned fact and closely associated with rights to citizenship and belongingness in Korean society: “non-Koreans” have simply and unabashedly been excluded from membership in South Korea. However, the now three-decades-old surge in transnational migration is beginning to erode the once-solid myth of South Korea’s homogeneity, and with it, the taken-for-granted belief that South Korea is only for Koreans. Moreover, the dramatic increase in international marriages, especially those between a Korean male and a “foreign bride,” bring an added dimension to transnational migration in South Korea, one in which questions of identity, citizenship, and belongingness must be directly addressed. The process of social transformation in Korea will be complex, contingent and profoundly political, involving multiple socio-political actors; increasing tensions along gender, racial, and class lines; and intense debates over the discourse and practices of citizenship, belonging and national identity. This paper argues that transnational migration—both of workers and foreign spouses—has already laid the basis for a significant change in long-held conception of Korean identity and belongingness. This is partly evidenced in the increasingly salient idea that Korea is now a “multicultural society.”

Marital Immigration and Graduated Citizenship: Post-Naturalization Restrictions on Mainland Chinese Spouses in Taiwan Sara L. Friedman

As Taiwan seeks to establish itself as an independent polity in the international community, it simultaneously confronts the problem of how to integrate almost 300,000 marital immigrants from Mainland China. This most recent wave of marital immigration across the Taiwan Strait began in the early 1990s and reached its peak in 2003, stabilizing since then at roughly 10 percent of all marriages annually. Chinese marital immigrants in Taiwan face more onerous requirements for residency and citizenship than any other category of foreign spouse. In the years immediately following naturalization, moreover, they remain barred from civil service employment and have limited family reunification rights. This paper examines these post-naturalization inequalities in relation to 1) broader population concerns that encourage continued restrictions on Chinese immigration; and 2) struggles over how to define the scope of the Taiwanese family and nation. It asks whether, given this environment, Chinese marital immigrants can ever become full Taiwanese citizens, both in terms of juridical status and national incorporation. This question underscores a key tension in Taiwan’s nation-building project: how to integrate immigrants who are racially, ethnically, and linguistically similar but who come tainted by longstanding political differences across the Taiwan Strait.

3 Pacific Affairs: Volume 83, No. 1 – Spring 2010

Nostalgia, Anxiety and Hope: Migration and Ethnic Identity of Choso˘njok in China Wang-Bae Kim

Although the migration of Koreans to Manchuria has a long history, the main influx occurred after 1910 when Korean agricultural peasants and industrial entrepreneurs migrated mostly to the area above the Korean peninsula and Harbin and Shenyang to seek newly emerging economic opportunities. Currently, there are approximately two million people of Korean ancestry living in China with the majority of that population concentrated in the Manchurian region. Recently, a considerable number of ethnic Koreans (Choso˘njok), both female and male, have moved away to urban centres elsewhere in China in the midst of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Moreover, after normalization of diplomatic relations between the PRC and South Korea in 1992, some Choso˘njok in China have travelled to South Korea as migrant workers, especially young Choso˘njok women who have arrived as marriage partners for South Korean men. As the PRC developed economically and its international stature rose, younger ethnic Koreans found themselves faced with more choices. As well, the weak autonomy of civil society within the region has made it difficult to reinforce ethnic Korean identity through discursive means. With the migration and concurrent in-migration of Han-Chinese to Choso˘njok villages and cities, many Choso˘njok in the formerly homogenous communities are experiencing a loss of ethnic identity and solidarity. This produces a complicated feeling of nostalgia for the past among older Choso˘njok and of anxiety and hope for the future among Choso˘njok of all ages.

Labour Recruitment, Circuits of Capital and Gendered Mobility: Reconceptualizing the Indonesian Migration Industry Johan Lindquist

During the last decade there has been a marked shift in the structure of migration from Indonesia with the deregulation of the transnational labour recruitment market after the fall of Suharto and a broader attempt across the region to regulate migrant flows to and from receiving countries in the wake of the Asian economic crisis. In this process, hundreds of Indonesian labour recruitment agencies have come to function as brokers in an increasingly government-regulated economy that sends documented migrants to countries such as Malaysia and Saudi Arabia. Based primarily on fieldwork on the island of Lombok, one of the major migrant-sending areas in Indonesia, the article considers the gendered aspects of this state–market relationship by focusing ethnographic attention on the initial stages of recruitment, as informal labour brokers deliver migrants to formal agencies. Critically, the article describes how capital increasingly flows “down” towards female migrants and “up” from male migrants—i.e., men must go into debt while women do not pay (or are even offered money) to travel abroad—thus highlighting the gendered dimensions of the current economy of transnational migration. More generally, the article argues for a renewed focus on the migration industry as a way of reconceptualizing Indonesian transnational migration in the context of contemporary forms of globalization.

4 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE

Ap i c h a i W. Sh i p p e r is Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Relations at the University of Southern California. He is the author of Fighting for Foreigners: Immigration and Its Impact on Japanese Democracy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008).

No b u e Su z u k i is Professor of Anthropology at Chiba University. She is the co-editor of Men and Masculinities in Contemporary Japan (Routledge, 2003). E-mail: suzuki@ L.chiba-u.ac.jp.

Ti m o t h y Lim is Professor of Political Science at California State University, Los Angeles. He is currently working on the second edition of his textbook, Doing Comparative Politics: An Introduction to Approaches and Issues (Lynne Rienner, forthcoming, 2010). E-mail: [email protected].

Sa r a L. Fr i e d m an is Associate Professor of Anthropology and Gender Studies at Indiana University, Bloomington. She is the author of Intimate Politics: Marriage, the Market and State Power in Southeastern China (Harvard University Press, 2006) and is currently writing a book on marital immigration across the Taiwan Strait. E-mail: [email protected].

Wan g -Ba e Kim is Professor of Sociology, Yonsei University in Seoul. He has studied various subjects on emotion and labour, migration workers and urban studies. Recently he published an article, “From Boot Camp to Bu-bu? IT Surveillance, Patriarchal Familism and Labour Control: South Korean Case Study,” in Inter-Asia Cultural Studies (vol. 10, no. 1, 2009). E-mail: [email protected].

Jo h an Lindquist is Associate Professor of Social Anthropology at Stockholm University in Sweden. He is the author of The Anxieties of Mobility: Development and Migration in the Indonesian Borderlands (University of Hawai’i Press, 2009). E-mail: [email protected].

5 Pacific Affairs: Volume 83, No. 1 – Spring 2010

BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

No t e : Book Reviews with an (electronic) designation can be found on the Pacific Affairs website: www.pacificaffairs.ubc.ca and in the electronic edition of the issue.

Asia General

Living in a Gl o b al i z e d Wo r l d : Ethnic Minorities in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Edited by Don McCaskill, Prasit Leepreecha and He Shaoying. Ken MacLean 133 Cu r r e n c y an d Co nt e st in East As i a : The Great Power Politics of Financial Regionalism. By William W. Grimes. Kevin G. Cai 135 Inst i t u t i o ns o f t h e As i a -Pacific: ASEAN, APEC, and Beyond. By Mark Beeson. Tsukasa Takamine 137 As i an -Eu r o p e an Re lat i o ns : Building Blocks for Global Governance? Edited by Jürgen Rüland et al. Julie Gilson 138 Th e Politics o f Kn o wl e d g e . Edited by Saw Swee-Hock and Danny Quah. Robert L. Curry, Jr. 140 Ult r a -Lo w Fe r t i l i t y in Pacific As i a : Trends, Causes and Policy Issues. Edited by Gavin Jones, Paulin Tay Straughan and Angelique Chan. Andrew Eungi Kim 142 Ant h r o p o l o g i c al Int e ll i g e n c e : The Deployment and Neglect of American Anthropology in the Second World War. By David H. Price. Lamont Lindstrom 144 Be y o n d t h e Fi nal Sc o r e : The Politics of Sport in Asia. By Victor D. Cha. Hyung-Gu Lynn e1

China and Inner Asia

Ax i s o f Co n v e n i e n c e : Moscow, Beijing, and the New Geopolitics. By Bobo Lo. Bin Yu 146 Te c h n o l o g i c al Em p o w e r m e nt : The Internet, State, and Society in China. By Yongnian Zheng. Duncan Clark 148 Th e Ri s e o f Ch i na an d Int e r nat i o nal Se c u r i t y : America and Asia Respond. Edited by Kevin J. Cooney and Yoichiro Sato. Allen S. Whiting 149 Ch i na ’s Tr ansf o r m at i o ns : The Stories Beyond the Headlines. Edited by Lionel M. Jensen and Timothy B. Weston. Kenneth W. Foster 151 Re s i st i n g Man c h u k u o : Chinese Women Writers and the Japanese Occupation. By Norman Smith. Karen L. Thornber 153 Th e Te a h o u s e : Small Business, Everyday Culture, and Public Politics in Chengdu, 1900-1950. By Di Wang. Michael Tsin 155 Cu l i na r y No stal g i a : Regional Food Culture and the Urban Experience in Shanghai. By Mark Swislocki. Josephine Smart 156

6 Ho n g Ko n g o n t h e Mo v e : 10 Years as the HKSAR. Edited by Carola McGiffert and James T.H. Tang; forewords by Ronald Arculli and John J. Hamre. Bernard Luk 158 De m o c r at i z at i o n in Ta i wan : Challenges in Transformation. Edited by Philip Paolino and James Meernik. Netina Tan 160 St r a i t Tal k : United States–Taiwan Relations and the Crisis with China. By Nancy Bernkopf Tucker. Robert Sutter 162 Ta i wan in Ja p an ’s Em p i r e -Building: An Institutional Approach to Colonial Engineering. By Hui-yu Caroline Tsai. Paul D. Barclay 164 Ol y m p i c Dr e a m s : China and Sports, 1895–2008. By Xu Guoqi. Fan Hong e3 Le p r o s y in Ch i na : A History. By Angela Ki Che Leung. David Luesink e5

