Journal of Indonesian Tourism and p-ISSN: 2355-3979 Development Studies e-ISSN: 2338-1647

Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies

EDITORIAL BOARD Chief Editor Luchman Hakim Ecotourism – Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya,

Team Editor

 Akira Kikuchi  Yusri Abdillah Faculty of Administrative Sciences Department of Environmental University of Brawijaya, Indonesia University of Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia  Soemarno Soemarno  Rukavina Baks Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture University of Tadulako, Indonesia

University of Brawijaya, Indonesia  Regina Rosita Butarbutar University of Sam Ratulangi, Indonesia  Iwan Nugroho Widyagama University – Indonesia  Hasan Zayadi  Devi Roza K. Kausar Department of Biology Faculty of Tourism Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Pancasila University, Indonesia Sciences Islamic University of , Indonesia

Managing Editor Jehan Ramdani Haryati Muhammad Qomaruddin

Editorial Address 1st floor Building B of Postgraduate School, University of Brawijaya Mayor Jenderal Haryono street No. 169, Malang 65145, Indonesia Phone: +62341-571260 / Fax: +62341-580801 Email: [email protected] Website: jitode.ub.ac.id

TABLE OF CONTENT Vol. 6 No. 3, September 2018

Halal Tourism Promotion in Indonesia: An Analysis on Official Destination Websites Muhammad Suradin ...... 143-158 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.03.01

The Challenges of Developing Tourism Events in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park Muhammad Iqbal Rosyidi ...... 159-166 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.03.02

Community Efforts of Tutup Ngisor in Maintaining Art and Cultural Traditions Yohana Ari Ratnaningtyas ...... 167-174 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.03.03

Tourism Destination in Remote Area: Problems and Challenges of Tourism Development in North as Remote and Border Areas of Indonesia- Yerik Afrianto Singgalen, Gatot Sasongko, Pamerdi Giri Wiloso ...... 175-186 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.03.04

The Role of Volunteer for the Management of Conservation-based Ecotourism in Clungup Mangrove Conservation Tambakrejo Village, Sumbermanjing Wetan Sub-District, Malang Ferik Antyo Agus Wibowo, Harsuko Riniwati, Iwan Nugroho...... 187-193 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.03.05

Development of Agrotourism Potentiality in Kampung Kopi Amadanom, Malang Edriana Pangestuti, Latifah Hanum, Lestari Eko Wahyudi ...... 194-199 DOI: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.03.06

Journal of Indonesian Tourism and doi: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.03.01 Development Studies E-ISSN : 2338-1647 http://jitode.ub.ac.id

Halal Tourism Promotion in Indonesia: An Analysis on Official Destination Websites

Muhammad Suradin*

Ministry of Tourism Republic of Indonesia, , Indonesia

Abstract Nowadays, Halal tourism has become a popular form of tourism which attracting many countries to capitalize on the Muslim market. However, because of the Islamic law, targeting this market segment may not be the same as targeting the mundane tourism segment. Hence, a cohort of studies suggests that the internet could be a solution to reach this specific tourism market. Furthermore, some studies also suggest that to influence Muslim tourism destination choice, tourism destination organizations should use Islamic Attributes of Destination in their promotion campaigns. This is also the case of Indonesia as the world’s biggest Muslim country, which is trying to attract Muslim tourists visit. Nevertheless, the existing studies on halal tourism promotion in Indonesia are still scarce. Adopting the qualitative form of content analysis, this research tries to add to the scant studies on halal tourism destination promotion in Indonesia by examining the content in official websites of DMOs according to the Indonesia’s national plan on Halal tourism. Keywords: Halal Tourism, Islamic Attributes of Destination, Destination Management Organization, Websites.