Northeast Asia

Cl i e nt Stat e : Japan in the American Embrace. By Gavan McCormack. Andrew L. Oros 167 Pacific All i an c e : Reviving U.S.-Japan Relations. By Kent E . Calder Andrew L. Oros 167 Ja p an ’s Mi d d l e East Se c u r i t y Po l i c y : Theory and Cases. By Yukiko Miyagi. Yuko Nakano 170 Tr o u b l e d Ap o l o g i e s a m o n g Ja p an , Ko r e a , an d t h e Un i t e d Stat e s . By Alexis Dudden. Matthew Penney 172 So r r y Stat e s : Apologies in International Politics. By Jennifer Lind. Mark Gibney 174 Cr o ss i n g Em p i r e ’s Ed g e : Foreign Ministry Police and Japanese Expansionism in Northeast Asia. By Erik Esselstrom. Harald Fuess 175 Ja p an ’s Ou t c ast e Yo u t h : Education for Liberation. By June A. Gordon. Christopher Bondy 177 Ev al u at i n g Ev i d e n c e : A Positivist Approach to Reading Sources on Modern Japan. By George Akita. Frederick R. Dickinson 178 Ko r e a ’s De v e l o p m e ntal All i an c e : State, Capital and the Politics of Rapid Development. By David Hundt. Hyun-Chin Lim 180 Kim Jo n g Il’s Le a d e r s h i p o f No r t h Ko r e a . By Jae-Cheon Lim. Terence Roehrig 182 Fo r e i g n Di r e c t In v e st m e nt in Po st -Crisis Ko r e a : European Investors and ‘Mismatched Globalization’. By Judith Cherry. You-Il Lee e7 Th e Pa r t i t i o n o f Ko r e a aft e r Wo r l d Wa r II: A Global History. By Jongsoo James Lee. Vipan Chandra e9

7 Pacific Affairs: Volume 83, No. 1 – Spring 2010

South Asia

In d i a ’s Ec o n o m i c Tr ans i t i o n : The Politics of Reform. Edited by Rahul Mukherji. Vernon Hewitt 185 Th e Politics o f Po sts e c u la r Re l i g i o n : Mourning Secular Futures. By Ananda Abeysekara. Neera Chandhoke 186 Sc h o o l He alt h Se r v i c e s in In d i a : The Social and Economic Contexts. Edited by Rama V. Baru. S. Vivek 188 Si k h s at La r g e : Religion, Culture, and Politics in Global Perspective. By Verne Dusenbury. Anne Murphy 189 An Am e r i c an in Gan d h i ’s In d i a : The Biography of Satyanand Stokes. By Asha Sharma with Nandini Sharma; foreword by the Dalai Lama. Lloyd Rudolph 191 Th e Se p a r at i st Co nfl i c t in Sr i Lan k a : Terrorism, Ethnicity, Political Economy. By Asoka Bandarage. Bruce Matthews 193 Fo u r Cr i s e s an d a Pe a c e Pr o c e ss : American Engagement in South Asia. By P.R. Chari, Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema and Stephen P. Cohen. John Harriss e11 Re t h i n k i n g De m o c r a c y . By Rajni Kothari. Craig Jeffrey e13

Southeast Asia

Th e Ch i n e s e in So u t h e ast As i a an d Be y o n d : Socioeconomic and Political Dimensions. By Ching-Hwang Yen. Jemma Purdey 195 Gl o b al i z at i o n , Cu lt u r e an d So c i e t y in La o s . By Boike Rehbein. Jonathan Rigg 196 Gl o b al i z at i o n an d Nat i o nal Au t o n o m y : The Experience of Malaysia. Edited by Joan M. Nelson, Jacob Meerman and Abdul Rahman Embong. Greg Felker 198 Pa r t y Politics an d De m o c r at i z at i o n in In d o n e s i a : Golkar in the Post-Suharto Era. By Dirk Tomsa. Paul J. Carnegie 200 Ge n d e r , Isla m an d De m o c r a c y in In d o n e s i a . By Kathryn Robinson. Paige Johnson Tan 202 Th e Wi ll t o Im p r o v e : Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics. By Tania Murray Li. Danilyn Rutherford 204 My an m a r (Bu r m a ) s i n c e 1962: The Failure of Development. By Peter John Perry. Anne Booth e15 Fo r e st Gu a r d i ans , Fo r e st De st r o y e r s : The Politics of Environmental Knowledge in Northern Thailand. By Tim Forsyth and Andrew Walker. Susan M. Darlington e17

Australasia and the Pacific Region

Sp e a k i n g f r o m t h e He a r t : Stories of Life, Family and Country. Edited by Sally Morgan, Tjalaminu Mia and Blaze Kwaymullina. Elizabeth Grant 206

8 Ho l d i n g Me n : Kanyirninpa and the Health of Aboriginal Men. By Brian F. McCoy. Barry Judd 207 Co c a -Gl o b al i z at i o n : Following Soft Drinks from New York to New Guinea. By Robert J. Foster. Nancy Pollock 209 Wat e r , So v e r e i g nt y an d Bo r d e r s in As i a an d Oc e an i a . Edited by Devleena Ghosh, Heather Goodall and Stephanie Hemelryk Donald. Susan Russell 211 Th e Cr e at i o n o f An i m al Li f e : As Bilong Animal. Edited and translated by Thomas H. Slone; illustrations by Jada Wilson. Naomi M. McPherson 213 Th e Origin o f Pe o p l e an d So c i e t y : As Bilong Manmeri na Sosaiti. Edited and translated by Thomas H. Slone; illustrations by Peter Leo Ella. Naomi M. McPherson 213 Co ns e q u e n c e s o f Co nta c t : Language Ideologies and Sociocultural Transformations in Pacific Societies. By Miki Makihara and Bambi B. Schieffelin. John Barker 215 Van i s h e d Islan d s an d Hi d d e n Co nt i n e nts o f t h e Pacific. By Patrick D. Nunn. Glenn Petersen 217 Te ll i n g Pacific Li v e s : Prisms of Process. Edited by Brij V. Lal and Vicki Luker. Alexander Mawyer 218 Oc e an i a : Art of the Pacific Islands in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. By Eric Kjellgren. Roderick Ewins 220 Th e Re t u r n o f Cu lt u r al Tr e as u r e s . 3rd ed. By Jeanette Greenfield. Fanny Wonu Veys 222 To t h e Islan d s : White Australians and the Malay Archipelago since 1788. By Paul Battersby. Chris Ballard e19 Ma k i n g De a d Bi r d s : Chronicle of a Film. By Robert Gardner; foreword by Phillip Lopate; edited by Charles Warren; designed by Jeannet Leendertse. Richard Scaglion e21

9 Paciﬁc Affairs

Vol. 83, No. 2 JUNE 2010

PAGE

The Myth of Confucian Capitalism in South Korea: Overworked Elderly and Underworked Youth Ji-Whan Yun 237

Autonomy for Southern Thailand: Thinking the Unthinkable? Duncan McCargo 261

Regulating Paciﬁ c Seasonal Labour in Therese MacDermott Australia & Brian Opeskin 283

Japan’s Ocean Policy: Still the Reactive State? James Manicom 307

China, Professional Journalism, and Liberal Internationalism in the Era of the First World War Timothy B. Weston 327

Falun Gong, Ten Years On Review Article Stephen Noakes 349

Books Reviews (listed on pp. 230-233) 359

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ABSTRACTS

The Myth of Confucian Capitalism in South Korea: Overworked Elderly and Underworked Youth Ji-Whan Yun

South Korea has long been regarded as a typical example of Confucian capitalism; the Confucian tradition of elderly support has not only been well preserved but is also highly conducive to economic growth by creating strong collective bonds between Koreans. Nonetheless, the existence of an unusually large elderly workforce and a disproportionately small young workforce, together with poor working conditions for both old and young workers, demonstrates that the assumptions of Confucian capitalism do not hold true in Korea. Explanations have conventionally attributed this problem to external factors that are unrelated to Korea’s industrialization, such as increased life span, the changing quality of education and a shifting value system. This study, however, adopts a new approach that emphasizes the responsibilities of Korea’s unique industrialization. It proposes that the main characteristics of Korea’s development pattern have distorted the supply and demand structure of the country’s labour markets and have caused the current demographic imbalance between the overworked elderly and the underworked youth. Speciﬁ cally, this study suggests that two characteristics of Korea’s industrialization—crony capitalism and growth absolutism—affect the behaviour of young and old workers, thereby preventing them from realizing the Confucian virtue of support for the elderly through labour markets. This study implies that the afﬁ nity between development and tradition is not automatically a given in East Asia but rather is dependent on how development is designed and implemented.

Autonomy for Southern Thailand: Thinking the Unthinkable? Duncan McCargo

Over 4000 people have died since 2004 in a violent confl ict affecting Thailand’s Malay-majority southern border provinces, Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, and four districts of neighbouring Songkhla. Offering some form of autonomy or substantive decentralization to this troubled region might seem like an obvious response to the violence, but the topic has remained largely taboo until recently. Autonomy is seen by Bangkok in essentially pre-Cold War terms, as the thin end of the wedge, which could prefi gure an unravelling of the unitary state crafted during the time of King Chulalongkorn. Nevertheless, in recent years a number of senior fi gures from different positions in Thai society have voiced support for alternative governance arrangements for the deep South. These have included Dr Prawase Wasi, one of the architects of the 1997 constitution, former prime minister Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, former interior minister Chalerm Yubamrung, and a number of academics. Their proposals range from full autonomy for the deep South to a national project of regionalization, as well as the creation of a new ministry to oversee the area. Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva has offered mixed messages on the subject but has indicated sympathy for some form of decentralization. This article argues that despite the controversial nature of such proposals, there is a slowly emerging consensus around the need for a political solution to the confl ict. In other words, Thailand is moving towards a post-Cold War understanding of autonomy as a means of preserving rather than undermining the nation state.

226 Regulating Paciﬁ c Seasonal Labour in Australia Therese MacDermott and Brian Opeskin

In 2008 the Australian government announced a new labour mobility scheme for Pacifi c workers, with the objectives of meeting seasonal demand for low-skilled labour in the horticulture industry and promoting economic development in Pacifi c Island countries. Modelled on New Zealand’s Recognized Seasonal Employer scheme, it is a signifi cant departure from Australia’s long-standing preference for permanent migration that is non-discriminatory with respect to the country of origin. Any temporary migration program that draws a workforce from developing countries has the potential to exploit vulnerable foreign workers, but if Australia’s pilot program is to be a success in the long term, it is imperative that seasonal workers from the Pacifi c are not exposed to that danger. This article examines the many layers of regulation that have been introduced to protect Pacifi c workers from exploitation, including bilateral intergovernmental agreements, supervision by government departments and use of external advisory bodies. In addition, Australia’s regulatory framework governing workplace relations imposes a range of worker protections through equality laws, occupational health and safety principles, dispute settlement procedures and trade union involvement. To date, the Australian scheme has provided very limited opportunities for Pacifi c workers. This raises concerns about the long-term viability of this highly regulated scheme and the capacity to move beyond a pilot program to provide sustained opportunities for both Pacifi c workers and the horticulture industry.

Japan’s Ocean Policy: Still the Reactive State? James Manicom

In 2005-2006 Japan began asserting the jurisdictional rights to its maritime domain with greater authority than ever before. Tokyo prepared to conduct exploratory drilling in the disputed East China Sea and passed new laws to permit the full realization of Japan’s maritime rights and responsibilities. This activist turn appears to be at odds with most explanations of Japanese strategic policy. Given its preference for strategic evolution, Japan’s sudden preoccupation with the security and administration of its extended maritime zones—the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and its extended continental shelf—following years of neglect is striking. Moreover, this shift has not received a great deal of attention in the literature. This paper argues that Japan’s hesitant, ad hoc and incomplete response to its changing maritime environment can be understood through Kent Calder’s “reactive state” paradigm. While academic discussion of Japanese foreign policy has moved beyond the reactive state debate, Japan’s approach to its ocean policy appears to fulﬁ ll both of Kent Calder’s reactive state criteria. This paper analyses Japan’s resistance to the expansion of state sovereignty seaward and explores how this policy inertia was exposed by China’s more active maritime policy. This more assertive Chinese posture triggered the proactive turn in Japan’s ocean policy, which may have negative consequences for regional security

227 Paciﬁ c Affairs: Volume 83, No. 2 – June 2010

China, Professional Journalism, and Liberal Internationalism in the Era of the First World War Timothy B. Weston

This article shows that Chinese sensitivity about the way the Western press covers China, a point of obvious relevance today, has a lengthy and rich history. The article focuses on the movement to professionalize Chinese journalism in the late 1910s and early 1920s and on ways in which that movement was bound up in a transnational conversation about journalism reform, as well as in educational institution-building efforts, that ﬂ owed from the United States to East Asia. Concentrating on linkages between China, the United States and Japan, the article argues that the effort to transfer American journalistic norms to China was undercut both by the Western- dominated political and economic forces that shaped the ﬂ ow of information in the world at the time, and by the failure of Western journalism to live up to its own standards insofar as its coverage of China was concerned. Given the rising nationalism in China at that time, such problems proved very consequential. These conclusions are based on an analysis in the last section of the article of Chinese participation in the Press Congress of the World meeting convened in Honolulu, Hawai’i, in 1921. The Chinese who attended that meeting were among the most Westernized and self- consciously professional journalists in China and, as such, were in a unique position to critique Western journalism practice in China on its own terms.

Falun Gong, Ten Years On Stephen Noakes

Over a decade after it ran afoul of the Communist Party leadership, touching off a campaign of repression that led to its virtual eradication in China, the Falun Gong spiritual movement has spread across several continents and morphed into a transnational political advocacy group seeking justice and redress for the alleged persecution of its Chinese followers. Exploring a diverse selection of notable books on the subject, this review article enumerates prominent perspectives on Falun Gong’s political signiﬁ cance and suggests its continuing relevance for understanding the durability of authoritarianism in China.

228 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE

JI-WHAN YUN is assistant professor of political science at Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea. His research articles have been published in Korea Journal, Governance, Asian Survey and The British Journal of Industrial Relations. Email: [email protected].

DUNCAN MCCARGO is professor of Southeast Asian politics at the University of Leeds, UK. His most recent book, Tearing Apart the Land: Islam and Legitimacy in Southern Thailand (Cornell, 2008), won the inaugural 2009 Bernard Schwartz book prize awarded by the Asia Society. Email: [email protected].

THERESE MACDERMOTT is a senior lecturer at Macquarie University, Sydney, with special interests in labour law, human rights, and gender in the Paciﬁ c. Email: therese. [email protected].

BRIAN OPESKIN is professor of legal governance at Macquarie University, Sydney. Previously, he was head of the School of Law at the University of the South Paciﬁ c in Vanuatu, and deputy president of the Australian Law Reform Commission. Email: [email protected].

JAMES MANICOM is currently an Asian Institute afﬁ liate in the Munk Centre for International Studies at the University of Toronto. He was awarded his PhD from Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia, in October 2009. Email: james.manicom@ utoronto.ca.

TIMOTHY B. WESTON is associate professor of history at the University of Colorado at Boulder and has published The Power of Position: Beijing University, Intellectuals, and Chinese Political Culture, 1898-1929 (University of California Press, 2004) and the co-edited China’s Transformations: The Stories beyond the Headlines (Rowman & Littleﬁ eld Publishers, 2007). He is currently preparing a book on Chinese journalism. Email: [email protected].

STEPHEN NOAKES is a doctoral candidate (ABD) in the department of political studies at Queen’s University and a specialist on Chinese politics. He was a visiting scholar at Fudan University in 2009 and is a frequent advisor to the aid community on civil society and governance issues in the PRC. Email: [email protected].

229 Paciﬁc Affairs: Volume 83, No. 2 – June 2010

BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

NOTE: Book Reviews with an (electronic) designation can be found on the Paciﬁc Affairs website: www.paciﬁcaffairs.ubc.ca or in the electronic edition of the issue located at www.ingentaconnect.com.

Asia General

OUTSOURCING AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: An International Survey. Edited by Ruth Taplin. Chris Rowley 359 THE SCRAMBLE FOR ASIA: U.S. Military Power in the Aftermath of the Paciﬁc War. By Marc Gallicchio. Michael A. Barnhart 360 A GRAND DESIGN FOR PEACE AND RECONCILIATION: Achieving Kyosei in East Asia. Edited by Yoichiro Murakami, Thomas J. Schoenbaum. Robert E. Bedeski 362 STATUS AND STRATIFICATION: Cultural Forms in East and Southeast Asia. Edited by Mutsuhiko Shima. Eyal Ben-Ari 363 CHINA’S RISE AND THE TWO KOREAS: Politics, Economy, Security. By Scott Snyder. B.C. Koh 364 GLOBALIZATION, THE CITY AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN PACIFIC ASIA. Edited by Mike Douglass, K.C. Ho and Giok Ling Ooi. Abidin Kusno e23 UNDERSTANDING EAST ASIA’S ECONOMIC “MIRACLES”. Key Issues in Asian Studies. By Zhiqun Zhu. Thomas B. Gold e24

China and Inner Asia

THE CHINESE PARTY-STATE IN THE 21ST CENTURY: Adaptation and the Reinvention of Legitimacy. Edited by Andre Laliberte and Marc Lanteigne. Joo-Youn Jung 367 WEALTH INTO POWER: The Communist Party’s Embrace of China’s Private Sector. By Bruce J. Dickson. Tony Saich 368 FORTIFYING CHINA: The Struggle to Build a Modern Defense Economy. By Tai Ming Cheung. Richard P. Suttmeier 370 THE PAN-PEARL RIVER DELTA: An Emerging Regional Economy in a Globalizing China. Edited by Y.M. Yeung and Shen Jianfa. Graham E. Johnson 372 BOUNDARIES AND CATEGORIES: Rising Inequality in Post-Socialist Urban China. By Wang Feng. Katrin Fiedler 374 INEQUALITY AND GROWTH IN MODERN CHINA. Edited by Guanghua Wan; foreword by Anthony Shorrocks. Linda Yueh 375 CREATING THE “NEW MAN”: From Enlightenment Ideals to Socialist Realities. Perspectives on the Global Past. By Yinghong Cheng. Mobo C. F. Gao 377 WU HAN, HISTORIAN: Son of China’s Times. By Mary G. Mazur. John Israel 378

230 MOSCOW AND THE EMERGENCE OF COMMUNIST POWER IN CHINA, 1925 - 30: The Nanchang Uprising and the Birth of the Red Army. By Bruce A. Elleman. Anna Belogurova 380 RETHINKING CHINESE POPULAR CULTURE: Cannibalizations of the Canon. Edited by Carlos Rojas and Eileen Cheng-yin Chow. Alexander C. Y. Huang 382 HERSELF AN AUTHOR: Gender, Agency, and Writing in Late Imperial China. By Grace S. Fong. Maram Epstein 384 WOMEN PLAYING MEN: Yue Opera and Social Change in Twentieth-Century Shanghai. By Jin Jiang. Catherine Swatek 386 TAIWAN’S RELATIONS WITH MAINLAND CHINA: A Tail Wagging Two Dogs. By Su Chi. Scott Simon 387 NEW MASTERS, NEW SERVANTS: Migration, Development, and Women Workers in China. By Yan Hairong. Ingrid Nielsen e27 THE DRAGON’S HIDDEN WINGS: How China Rises with Its Soft Power. Challenges Facing Chinese Political Development. By Sheng Ding. Mingjiang Li e28