INTRODUCTION* is also considered one of the world’s prominent Indonesia is a homeland for 238.5 million destinations for Halal tourism according to the people [1] makes it the world’s fourth-most latest Global Muslim Travel Index (GMTI) report populated country as well as the world’s largest [8], as shown in Table 2. Muslim country [2]. In addition, Indonesia’s Table 1. Indonesia Absolute Contribution in 2016 economy is recognized as the world’s 10th Travel and Travel and 2016 largest economy in terms of purchasing power Tourism Total 2016 Tourism Total ('000 parity and members of the G20 [3]. Furthermore, Contribution to (US$bn) Contribution to jobs) tourism is considered as an important industry GDP Employment [4], an industry that plays a pivotal part and a 2 China 1001 1 China 69528 vital contributor to Indonesia’s national GDP and 7 India 208.9 2 India 40343 employment, as shown in Table 1. 12 136.2 5 Philippines 7357.2 15 Thailand 82.5 7 Indonesia 6708.6 In order to maintain the positive impact 20 Philippines 60.1 9 Thailand 5739 derived from tourism, the Ministry of Tourism of 22 Indonesia 57.9 12 Vietnam 4002.8 the Republic of Indonesia initiated the Indonesia World Average 57.3 SE Asia Average 3015.5 Halal Tourism in 2012 and continued with hosting 27 Malaysia 40.4 18 Cambodia 2252.3 the 1st IOC International Forum on Islamic 50 Vietnam 12.7 World Average 2152.9 Tourism in Jakarta in June, 2014 and launching SE Asia Average 30.1 24 Malaysia 1700.7 the Minister of Tourism and Creative Economy Source: World Travel and Tourism Council [9] Decree Number 2 in 2014, which specifically In fact, Lombok–West Nusa Tenggara, won 2 regulates Shari’a hotels in Indonesia [5,6]. awards in the World Halal Travel Summit 2015 Furthermore, in the last several years [10]. Apart from this, the Ministry of Tourism of Indonesia has been experiencing a consistent the Republic of Indonesia (from here referred as growth of international Muslim tourist arrivals, the MTRI), as the National Tourism Organization as illustrated in Figure 1. Indeed, there are (from here referred as the NTO) has announced several main generating markets for Indonesia 10 regions as the main destination for Halal including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates tourism [11], including Aceh, Central , East (from here refer as the UEA), Qatar, Kuwait, and Java, Riau, Riau Archipelago, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Malaysia among others [7]. In addition, Indonesia South , West Java, West Nusa Tenggara, and West Sumatra. Moreover, in 2016 the MTRI

* had launched a new website for promoting Halal Correspondence address: tourism, namely, the Halaltourism.id, as shown in Muhammad Suradin Email: [email protected] Figure 2. Address: Ministry of Tourism, Building Sapta Pesona-Ministry of Tourism, Medan Merdeka Barat No.17, Jakarta Pusat 10110.

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2.50 2.20 means to be or become lawful, legal, licit, 1.90 legitimate, permissible, permitted, allowable, 2.00 1.70 1.50 allowed, admissible, un-prohibited, un-forbidden, 1.50 to untie, unfasten, unbind, undo, unravel, loosen, 1.00 unloosen, unfix, unwind, unscrew, untangle, 0.50

(million) disentangle, disengage, free - according to - Islamic law or Shari’a law [14]. In addition, some 2012 2013 2014 2015 scholars argue [13,16] that the Islamic law or Muslim Tourist Arrivals Tourist Muslim Arrivals Year Shari’a law is developed from the Holy Qur’an; that is clearly noted mainly in the Surah 45 verses Figure 1. Indonesia International Muslim Tourist Arrival 18: Now We have set you [Muhammad PBUH] on Table 2. The OIC Main Destinations of GMTI a clear religious path (Shari’a), so follow it. Do 2016 2017 not follow the desires of those who lack (true) Rank Destination Rank Destination knowledge [18] and the Sunnah. Particularly for 1 Malaysia 1 Malaysia this study, the author prefers to use the term 2 The UEA 2 The UEA Islamic law to describe the Shari’a law in order to 3 Turkey 3 Indonesia help the readers understand the whole picture of 4 Indonesia 4 Turkey Halal in Islam. Furthermore, the official sources 5 Qatar 5 Saudi Arabia 6 Saudi Arabia 6 Qatar of Islamic law, particularly for this paper, the 7 Oman 7 Morocco focus is on the four official sources of the Islamic law based on Islamic Sunni, which is the sect with Source: MasterCard and Crescent Rating [8] the largest population in the world [16,18] including the Holy Qur’an, Sunnah, Ijma and Ijtihad. Despite the fact that the extent of these laws is enforced varies from country to country [19], Esposito argues that the Islamic law plays an important role to every Muslim all around the