Northeast Asia

JAPAN’S MOTORCYCLE WARS: An Industry History. By Jeffrey W. Alexander. Tetsuji Okazaki 390 INTRODUCTION TO JAPANESE POLITICS. 5th ed. By Louis D. Hayes. Theodore J. Gilman 391 POVERTY AND SOCIAL WELFARE IN JAPAN. Japanese Society Series. Edited by Masami Iwata and Akihiko Nishizawa. Akihiro Ogawa 393 THE TOKYO WAR CRIMES TRIAL: The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War II. By Yuma Totani. Greg P. Guelcher 394 THE HISTORY OF MODERN JAPANESE EDUCATION: Constructing the National School System, 1872-1890. By Benjamin Duke. Roger Goodman 396 CIVILIZATION AND ENGLIGHTENMENT: The Early Thought of Fukuzawa Yukichi. By Albert M. Craig. David L. Howell 398 MEMORY MAPS: The State and Manchuria in Postwar Japan. The World of East Asia. By Mariko Asano Tamanoi. Sandra Wilson 400 NIPPON MODERN: Japanese Cinema of the 1920s and 1930s. By Mitsuyo Wada-Marciano. Daisuke Miyao 402 TO LIVE TO WORK: Factory Women in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945. By Janice C.H. Kim. Michael Shin 404 CHOOSE AND FOCUS: Japanese Business Strategies for the 21st Century. By Ulrike Schaede. Ilan Vertinsky e30 JAPAN’S WHALING: The Politics of Culture in Historical Perspective. By Hiroyuki Watanabe; translated by Hugh Clarke. Arne Kalland e31

231 Paciﬁc Affairs: Volume 83, No. 2 – June 2010

South Asia

ICTS AND INDIAN SOCIAL CHANGE: Diffusion, Poverty, and Governance. Edited by Ashwanti Saith, M. Vijayabaskar and V. Gayathri. Carol Upadhya 406 SOUTH ASIAN CULTURES OF THE BOMB: Atomic Publics and the State in India and Pakistan. Edited by Itty Abraham. Robert S. Anderson e34

Southeast Asia

DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN ASEAN COUNTRIES. By Tulus Tambunan. Rajah Rasiah 408 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: The Struggle for Autonomy. Rev. 2nd ed. By Donald E. Weatherbee. Sorpong Peou 409 POLITICAL ISLAM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. By Gordon P. Means. Eric Tagliacozzo 411 LEAVES OF THE SAME TREE: Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka. By Leonard Y. Andaya. Ota Atsushi 413 HERO AND DEITY: Tran Hung Dao and the Resurgence of Popular Religion in Vietnam. By Pham Phuong Quynh. Kirsten W. Endres 415 A MAN LIKE HIM: Portrait of the Burmese Journalist, Journal Kyaw U Chit Maung. By Journal Kyaw Ma Ma Lay; translated by Ma Thanegi. Maitrii Aung-Thwin 417 DEMOCRATIZATION IN POST-SUHARTO INDONESIA. Edited by Marco Bünte and Andreas Ufen. Jim Schiller 419 THE ANXIETIES OF MOBILITY: Migration and Tourism in the Indonesian Borderlands. By Johan A. Lindquist. Kathleen M. Adams 420 JAVANESE PERFORMANCES ON AN INDONESIAN STAGE: Contesting Culture, Embracing Change. By Barbara Hatley. Michael Bodden 422 DEPENDENT COMMUNITIES: Aid and Politics in Cambodia and East Timor. By Caroline Hughes. D. Gordon Longmuir e36 ISLAM AND NATION: Separatist Rebellion in Aceh, Indonesia. By Edward Aspinall. Shane Joshua Barter e37

Australasia and the Paciﬁc Region

AUSTRALIAN FOREIGN POLICY IN THE AGE OF TERROR. Edited by Carl Ungerer Scott Flower 425 STORMY WEATHER: The Challenge of Climate Change and Displacement. By David Corlett Ilan Kelman 427 ABORIGINES AND ACTIVISM: Race, Aborigines & the Coming of the Sixties to Australia. By Jennifer Clark. Laurent Dousset 428 THE COLLECTORS OF LOST SOULS: Turning Kuru Scientists into Whitemen. By Warwick Anderson. Robert J. Foster 430

232 NATIVE MEN REMADE: Gender and Nation in Contemporary Hawai’i. By Ty P. Käwika Tengan. Charles M. Langlas 432 HAWAIIN BLOOD: Colonialism and the Politics of Sovereignty and Indigeneity. By J. Këhaulani Kauanui. Eugene Ogan 434 LA FRANCE DANS LE PACIFIQUE SUD: Les Enjeux de la Puissance. By Nathalie Mrgudovic; preface by Michel Rocard. Nic MacLellan 436 INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ISSUES IN THE PACIFIC RIM: Global Imbalances, Financial Liberalization, and Exchange Rate Policy. Edited by Takatoshi Ito and Andrew K. Rose. Enzo Weber 438 FOREIGN BODIES: Oceania and the Science of Race 1750-1940. Edited by Bronwen Douglas and Chris Ballard. Serge Tcherkezoff 439 JEAN-MARIE TJIBAOU, KANAK WITNESS TO THE WORLD: An Intellectual Biography. By Eric Waddell. Nathalie Mrgudovic 441 STATE OF SUFFERING: Political Violence and Community Survival in Fiji. By Susanna Trnka Sina Emde 443 THE OTHER SIDE: Ways of Being and Place in Vanuatu. By John Patrick Taylor. Darrell Tryon 444 MICHAEL ROCKEFELLER: New Guinea Photographs, 1961. By Kevin Bubriski; foreword by Robert Gardner, photographs by Michael Rockefeller. Jennifer Wagelie e40 THE MANAMBU LANGUAGE OF EAST SEPIK, PAPUA NEW GUINEA. By Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, with assistance of Jacklyn Yuamali Ala and Pauline Agnes Yuaneng Luma Laki. Hilário de Sousa e41

233 Paciﬁ c Affairs is delighted to announce the eighth William L. Holland Prize

for the best article published in Volume 82 (2009-10) has been awarded to:

Charles Weathers and Scott North,

for their article published in Vol. 82, no. 4,

“Overtime Activists Take on Corporate Titans: Toyota, McDonald’s and Japan’s Work Hour Controversy”

Based on a solid foundation of original empirical research, Weathers and North shed new light on the possibilities and the limits of civil society in Japan at the intersection of law, labor rights, and politics. The mobilized array of Japanese and English-language sources includes interviews, court records, presentations at union meetings, NGO reports, policy papers, mass media coverage, and academic works. While their article focuses on two speciﬁ c lawsuits in Japan against Toyota and McDonald’s, the broader implications for all of Asia and the Paciﬁ c stem from the success of the article in highlighting the extent of the challenges involved in the protection of labor rights and the maintenance of a vigilant civil society even in an industrialized democracy. harles Weathers is a professor of industrial Crelations and political economy in the Department of Economics, Osaka City University. His research has focused on wage setting, labour policy making, and women’s and non-regular workers’ issues in Japan. His most recent article is “Shuntö and the Shackles of Competitiveness” in Labor History (2008) and his book (in Japanese), tentatively titled The American Union Movement’s Quest for Revival, will be published in 2010. He is currently conducting comparative research on union activities in the US, Japan and Australia. He can be contacted at .

cott North is a professor of sociology in Sthe Graduate School of Human Sciences at Osaka University. He is curious about the power of the division of labour. Recent publications include “Negotiating What’s ‘Natural’: Persistent Domestic Gender Role Inequality in Japan” in Social Science Japan Journal (2009) and (in Japanese) “It’s Tough for Men, Too: Work-Family Balance from Men’s Perspective,” in Gender Studies, Muta Kazue, ed., Osaka University Press (2009). He is a contributor to Going to Court to Change Japan: Social Movements and the Law, Patricia G. Steinhoff, ed., University of Michigan Press (forthcoming). He can be contacted at .

Paciﬁ c Affairs is proud to recognize this article and its authors, and in so doing, honours the memory of William L. Holland’s dedication to in-depth, engaged, and engaging scholarship.

The article may be viewed at our website: www.paciﬁ caffairs.ubc.ca Paciﬁc Affairs

Vol. 83, No. 3 SEPTEMBER 2010

Pa g e

Interview with 2010 Holland Prize Winners Charles Weathers and Scott North 455

Routes of Identity: Malay Liverpool and the Limits of Transnationalism Tim Bunnell 459

Mobility Decision-Making and New Diasporic Spaces: Conceptualizing Korean Diasporas in the Post-Soviet Space Igor Saveliev 481

The Ascendance of Bureaucratic Islam and the Secularization of the Sharia in Malaysia Maznah Mohamad 505

Anticipating an Oil Boom: The “Resource Curse” Thesis in the Play of Cambodian Politics Andrew Cock 525

Book Reviews (listed on pp. 451-454) 547

Recycled Paper Papier Recyclé Pacific Affairs: Volume 83, No. 3 – September 2010

abstracts

Routes of Identity: Malay Liverpool and the Limits of Transnationalism Tim Bunnell

Rather than focusing on either bounded conceptions of migrant assimilation or unbounded transnational linkages, this paper situates migrant experiences in broader “routes of identity.” In the case of Malay ex-seamen in Liverpool, UK, all of whom are now in their seventies or eighties, this has meant tracing life geographies extending back well over half a century. During the middle decades of the twentieth century when these men arrived in Liverpool, the city was a major seaport with longstanding maritime connections to Southeast Asia and across the Pacifc. Drawing upon feldwork carried out in Liverpool and Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2008, the paper gives attention to four geographical dimensions of the shifting identities of Liverpool-based Malay ex-seamen: (1) the always-already fluid and mobile nature of their identifcations which preceded long-distance migration; (2) shifting political geographies of identity (re)formation, particularly the establishment of post-colonial national boundaries which cut across prior modes of identifcation; (3) historically variable constitutive geographies of long-distance interconnection, most notably the transition from maritime socioeconomic networks to a post-maritime period; and (4) social sites through which individual and collective identities are emplaced. The intention is to sketch these four different dimensions in such a way as to allow them to speak critically to issues of transnationalism and migrant identity beyond the specifc case of Malays in Liverpool.

Mobility Decision-Making and New Diasporic Spaces: Conceptualizing Korean Diasporas in the Post-Soviet Space Igor Saveliev

Over half a million ethnic Koreans found themselves in the post-Soviet states after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Caught up in the political and economic transformation of these countries, they faced the necessity of constructing their own strategies for survival and resettlement. Briefly explaining the formation of Russian Koreans’ primary diasporas in their historical context and focusing on the diasporians’ mobility in the post-Soviet era, this study will show how the destruction of the constraints of the authoritarian period together with the collapse of the regime itself affects diasporas and enlarges the spaces available to them. Addressing the issue of the diaporians’ relationship to place and space, this article attempts to contribute to the conceptualization of the construction of new diasporic spaces and the discussion of mobility decision making, suggesting that diasporians, who had been long deprived by various constraints of the right to choose their place of residence, have comparatively high mobility and construct newer, much more sophisticated and far-flung diasporic layers.

448 The Ascendance of Bureaucratic Islam and the Secularization of the Sharia in Malaysia Maznah Mohamad

Malaysia’s trend of mounting religiosity should not be seen as merely stemming from political rivalry between its two biggest Muslim parties (UMNO and PAS) but also from another source, its Sharia-aspiring bureaucracy. The hegemony of this religious bureaucracy is based on its power as arbiter of the “right” or offcial Islam and its oversight over Sharia laws and Islamic public institutions. Insulated from voters’ displeasure and, to a large extent through its strategy of invoking the immutability of Sharia, this bureaucracy has emerged as the lynchpin of Malaysia’s state-driven Islamization. But even as Sharia proponents disavow secularism, the essence of Islamic legal and bureaucratic transformation is closer to a secularized adaptation than to a process of desecularization. Furthermore, as much as the bureaucracy is seemingly unstoppable, it is far from being fully stabilized as it confronts a dissenting section of the Muslim middle class who are also keen to capture the discursive, but highly fortifed legal space of “authentic” Islam occupied by this bureaucracy. Ultimately, what surfaces in Islam’s politicization is the contestation between a secularized Sharia bureaucracy and its juridical subjects, rather than a desecularization movement.

Anticipating an Oil Boom: The “Resource Curse” Thesis in the Play of Cambodian Politics Andrew Cock

By mid-decade, Cambodia will likely begin production of offshore oil felds containing an estimated 700 million to two billion barrels of oil and signifcant quantities of natural gas. This long anticipated event has prompted considerable discussion of whether petroleum-derived wealth will be a blessing or a curse. Much of the discussion has been framed through the lens of the “resource curse” thesis. The purpose of this article is to consider how the notion of a resource curse has entered the Cambodian political arena and to examine the questions it has prompted Cambodia’s ruling elite and external actors to ask concerning the management of petroleum resources. Based on a systematic examination of the evolution of government policy, and of external attempts to shape its development, I show how warnings of a “resource curse” have come to be deployed in different ways by reform promoting aid donors, civil society groups, and the ruling elite. The article concludes by noting that while these warnings have helped to highlight risks associated with the rapid exploitation of petroleum resources, little will or capacity exists either domestically or internationally to transcend technical fxes to the pathologies of petroleum revenue wealth and to press for a more transparent exploitation regime.

449 Pacific Affairs: Volume 83, No. 3 – September 2010

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE

Tim Bu n n e l l is associate professor at the National University of Singapore. He is jointly appointed in the Department of Geography and at the Asia Research Institute where he leads the Asian Urbanisms research cluster. His current research concerns intra-Asia urban emulation, influence and aspirations. Email: [email protected]

Ig o r Sa v e l i e v is an associate professor of history and anthropology at the Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University. He is the author of Imin to Kokka : Kyokutö Rosia ni okeru Chügokujin, Chösenjin, Nihonjin Imin [Migration and the State: Chinese, Korean and Japanese Diaspora in the Russian Far East] (Tokyo: Ochanomizu Shobo, 2005) and the co-editor with Pál Nyíri of Globalising Chinese Migration: Trends in Europe and Asia (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002). E-mail: [email protected]

Ma z n a h Mo h a m a d is currently a visiting senior fellow with the Asia Research Institute and the Department of Malay Studies at the National University of Singapore. She was formerly associate professor at the School of Social Sciences, University of Science Malaysia. Her recent publications include Muslim-non-Muslim Marriage: Political and Cultural Contestations in Southeast Asia, co-edited with Gavin Jones and Chee Heng Leng (Singapore: ISEAS, 2009), and Feminism and the Women’s Movement in Malaysia, co-authored with Cecilia Ng and Tan Beng Hui (London: Routledge, 2007). Email: [email protected]

An d r e w Co c k is a postdoctoral fellow in the Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash Asia Institute, Monash University. His research interests include politics and business in Southeast Asia, the linkages between agriculture, energy and climate change, and accountability and transparency in resource wealth funds. He is currently fnalizing a book manuscript entitled Governing Cambodia’s Forests: The International Politics of Policy Reform. Email: [email protected]

450 BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

No t e : Book Reviews with an (electronic) designation can be found on the Pacifc Affairs website: www.pacifcaffairs.ubc.ca or in the electronic edition of the issue located at www.ingentaconnect.com.

Asia General Wh o s e Id e a s Ma tt e r ? Agency and Power in Asian Regionalism. By Amitav Acharya. Hiroyuki Hoshiro 547 Go v e r n a n c e a n d Re g i o n a l i s m in As i a . Edited by Nicholas Thomas. Jing Huang 549 Tr a n s f o r m i n g As i a n Go v e r n a n c e : Rethinking Assumptions, Challenging Practices. Edited by M. Ramesh and Scott Fritzen. Andrew Rosser 550 Co p i n g Wi t h Fa cts : A Skeptic’s Guide to the Problem of Development. By Adam Fforde. John Thoburn 552 Th e Ne x t Fr o n t i e r : National Development, Political Change, and the Death Penalty in Asia. By David T. Johnson and Franklin E. Zimring. Sangmin Bae 554 US-As i a Ec o n o m i c Re l a t i o n s : A Political Economy of Crisis and the Rise of New Business Actors. By Justin Robertson. Denis Fred Simon 555 Al o n g t h e Ar c h i v a l Gr a i n : Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common Sense. By Ann Laura Stoler. Julian Go 557 Hu m a n Se c u r i t y in Ea st As i a : Challenges for Collaborative Action. Edited by Sorpong Peou. Geun Lee 559 Hu m a n Be l i e f s a n d Va l u e s in Ea st a n d So u t h e a st As i a in Tr a n s i t i o n : 13 Country Profles on the Basis of the AsiaBarometer Surveys of 2006 and 2007. Edited by Takashi Inoguchi. Gordon Mathews 561 Ea st As i a n Re g i o n a l i s m f r o m a Le g a l Pe r sp e ct i v e : Current Features and a Vision for the Future. Edited by Tamio Nakamura. Hiro Katsumata 562 As i a o n To u r : Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism. Edited by Tim Winter, Peggy Teo and T.C. Chang. Chris Ryan 564 Ea st As i a n Re g i o n a l i s m . By Christopher M. Dent. Jaewoo Choo e44 Ge n d e r a n d Gl o b a l i z a t i o n in As i a a n d t h e Pacific: Method, Practice, Theory. Edited by Kathy E. Ferguson and Monique Mironesco. Keiko Yamanaka e46

China and Inner Asia Ch i n a a n d t h e Ne w In t e r n a t i o n a l Or d e r . Edited by Wang Gungwu and Zheng Yongnian. André Laliberté 567 Ass o c i a t i o n s a n d t h e Ch i n e s e St a t e : Contested Spaces. Edited by Jonathan Unger. Kjeld Erik Brødsgaard 568 De m o c r a c y is a Go o d Th i n g : Essays on Politics, Society, and Culture in Contemporary China. By Yu Keping. Thomas Heberer 570

451 Pacific Affairs: Volume 83, No. 3 – September 2010

Ca p i t a l i s m w i t h Ch i n e s e Ch a r a ct e r i st i cs : Entrepreneurship and the State. By Yasheng Huang. George Lin 572 Ma n a g e d Ch a o s : The Fragility of the Chinese Miracle. By Prem Shankar Jha. Dali L. Yang 573 St a t e a n d So c i e t y Re sp o n s e s t o So c i a l We l f a r e Ne e d s in Ch i n a : Serving the People. Edited by Jonathan Schwartz and Shawn Shieh. Sophia Woodman 575 Ch i n a ’s In f o r m a t i o n a n d Co m m u n i c a t i o n s Te c h n o l o g y Re v o l u t i o n : Social Changes and State Responses. Edited by Xiaoling Zhang and Yongnian Zheng. Barrett L. McCormick 577 In t e l l e ct u a l Pr o p e r t y Ri g h ts in Ch i n a : Politics of Piracy, Trade and Protection. By Gordon C.K. Cheung. Andrew Mertha 579 Pi r a c y a n d t h e St a t e : The Politics on Intellectual Property Rights in China. By Martin K. Dimitrov. Andrew Mertha 579 To u r i s m in Ch i n a : Destination, Cultures and Communities. Edited by Chris Ryan and Gu Huimin. Jack Patrick Hayes 582 Th e Ch i n e s e Ex o t i c : Modern Diasporic Femininity. By Olivia Khoo. Katie Willis 584 Ri s e o f t h e Re d En g i n e e r s : The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China’s New Class. By Joel Andreas. Suzanne Pepper 585 Th e Politics o f Cr o ss -Bo r d e r Cr i m e in Gr e a t e r Ch i n a : Case Studies of Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macao. By Sonny Shiu-Hing Lo. Harold Traver 587 Gl o b a l Sh a n g h a i , 1850-2010: A History in Fragments. By Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom. Samuel Y. Liang 589 Ho n g Ko n g Mo b i l e : Making a Global Population. Edited by Helen F. Siu and Agnes S. Ku. Ming K. Chan 591 Ta i w a n , Hu m a n i t a r i a n i s m , a n d Gl o b a l Go v e r n a n c e . By Alan Guilloux. Gerald Chan 593 Mo d e r n Ti b e t a n Li t e r a t u r e a n d So c i a l Ch a n g e . Edited by Lauran R. Hartley and Patricia Schiaffni-Vedani; foreword by Matthew T. Kapstein. Robert Barnett 595 Ch i n a ’s Af r i c a n Ch a l l e n g e s . By Sarah Raine. Douglas Yates e48 Te l e v i s i o n in p o st -r e f o r m Ch i n a : Serial Dramas, Confucian Leadership and the Global Television Market. By Ying Zhu. Yuezhi Zhao e50