globe because of its comprehensive coverage [20]. Indeed, some studies confirm that Islamic law has myriad effects on Muslims’ behavior and Figure 2. Indonesia Halal Tourism Brand decision-making, ranging from religious ritual This new brand is part of Indonesia’s national [20] to more common issues, for instance, Islamic plan to be the World’s Best Halal Tourism banking [21], supply chain [22], Muslim-friendly Destination with a target of 20 million hospitality [23], food [24], and travel and tourism international tourist arrivals in 2019 [7,12]. [25]. Nevertheless, according to the latest report from In respect of the implementation of Islamic the Standing Committee for Economic and law in tourism, Sanad et al. [29] argue that there Commercial Cooperation (from here referred as has been much controversy, if not dispute, the COMCEC), Indonesia is one of the countries especially among non-Muslims over the attitude that need to improve its competitiveness in of Islam to tourism, which mostly occurs because digital marketing [13]. Additionally, the studies of of the misunderstanding of the true nature of the Halal tourism promotion are still limited, religion and its Shari'a or Islamic law. Study on especially in Indonesia, which only examines the the role of Islam in the encounters of hosts and website owned by the NTO. Therefore, this guest argue that tourism is historically an present research is essential to add to the scant essential part of Islam and is encouraged by the studies on online Halal tourism promotion in Islamic law [26]. In fact, this study also Indonesia by examining official websites mentioned several verses written in the Holy belonging to several DMOs whose listed Qur’an that specifically encourage Muslims to destinations are part of the Indonesian national visit another place outside their own in order to plan on Halal tourism. see the first-hand beauty and bounty of His creation; grasping the smallness of man HALAL TOURISM reinforces the greatness of God, as well as The Halal concept is originally derived from increase personal knowledge, well-being and the verb Halla in Arabic language, which literally health [26]. Furthermore, according to some

[144] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.6, No.3, September 2018 Halal Tourism Promotion in Indonesia (Suradin) scholars [27,28,29], there are several forms of several places along the way to the Holy city of religious travel that every Muslim is encouraged Mecca and Medina, depending on their areas of to do at least once during their lifetime as part of origin [34]. The forms of leisure activity, as well their obligation to worship God as well as the as travel in the Muslim world, are non-identical. way to rejuvenate the value of Islam: Indeed, education, as well as affluence, are the distinct factors that influence Muslims to travel a. The Hajj or the pilgrimage from a Western abroad. This review, however, exemplifies perspective, has attracted millions of pious impecunious people mostly travelling for a male as well as female Muslims from all religious purpose such as the Hajj rather than around the world to visit the Kingdom of another form of leisure travel, whereas for the Saudi Arabia every year [28]. middle class, international pursuits such as golf, b. Umrah is referred to as the lesser pilgrimage tennis, horse riding and skiing, while travelling or the minor Hajj [29]. On the other hand, home and abroad (for non-religious reasons) is based on the data from the Hajj Ministry of popular [35]. Saudi Arabia, approximately 400,000 Umrah Despite that, the purpose of travel may be visa were issued every month and projected religious or mundane. There are still certain to grow to 1.25 million per month after the codes of conduct based on the Islamic law that Grand Mosque expansion project is finished regulate Muslims behavior as guests and hosts in in 2018 [30]. world tourism [26]. These codes prohibit public displays of affection, shaking hands or any c. Ziyara. This term literally means a voluntary physical contact between members of the visitation to the shrine and tomb in various opposite sex, unmarried couples sharing rooms, places, with the intention to pray and for gambling, breaking fast in daylight during holy remembrance of the dead person as well as month of Ramadan, consumption of pork and the reflection of one’s self of in the afterlife others haram (forbidden) foods, selling or [27]. In addition, the study on ziyarat from drinking liquor and dressing inappropriately, the Islamic religious typology explained many which may seem odd or even contrast with the Muslims also travel for this specific purpose nature of international tourism from the Western to other well-known shrines and mausoleums perspective. Thus, most of the Muslim outbound in the Middle East and North Africa region tourists prefer to visit tourist destinations that (from here referred as the MENA region) and share similar Islamic values or often labeled as to non-Arab countries in several Asian regions Islamic tourism [26]. [31]. Al-Hamarneh and Steiner [36] study on d. Rihla. Al Rihla often refers by Muslims who tourism in the MENA countries explained the travel to visit the shrine in Mecca, Medina terminology of Islamic tourism was first and other places such as Jerusalem [32]. introduced by Abdel-Sahib Al-Shakry during the Furthermore, according to the El Moudden UNESCO International Conference on Cultural [33] study of Rihla from 1300 to 1800 CE, Tourism held in Damascus, just a couple hours travel in the Muslim world can be categorized before the 9/11 attack occurred in the USA. into two important blocks: Originally, this terminology consisted of nine points, which can be seen in the following three 1) Rihla Hijazi-ya : This type of travel is main concepts: referred to as the journey to the Holy city of Mecca and Medina, with the main a. The Economic Concept intentions for spiritual purposes. Islamic tourism is seen as an extension and expansion-oriented concept which 2) Rihla Sifariyya : This form of travel is focuses on the importance of intra-Muslim mostly related to the diplomatic and and intra-Arab tourism [37]. Indeed, the somewhat secular goal of travel such as tourist movement in the same region has study or search for knowledge in several obviously become an important factor for foreign places, including Cairo in modern destination recovery in several MENA Egypt and Istanbul in modern Turkey [33]. countries from the downturn in international Moreover, over many centuries Muslims have tourist arrivals after the 9/11 attack. often combined mundane and spiritual goals in their rihla, which is mainly in the form of visiting