Northeast Asia Bu s i n e ss In n o v a t i o n in As i a : Knowledge and Technology Networks from Japan. By Dennis McNamara. Michael Carney 597 Wo m e n a n d t h e La b o u r Ma r k e t in Ja p a n ’s In d u st r i a l i s i n g Ec o n o m y : The Textile Industry Before the Pacifc War. By Janet Hunter. Carl Mosk 598 Cities, Au t o n o m y , a n d De c e n t r a l i z a t i o n in Ja p a n . Edited by Carola Hein and Philippe Pelletier. Paul Waley 601

452 Hi st o r y Ed u c a t i o n a n d In t e r n a t i o n a l Re l a t i o n s : A Case Study of Diplomatic Disputes over Japanese Textbooks. By Mutsumi Hirano. Philip Seaton 602 Im a g i n e d Fa m i l i e s , Li v e d Fa m i l i e s : Culture and Kinship in Contemporary Japan. Edited by Akiko Hashimoto and John W. Traphagan. Amy Borovoy 604 Th e Mo d e r n Fa m i l y in Ja p a n : Its Rise and Fall. By Chizuko Ueno. Barbara Holthus 606 Go i n g Gl o b a l : Culture, Gender, and Authority in the Japanese Subsidiary of an American Corporation. By Ellen V. Fuller. Kuniko Ishiguro 608 Ja p a n e s e To u r i s m a n d Tr a v e l Cu l t u r e . Edited by Sylvie Guichard-Anguis and Okpyo Moon. Sidney Cheung 610 Ot a k u : Japan’s Database Animals. By Hiroki Azuma; translated by Jonathan E. Abel and Shion Kono. Cosima Wagner 612 Ja p a n ’s Ho l y Wa r : The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism. By Walter A. Skya. Christopher W.A. Szpilman 613 Pr o p h e t Mo t i v e : Deguchi Onisaburo, Oomoto, and the Rise of New Religions in Imperial Japan. By Nancy K. Stalker. Peter Clarke 615 Sh o ts in t h e Da r k : Japan, Zen, and the West. By Shoji Yamada; translated by Earl Hartman. John Sojun Godfrey 617 Ch i n a a n d Ja p a n in t h e La t e Me i j i Pe r i o d : China Policy and the Japanese Discourse on National Identity, 1895-1904. By Urs Matthias Zachmann. Rustin Gates 618 Ca p i t a l i st De v e l o p m e n t in Ko r e a : Labour, Capital and the Myth of the Developmental State. By Dae-oup Chang. Iain Pirie 620 Po l i t i c a l Pr o t e st a n d La b o r So l i d a r i t y in Ko r e a : White-Collar Labor Movements after Democratization (1987-1995). By Doowon Suh. Jennifer Chun 622 Th e r e a Pe t a l Si l e n t l y Fa l l s : Three Stories. By Ch’oe Yun; translated by Bruce and Ju-Chan Fulton. David McCann 624 Th e Im p a ct o f Gl o b a l i z a t i o n o n Ja p a n ’s Pu b l i c Po l i c y : How the Government is Reshaping Japan’s Role in the World. Edited by Hiroshi Itoh. Richard Leitch e51 Ja p a n a m e r i c a : How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded the U.S. By Ronald Kelts. Kukhee Choo e54

South Asia In t e r n a t i o n a l Re l a t i o n s in So u t h As i a : Search for an Alternative Paradigm. Edited by Navnita Chadha Behera. T. V. Paul 626 La n g u a g e , Em o t i o n , a n d Politics in So u t h In d i a : The Making of a Mother Tongue. By Lisa Mitchell. Chris J. Fuller 627

453 Pacific Affairs: Volume 83, No. 3 – September 2010

St r o n g Re l i g i o n , Ze a l o u s Me d i a : Christian Fundamentalism and Communication in India. By Pradip Ninan Thomas. David Mosse e56

Southeast Asia [Re]n e g o t i a t i n g Ea st a n d So u t h e a st As i a : Region, Regionalism, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. By Alice D. Ba. Donald Crone 630 Se c u r i t y a n d In t e r n a t i o n a l Politics in t h e So u t h Ch i n a Se a : Towards a Co-operative Management Regime. Edited by Sam Bateman and Ralf Emmers. Harsh V. Pant 631 Th e Ci t y in So u t h e a st As i a : Patterns, Processes and Policy. By Peter J. Rimmer and Howard Dick. Terry G. McGee 633 Th e Go l d e n Tr i a n g l e : Inside Southeast Asia’s Drug Trade. By Ko-Lin Chin. Rebecca McKetin 634 To u r i s m in So u t h e a st As i a : Challenges and New Directions. Edited by Michael Hitchcock, Victor T. King and Michael Parnwell. Tou Chuang Chang 635 Ph a n Ch â u Tr i n h a n d h i s Po l i t i c a l Wr i t i n g s . By Phan Châu Trinh; translated and edited by Vinh Sinh. Liam Kelley 637 To u r s o f Vi e t n a m : War, Travel Guides, and Memory. By Scott Laderman. Victor Alneng 639 De e p e n i n g De m o c r a c y in In d o n e s i a ?: Direct Elections for Local Leaders (Pilkada). Edited by Maribeth Erb and Priyambudi Sulistiyanto. R. William Liddle 641 Th e St a t e in My a n m a r . By Robert H. Taylor Yoshihiro Nakanishi 643 Building t h e Ta t m a d a w : Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948. By Maung Aung Myoe. Josef Silverstein 645 Fi e r y Dr a g o n s : Banks, Moneylenders and Microfnance in Burma. By Sean Turnell. Tomoko Fuda 646 Co n f l i ct , Vi o l e n c e , a n d Di sp l a c e m e n t in In d o n e s i a . Edited by Eva-Lotta E. Hedman. Ariel Heryanto e58 Br o k e r i n g a Re v o l u t i o n : Cadres in a Philippine Maria Josephine Insurgency. Edited by Rosanne Rutten. Barrios-Leblanc e60

Australasia and the Pacific Region Mo r t a l i t y , Mo u r n i n g a n d Mo r t u a r y Pr a ct i c e s in In d i g e n o u s Au st r a l i a . Edited by Katie Glaskin et al. Maureen Fuary 649 Ma r g a r e t Me a d : The Making of an American Icon. By Nancy C. Lutkehaus. Penelope Schoeffel Meleisea 651 Jo u r n e y s To w a r d s Pr o g r e ss : Essays of a Geographer on Development and Change in Oceania. By Ray Watters; Edited by Ginny Sullivan. Susan Farran 653 Ph o t o g r a p h y a n d Au st r a l i a . By Helen Ennis. Joshua A. Bell e62

454 Interview with Charles Weathers and Scott North—

Winners of the 2010 Holland Prize for best article

“Overtime Activists Take on Corporate Titans: Toyota, McDonald’s and Japan’s Work Hour Controversy” published in Pacifc Affairs Volume 82

1. Why did you decide to write on the subject?

[North] I apologize for the ad hoc quality of my replies, but we are in the maelstrom of the start of academic year; time is nonexistent. In fact, the harried nature of my own working life and that of the people I see around me, dragging themselves home late at night and then grimly heading back to work again in the morning, was a major motivation for me to become interested in work hours issues. In addition, I have been following cases of death from overwork and the social movement around those cases for more than 15 years. Charles and I have previously collaborated on a couple of short pieces about the same general topics. Our feldwork with labour groups in Kansai and elsewhere has overlapped as well, so it was natural that we try to pool our resources and write something together.

[Weathers] I had been following the McDonald’s case from the beginning, and realized soon after the court decision that it would make a good article to demonstrate concerns about work conditions, although I had originally been primarily interested in the unions’ activities. I called Scott for general advice, and quickly thought of doing a joint article since he already knew people involved in the Toyota case.

455 Pacific Affairs: Volume 83, No. 3 – September 2010

2. Can you distill your central argument?

[North] This piece is a window into the intensifcation of grassroots labour struggles that is emerging from the long-running disenchantment with how people in Japan are forced to work. It shows how individual cases become vehicles for larger aspirations and critiques of Japan’s labour process, and how various support groups are starting to coalesce into a movement that represents a growing segment of Japanese public opinion. At the same time, the limits of activism are clearly evident: the worst cases, such as those we wrote about, symbolize the suffering of many workers, but in the current economic climate the majority of workers have little time for activism, nor are many secure enough at work to risk aggressive union activity. Dissatisfaction is great, but we are a long way from the tipping point.

[Weathers] To me, it was about how thoroughly the plaintiffs and their supporters won in court and in the media, yet failed to really impact workplace practices. The McDonald’s case was pretty much open and shut; as we noted in the article, the activists knew from the beginning that they would win, though the Toyota plaintiffs had a harder task. Both cases also indicate the strength of corporate influence over worker thinking, a point I wish we had made a little more strongly. Both Takano and Uchino were dedicated company men – and Takano still is, although he also continues to campaign for improvements.

3. What were some of the challenges involved in data collecting?

[North] These small movements and their plaintiffs are open to interviews and they generally seek to publicize their cases. As time goes on, they become very skillful advocates for their causes. Corporations, those that I’ve contacted in regard to karoshi cases, have uniformly refused to comment. That is a problem for the research. But the general position of corporate leaders is not hard to establish. One event that helped give the paper a narrative arc was the move by business leaders and the con- servative Abe government to establish an exemption from overtime pay for the majority of Japan’s white-collar employees. As it happened, that attempt shared front-page space with our cases. The bill died when the Abe government collapsed. That gave our story a neat ending, but the exemption is a long-cherished goal of those Japanese leaders who see America as the standard to emulate. It may yet rise again.