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b. The Cultural Concept intended. Furthermore, this paper proposed Islamic tourism is described as the a definition of Islamic tourism as the reaction to protect Muslims and the Arab activities of Muslims traveling to and staying traditional culture and cultural heritage from in places outside their usual environment for the issue of commodification as well as the not more than one consecutive year for obvious threat of aggressive neo-liberal participation in those activities that originate globalization in the form of McDonaldization from Islamic motivations which are not or Cocalization [37]. related to exercise of an activity remunerated within the place visited [42] c. The Religious-conservative concepts and a definition of Halal tourism as all the This concept may be described as goods and services of the tourism industry community tourism where all elements of the designed according to Islamic principles and modern tourism amalgam are shaped with offered to Muslim markets [41]. the Islamic values in order to give a familiar feeling among Muslim tourists and avoid the Table 3. Terminologies Used in Academic Papers hassle of being under durable lifestyle Terminology Author pressure in liberal and west style tourism Sharia tourism Asih and Asih [42] location [37]. Mosque tourism Kessler [43] Halal-friendly 1. Jaswir and Ramli [23] Some scholars noted the growth of Islamic tourism & 2. Zulkifli et al [44] tourism after the 9/11 attack and argue hospitality impetuses related to the trend [38]. First, the 1. Henderson [39,45,46,47] spiritual intention to heighten solidarity among 2. Zamani-Farahani and Henderson Ummah (the Muslim community). Second, [48] 3. Battour et al [49] related to the behavior of Muslims tourists that Islamic tourism 4. Duman [41] incorporate some possible leisure activities in 5. Mohamed and Mahmud [50] their religious travel and last, the rigid visa 6. Battour et al [51]. regime in numerous countries, particularly the 7. Jaelani [52] USA and most European countries because of the 1. Euromonitor International and fear of potential threats from extremists after WTM [53] the 9/11 attack has led to the increasing number 2.Battour and Ismail [54] 3. Akyol and Kilinc [55] of Muslim tourists holiday in Muslim (sic) Halal tourism 4. Mohsin et al [56] countries such as Malaysia [38]. 5. Carboni and Jannati [57] However, there are some formidable barriers 6. Abdul-Razzaq [58] that may affect the future development of 7. Adidaya [59] Islamic tourism, these ranging from the political 8. Samori et al [32] and economic condition in the MENA regions to Source: Secondary documents the complexity of subjective individual tourist b. Ryan [60]; Islamic tourism primarily refer to and country interpretation and application of travel undertaken for religious and Islamic law that may vary [39]. Furthermore, pilgrimage purposes and is associated with Henderson [39,40] also criticizes the definitional acts of faith relating to the Islamic religion, ambiguities in the concept of Islamic tourism that for instance, the Hajj, Ryan goes on to say are often used interchangeably with several that Halal tourism is a form of tourism that is terminologies as shown in Table 3. Yet, this issue undertaken for recreational, leisure and of ambiguity has attracted some reputable social purposes, and a member of the Islamic scholars to distinguish and determine a proper faith travel(s) for the same reasons that definition in their studies and conceptual papers: many of us wish to travel. Reasons that may a. Duman [41]; Motivation is the essential include the intention to experience the factor to distinguish between Islamic and cultural diversity as well appreciate the Halal tourism since motivation is essential beauty of God creation [60]. for all Muslim [41] as mentioned by Prophet c. El-Gohary [15]; Even though Halal tourism Muhammad PBUH Hadith in Sahih al- and Islamic tourism are rooted in the Islamic Bukhari: the reward deeds depend on upon law, they are different. Moreover, the term the intentions and every person will get the Islamic only can be used if all travel reward according to what he/she has elements, including the tourist, products,