[Weathers] Not much for me at least. I did interviews about McDonald’s

456 Paciﬁc Affairs

Vol. 83, No. 4 DECEMBER 2010

PAGE

Perspective: Historical Disputes and Reconciliation in Northeast Asia: The U.S. Role Gi-Wook Shin 663

Workers or Residents? Diverging Patterns of Immigrant Incorporation in Korea and Japan Erin Aeran Chung 675

Weakness and Gambits in Philippine Foreign Policy in the Twenty-ﬁrst Century Renato Cruz De Castro 697

Understanding Fluctuations in Sino-Japanese Relations: To Politicize or to De-politicize the China Issue in Linus Hagström the Japanese Diet Björn Jerdén 719

Book Reviews (listed on pp. 659-662) 741

Index to Volume 83 (2010) 847

Recycled Paper Papier Recyclé Paciﬁc Affairs: Volume 83, No. 4 – December 2010

ABSTRACTS

Perspective: Historical Disputes and Reconciliation in Northeast Asia: The US Role Gi-Wook Shin, Stanford University, USA

Unhealed wounds from past wrongs, committed during colonialism and war, have created regional animosity and stunted reconciliation in Northeast Asia. Claiming that continued disputes over historical injustice are not solely an intra-Asian issue, this article explores how the US can facilitate historical reconciliation in the region. It is necessary to recognize that the US played a significant role in dealing with historical issues in the aftermath of World War II. Aside from failing to fully address Japanese war crimes in the Tokyo Tribunal, the US was also pivotal in setting the terms of the San Francisco Peace Treaty, a legal instrument that has been the historical precedent for expunging any sense of Japanese guilt and responsibility. Likewise, the US has yet to formally accept its own actions which could be perceived as “crimes against humanity”: the US atomic and carpet-bombing of Japanese cities. This article advocates a self- critical, self-reflective approach that would involve US acknowledgement of its own responsibility in handling or mishandling of history issues in Northeast Asia. More specifically, the article also evaluates recent proposals for a presidential visit to Hiroshima or Nagasaki as a means of recognizing the human suffering caused by the atomic bombing, and for a new interpretation of the San Francisco Peace Treaty to better enable victims of Japanese war crimes to air grievances. This article supports both proposals but also argues that they must be implemented with caution and within a larger regional historical framework rather than as an attempt to bolster solely US-Japanese relations.

Workers or Residents? Diverging Patterns of Immigrant Incorporation in Korea and Japan Erin Aeran Chung, The Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, USA

Although Korea and Japan have had to confront rapidly declining working-age population projections, both countries kept their borders closed to unskilled workers from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s, and met labour demands through de facto guest worker programs and preferential policies for co-ethnic immigrants. However, by the mid-2000s, government officials could no longer turn a blind eye to the swelling ranks of immigrants within their borders and announced two contrasting proposals for immigrant incorporation: centralized rights-based legislation that targets specific immigrant groups in Korea and decentralized guidelines that prioritize community- based partnerships in Japan. Instead of resulting from deliberate decision making by either state to manage the permanent settlement of immigrants, I argue that these divergent approaches reflect grassroots movements that drew on existing strategies previously applied to incorporate historically marginalized groups in each society prior to the establishment of official incorporation programs. Migrant workers in Korea made significant inroads in gaining rights largely because of the strong tradition of labour and civil society activism in Korea’s democratization movement. In Japan, grassroots movements led by generations of zainichi Koreans from the 1960s set the foundation for decentralized, community-based strategies for incorporating new immigrants from the late 1980s. Comparing two seemingly similar countries in East

656 Asia, this article identiﬁes patterns of interaction between new immigration and existing practices that have shaped relationships between dominant and minority communities and between state and non-state actors.

Weakness and Gambits in Philippine Foreign Policy in the Twenty-ﬁrst Century Renato Cruz De Castro, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

How do resource-starved weak powers adjust to a changing regional system? Looking at the Philippine case, this article examines the direction of the country’s foreign policy under the Arroyo administration. Observably, this foreign policy is directed to the generation of external resources that could address the country’s main security challenge: domestic insurgencies. To pursue this internal agenda, the Philippines engages both the United States and China in a delicate balancing act. The government has also jump-started its program of development diplomacy, with directives for its embassies and consulates abroad to promote the country’s export trade and to protect the rights and welfare of 8.5 million overseas Filipino workers (OFWs). It also utilizes multilateral organizations to advance its national development objectives. However, the country’s inherent weakness has constrained its ability to exploit optimally the opportunities created by its ﬂuid external environment. In conclusion, the article contends that unless it consolidates its political base and enhances its economic competitiveness, the Philippines will remain a quintessential weak power in the world of the strong in East Asia.

Understanding Fluctuations in Sino-Japanese Relations: To Politicize or to De-politicize the China Issue in the Japanese Diet Linus Hagström and Björn Jerdén, Swedish Institute of International Affairs, Stockholm, Sweden

From the late 1990s to the late 2000s, scholarly literature and media analysis shifted from representing the Sino-Japanese relationship as generally “good,” to portraying it as generally “bad,” and then back to describing it as generally “good” again. This article aims to make sense of what could thus be construed as fluctuations in Sino-Japanese relations and Japan’s China policy, through employing discourse analysis as foreign policy theory. The aim is operationalized by analyzing Japanese China discourse as it has played out in the Diet. The article demonstrates that there is a fault line between a “radical representation,” epitomizing further politicization of a prevalent Japanese sense of insecurity about China, and a “moderate representation,” reflecting de-politicization of the same phenomenon. Furthermore, it shows that in the period examined (a) China has come to be discussed more frequently, and (b) a greater variety of aspects of the relationship have reached the political agenda. Together, these two changes have been conducive in altering the relative position of the two representations. In 2008 the moderate representation was still dominant, but less so than in 1999. The main argument of this article is thus that recent fluctuations in Japan’s China policy—and by implication Sino-Japanese relations—can be understood in terms of an increasingly open Japanese China discourse.

657 Paciﬁc Affairs: Volume 83, No. 4 – December 2010

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE

PROFESSOR GI-WOOK SHIN is the director of the Shorenstein Asia Paciﬁc Research Center and a Professor of Sociology at Stanford University. His most recent book publications include: One Alliance, Two Lenses: U.S.-Korea Relations in a New Era (Stanford University Press, 2010); Cross-Currents: Regionalism and Nationalism in Northeast Asia (Shorenstein Asia-Paciﬁc Research Center at Stanford University, 2007); and Rethinking Historical Injustice and Reconciliation in Northeast Asia (Routledge, 2006). Email: [email protected].

ERIN AERAN CHUNG is the Charles D. Miller Assistant Professor of East Asian Politics and Co-Director of the Racism, Immigration, and Citizenship Program in the Department of Political Science at the Johns Hopkins University. She is the author of Immigration and Citizenship in Japan (Cambridge University Press, 2010). E-mail: [email protected].

RENATO CRUZ DE CASTRO is a senior professor in the International Studies Department, De La Salle University and the holder of the Ambassador Carlos J. Valdes Professorial Chair in Political Economics. He earned his Ph.D. from the Government and International Studies Department of the University of South Carolina as a Fulbright Scholar in 2001. Since 1994, he has written 60 articles on international relations and security that have been published in a number of scholarly journals and edited works in Canada, the Philippines, South Korea, Malaysia, France, Singapore, Taiwan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Email: [email protected]

LINUS HAGSTRÖM (PhD, Stockholm University) is an Associate Professor of Political Science and Senior Research Fellow at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs. He is also a Research Fellow at the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities supported by a grant from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. Hagström’s research has appeared in Asian Security, Asian Survey, Australian Journal of International Affairs, European Journal of International Relations and The Paciﬁc Review. E-mail: [email protected].

BJÖRN JERDÉN (MA, Malmö University) is a Research Associate at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs and an incoming PhD candidate in the Department of Political Science, Stockholm University. E-mail: [email protected].

658 BOOKS REVIEWED IN THIS ISSUE

Asia General ASIA’S NEW MULTILATERALISM: Cooperation, Competition, and the Search for Community. Edited by Michael J. Green and Bates Gill. Narayanan Ganesan 741 PREVENTING CORRUPTION IN ASIA: Institutional Design and Policy Capacity. Edited by Ting Gong and Stephen K. Ma. Howard W. Dick 742 PRESCHOOL IN THREE CULTURES REVISITED: China, Japan, and the United States. By Joseph Jay Tobin, Yeh Hsueh and Mayumi Karasawa. Merry White 744 HORROR TO THE EXTREME: Changing Boundaries in Asian Cinema. Edited by Jinhee Choi and Mitsuyo Wada-Marciano. Greta Niu 746 CONTESTED VIEWS OF A COMMON PAST: Revisions of History in Contemporary East Asia. Edited by Stefﬁ Richter. Bryce Wakeﬁeld e64 China and Inner Asia CHINA’S REFORMS AT 30: Challenges and Prospects. Edited by Dali L. Yang and Litao Zhao. Prem Shankar Jha 749 SOCIALIST CHINA, CAPITALIST CHINA: Social Tension and Political Adaptation under Economic Globalization. Edited by Guoguang Wu and Helen Lansdowne. C. Cindy Fan 750 INEQUALITY AND PUBLIC POLICY IN CHINA. Edited by Björn A. Gustafsson, Li Shi, Terry Sicular. Xiaogang Wu 753 CREATING WEALTH AND POVERTY IN POSTSOCIALIST CHINA. Edited by Deborah S. Davis, Wang Feng. Xiaogang Wu 753 FROM IRON FIST TO INVISIBLE HAND: The Uneven Path of Telecommunications Reform in China. By Irene S. Wu. Milton Mueller 756 CHINA’S RISE IN THE WORLD ICT INDUSTRY: Industrial Strategies and the Catch-up Development Model. By Lutao Ning. Shahid Yusuf 757 GATED COMMUNITIES IN CHINA: Class, Privilege and the Moral Politics of the Good Life. By Choon-Piew Pow. Delia Davin 759 DIASPORIC HISTORIES: Cultural Archives of Chinese Transnationalism. Edited by Andrea Riemenschnitter and Deborah L. Madsen. Philip Holden 761 FRACTURED REBELLION: The Beijing Red Guard Movement. By Andrew G. Walder. Guobin Yang 763