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and services are fully adherencewith the surpass 150 million arrivals with total Islamic law, for example, the Hajj and the expenditure approximately will reach USD 330 Umrah. Halal tourism in this paper is billion worldwide. This promising number is considered as a subcategory of religious possible because of several factors including the tourism, a definition that is more preferable rapid growth of the Muslim population that to brand and describes the tourism activities, faster than any other world religions as shown in products, and services that are un-prohibited Table 5. according to Islamic law but without Table 4. Main Countries in terms of Tourist Expenditure neglecting the need of other tourists [15]. Rank Country Expenditure (billion USD) d. Battour and Ismail [54]; The use of Islamic or 1 Saudi Arabia 17.8 Halal tourism to generalize to all forms of 2 The UEA 12.6 travel that occur in the Islamic world or 3 Kuwait 9.7 4 Qatar 9.5 conducted by Muslims is improper because 5 Indonesia 7.6 of dissimilar meanings for both 6 Iran 7.5 terminologies according to Islamic law. In Source: Thomson Reuters and Dinar Standard [61] fact, the term Islamic refers to an activity Table 5. Projected Growth of Major Religious Group conducted solely for pleasing God, whereas Projected Population 2010 % of world Halal tourism is defined as any tourism Religious 2050 growth population population object or action which is permissible to group Population 2010-2050 (000) in 2050 Islamic teachings to use or engage by (000) (000) Muslims in tourism industry that might take Christians 2.168.330 2.918.070 31.4 749.740 place outside the Muslim world in the form Muslims 1.599.700 2.461.480 29.7 1.161.780 Unaffiliated 1.131.150 1.230.340 13.2 99.190 of hotels, resorts, restaurants, and trips [54]. Hindus 1.032.210 1.384.360 14.9 352.140 Therefore, Battour and Ismail suggest that it Buddhists 487.760 486.270 5.2 -1.490 Folk would be better to use Halal as a brand 404.069 449.140 4.8 44.450 name rather than Islamic for any related Religions Other 58.150 61.450 0.7 3.300 product and service in tourism industry [54]. Religions Jews 13.860 16.090 0.2 2.230 Based on the discussion above, this present WORLD 6.895.850 9.307.190 100 2.411.340 research adopts a similar, broad notion of Halal POPULATION tourism, which is conducted for recreational Source: PEW Research Centre [62]. purposes by Muslims, and applies to all related tourism activities, products, services which are The MasterCard and Crescent Rating [8] also considered permissible according to Islamic law mentioned several other impetuses for the rapid that is rooted in the Holy Qur’an, Sunnah, Ijma, growth of Halal tourism such as the significant and Ijtihad [14,20,54]. In addition, El Gohary [15] growth of middle-income households in several argues that Halal tourism has grown faster than member countries of the OIC, including, among any other form of travel and is projected to others, Turkey, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Next is continue its growth. Moreover, according to the the multiplication of tourism amalgams that Reuters and Standard report [61], in 2014 the adhere to Islamic law in IOC member countries total valuation of the Halal tourism market and non-member. Next is the growing popularity (excluding the Hajj and Umrah) was exceeded of Ramadan travel as well as Business travel in USD 140 billion or counting for 11% of total Indonesia, Turkey, Malaysia, and Gulf world expenditure on travel and tourism. Cooperation Council (from here referred as the Furthermore, according to this report, the top GCC) member states. Lastly, the rapid growth of countries in terms of tourist expenditure in Halal information and communication, especially the tourism are mostly the member countries of the internet and smartphone in several MENA Organization of Islamic Cooperation (from here countries are positively contributing to increasing referred as the OIC) from the MENA region that access to travel and tourism information. represent more than USD 52 billion or 35% of the Despite the fact that many countries have global Muslim tourist expenditure, as illustrated been trying to promote their tourist destination in the following table (Table 4). as a halal tourism destination in order to Moreover, the MasterCard and Crescent capitalize on the growth of Muslim tourists, the Rating [8] projected that in 2020 the number of main destinations for Muslim tourists are still international inbound Muslim tourists will concentrated in IOC member countries [13].