659 Paciﬁc Affairs: Volume 83, No. 4 – December 2010

THE GENERALISSIMO: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China. By Jay Taylor. Shao-Kang Chu 765 TWO SUNS IN THE HEAVENS: The Sino-Soviet Struggle for Supremacy, 1962-1967. By Sergey Radchenko. Elizabeth Wishnick 766 CHINA’S LAST EMPIRE: The Great Qing. By William T. Rowe. Matthew Mosca 768 WOMEN’S MOVEMENTS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY TAIWAN. By Doris T. Chang. Emma J. Teng 769 GAY AND LESBIAN SUBCULTURE IN URBAN CHINA. By Loretta Wing Wah Ho. Travis S.K. Kong e66 CHINA FOREVER: The Shaw Brothers and Diasporic Cinema. Edited by Poshek Fu. Lily Wong e67

Northeast Asia JAPAN IN THE WORLD: Shidehara Kijuro, Pacifism, and the Abolition of War, Volume 1. By Klaus Schlichtmann; translated by William Carter. Tosh Minohara 772 JAPAN IN THE WORLD: Shidehara Kijuro, Pacifism, and the Abolition of War, Volume 2. By Klaus Schlichtmann; translated by William Carter. Tosh Minohara 772 JAPAN’S PEACE-BUILDING DIPLOMACY IN ASIA: Seeking a More Active Political Role. By Peng Er Lam. David Martin Jones 775 THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN JAPAN: Past Developments and Future Prospects. By Toshihiro Ihori and Takero Doi. Charles J. McMillan 777 THE JAPANESE CONSUMER: An Alternative Economic History of Modern Japan. By Penelope Francks. Jeffrey Alexander 779 POLITICS AND PITFALLS OF JAPAN ETHNOGRAPHY: Reflexivity, Responsibility, and Anthropological Ethics. Edited by Jennifer E. Robertson. Patricia G. Steinhoff 780 THE SEARCH FOR RECONCILIATION: Sino-Japanese and German-Polish Relations since World War II. By Yinan He. Yoshiko Nozaki 782 THE GROWTH IDEA: Purpose and Prosperity in Postwar Japan. By Scott O’Bryan. Lonny E. Carlile 784 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND THE NEW GLOBAL JAPANESE ECONOMY. By Ruth Taplin. Robert Kneller 786 NORTHERN TERRITORIES, ASIA-PACIFIC REGIONAL CONFLICTS, AND THE ALAND EXPERIENCE: Untying the Kurillian Knot. Edited by Kimie Hara and Geoffrey Jukes. David Wolff 788 CULTURAL STUDIES AND CULTURAL INDUSTRIES IN NORTHEAST ASIA: What a Difference a Region Makes. Edited by Chris Berry, Nicola Liscutin and Jonathan Mackintosh. John A. Lent 789 YOUNG WOMEN IN JAPAN: Transitions to Adulthood. By Kaori H. Okano. Dawn Grimes-MacLellan 792

660 SOCIALIST REVOLUTIONS IN ASIA: The Social History of Mongolia in the 20th Century. By Irina Y. Morozova. Joakim Enwall 793 DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL CHANGE: A History of South Korean Student Movements, 1980-2000. By Mi Park. Paul Y. Chang 795 DIASPORA WITHOUT HOMELAND: Being Korean in Japan. Edited by Sonia Ryang and John Lie. Kristin Surak 797 GENDER AND LABOUR IN KOREA AND JAPAN: Sexing Class. Edited by Ruth Barraclough, Elyssa Faison. Jesook Song 799 SITINGS: Critical Approaches to Korean Geography. Edited by Timothy R. Tangherlini and Sallie Yea. Hong Kal 800 JAPANESE ASSIMILATION POLICIES IN COLONIAL KOREA, 1910-1945. By Mark E. Caprio. Todd A. Henry 802 THE RED ROOM: Stories of Trauma in Contemporary Korea. By Pak Wôn-sô; O Chông-hûi and Im Ch‘ôr-u; Translated by Bruce and Ju-Chan Fulton; with a foreword by Bruce Cumings. Christopher Hanscom 804 THE PROLETARIAN GAMBLE: Korean Workers in Interwar Japan. By Ken C. Kawashima. Jae-won Sun 806 THE DYNAMICS OF CHANGE IN NORTH KOREA: An Institutionalist Perspective. Edited by Philip H. Park. Jae-Cheon Lim 807 NOTHING TO ENVY: Ordinary Lives in North Korea. By Barbara Demick. Erich Weingartner 809 ORGANIZING AT THE MARGINS: The Symbolic Politics of Labor in South Korea and the United States. By Jennifer Jihye Chun. Joonmo Cho 811 SOCIAL CLASS IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN: Structures, Sorting and Strategies. Edited by Hiroshi Ishida and David H. Slater. Carola Hommerich e70 THE CULTURE OF COPYING IN JAPAN: Critical and Historical Perspectives. Edited by Rupert Cox. Brenda G. Jordan e71 POP GOES KOREA: Behind the Revolution in Movies, Music, and Internet Culture. By Mark James Russell. Eun-Young Jung e73

South Asia SOUTH ASIA: Rising to the Challenge of Globalization. By Pradumna B. Rana and John Malcolm Dowling. Mitu Sengupta 813 GLOBALISATION AND THE MIDDLE CLASSES IN INDIA: The Social and Cultural Impact of Neoliberal Reforms. By Ruchira Ganguly-Scrase and Timothy J. Scrase. Henrike Donner 814 ACCELERATING GROWTH AND JOB CREATION IN SOUTH ASIA. Edited by Ejaz Ghani and Sadiq Ahmed. Matthew McCartney 816 KINGS OF THE FOREST: The Cultural Resilience of Himalayan Hunter-Gatherers. By Jana Fortier. Walter Huber 818 THE VITAL DROP: Communication for Polio Eradication in India. By Gitanjali Chaturvedi. Svea Closser e76

661 Pacific Affairs: Volume 83, No. 4 – December 2010

Southeast Asia America in Vietnam: The War that Couldn’t Be Won. By Herbert Y. Schandler. Gary R. Hess 821 The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. By James C. Scott. Carlo Bonura 823 Spirits of the Place: Buddhism and Lao Religious Culture. By John Clifford Holt. Patrice Ladwig 825 Across the Causeway: A Multi-dimensional Study of Malaysia-Singapore Relations. Edited by Takashi Shiraishi. Hussin Mutalib 826 Singapore: The Unexpected Nation. By Edwin Lee; introduction by Wang Gungwu. Kenneth Paul Tan 828 The Binding Tie: Chinese Intergenerational Relations in Modern Singapore. By Kristina Goransson. Jason Lim 830 State of Authority: The State in Society in Indonesia. Edited by Gerry Van Klinken and Joshua Barker. Nadirsyah Hosen 832 The Indonesia Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Edited by Tineke Hellwig and Eric Tagliacozzo. Timothy P. Barnard 833 Silenced Voices: Uncovering a Family’s Colonial History in Indonesia. By Inez Hollander. Suzanne Moon 835 Friends and Exiles: A Memoir of the Nutmeg Isles and the Indonesian Nationalist Movement. By Des Alwi; edited by Barbara S. Harvey. Michelle Ann Miller 836 communist Indochina. By R.B. Smith; Edited by Beryl Williams. David G. Marr e78

Australasia and the Pacific Region The Native Title Market. By David Ritter. Stephen Grant Baines 839 Glamour in the Pacific: Cultural Internationalism and Race Politics in the Women’s Pan-Pacific. By Fiona Paisley. Helen Bethea Gardner 840 Natives and Exotics: World War II and Environment in the Southern Pacific. By Judith A. Bennett. Paul Shankman 842 In the Wake of the Beagle: Science in the Southern Oceans from the Age of Darwin. Edited by Iain McCalman and Nigel Erskine. Alexander Mawyer 843 fear of Security: Australia’s Invasion Anxiety. By Anthony Burke. Scott Flower e80 remaking the Tasman World. By Philippa Mein Smith, Peter Hempenstall and Shaun Goldfinch. Caroline Daley e81

662 before I knew I would write this particular article. Much of the information was from the mass media or materials made available by activists during interviews or at talks. Writing a joint article greatly eased the burden of information-gathering, especially because we tended to gather different, but complementary, types of ideas and information.

4. What might be some of the policy implications not only for Japan, but other countries in Asia and the Pacific?

[North] Japan has struggled to reduce work hours since the Maekawa Report in 1987. As our paper suggests, the reductions seen on paper are being recouped off the books, which is a win-win for management: they reduce wage costs and look like they are contributing to better work-family balance as they do it. In this atmosphere, workers are likely to become even more dispirited. So one policy recommendation is for government to show, fnally, that it is really serious about work hours regulation by increasing the budget for labour standards inspectors. The inspectors I have talked to all complain of their own overwhelming workloads. Japan has pretty good labour laws, but enforcement is weak and penalties are minimal so the costs of karoshi or worker injury can be regarded as a small part of the cost of doing business. There is a lot of soft abuse that travels under the cover of tradition or corporate culture. These illegali- ties need to be exposed and companies that use them as management strategies deserve to be outed. There is also much that needs to be done to help Japanese workers understand the concept of personal time and to be able to assert their right to it.

[Weathers] It shows how badly Japan is lagging in reform of its employment system, which is increasingly perceived as dysfunctional. Japan has suf- fered fast rises in unemployment (which is probably undercounted) and low-wage jobs in the past 20 years, and it is well understood that reducing excess overtime would bring the creation of hundreds of thousands of jobs, and relieve the toll on health and families. Yet neither the government nor the mainstream unions have taken serious action. Reform in other areas, like the pay system and equal opportunity, are lagging badly also. I’m not so sure about the rest of Asia, but my impression is that other East Asian countries are also badly afflicted by over-work. Koreans apparently work far longer hours than the Japanese.

To read the full article please go to: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/paaf/ paaf/2009/00000082/00000004/art00003

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