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Nevertheless, according to the World Economic formed from organic, induced and modified Forum report on tourism competitiveness, the induced image [66]. The first image are related to growth in major halal tourism destinations did various non-commercial information ranging not significantly improve those destinations from television documentaries, books, school global tourism competitiveness, except for lesson(s) and stories of friends’ experience that Indonesia as shown in Table 6. may not be exclusively developed for attracting Table 6. Top Five OIC member countries visitation but have a strong contribution to the overall destination image. Next is the induced Economy Rank Score Change since 2013 image, which is designed solely for promoting a The UEA 24 4.43 4 tourism destination. Malaysia 25 4.41 9 Qatar 43 4.09 -2 Lastly, the modified induced image is the Turkey 44 4.08 2 outcome of personal visitation from a particular Indonesia 50 4.04 20 tourism destination. Destination image is Source: World Economic Forum [63] constructed from three components that are interrelated [72]. The first component, cognitive, According to the COMCEC, the insignificant is related to individual motivation to visit a improvement in the majority of the top five OIC particular destination. The second component, countries may relate to the absent or weak affective, is related to personal emotions or publicity, promotion and mass media exposure sentimental feelings about a particular due to the limited communication systems and destination. The last component is conative, technological services are obstacles for tourism which is constructed from the cognitive and the development in the OIC Member Countries [14]. affective component after the visitation and may Therefore, in their latest Tourism Outlook, the take forms of, for example, re-visitation or giving COMCEC is encouraging OIC Member Countries a recommendation. Moreover, the initial image to improve their tourism promotion in order to formation stage before the trip is the most make their destination more visible and efficient important phase in tourist destination selection to compete in the international tourism market process [73] and, therefore, it should be the through electronic media, including CD-ROM focus of attention for the NTOs and DMOs. maps, the Internet, websites, etc. [13]. In fact, With the absence of visitation experience in approximately 250 to 287 million Muslims are this phase, there are three main determinants online today [64]. Therefore the use of the that construct destination image including the internet for promoting Halal tourism destination socio-demographic factors as well as the is vital, especially for websites that play an information sources, which are represented by essential role to stimulate and form images that the stimulus variables. The latter determinants shape destination perceptions and choices [65]. consist of two important variables including the Indeed, websites also offer a unique way to social stimuli or word-of-mouth communication, promote religious heritage through destination and the symbolic stimuli that are referred to in a image [4]. destination marketing campaign through various In addition, researchers argue that defining media such as brochure, guide book, and website the term destination image is not an easy task; that are intentionally developed to influence the rather, it is even problematic [66] for tourism tourist's perceived image of a place or researchers because it lacks a solid conceptual destination [73]. Specifically for tourism structure [67]. Particularly, in the term image organizations that plan to target Muslims that has already been used in various contexts tourists, some researchers argue that these and disciplines, which leads to unclear definition organizations should consider having Islamic [68]. Nevertheless, some of the prominent attributes that meet traveler’ needs, attributes tourism scholars have argued that the that adhere to Islamic law [71]. As an example, destination image could be defined as the the impact of destination attribute on Muslim impression that people hold about a state in tourists’ choice in Malaysia has successfully which they do not reside [69], while Crompton identified two major Islamic attributes of argues that destination image is the sum of destinations that may attract Muslim tourists beliefs, ideas, and impressions that people [48]. The first is the tangible attribute that associate with a destination [70] that usually includes the availability and access to worship or takes form in a set of attributes [71]. prayer facilities and the availability of Halal food. Furthermore, the images of a destination are The second is the intangible attribute that ranges

[148] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.6, No.3, September 2018 Halal Tourism Promotion in Indonesia (Suradin) from Islamic entertainment, Islamic dress codes, Destination Management Organization (from general Islamic morality and Islamic call for here referred as the DMO). Furthermore, to gain prayer. However, the latter attribute is only a proper understanding of halal tourism limited to Muslim countries because these promotion, this research proposes research aspects are not realistic within non-Muslim questions on how do Indonesia halal tourism societies [48]. Therefore, several Islamic destinations promoted through the DMOs’ attributes of destinations are added in order to official websites. And how do the Indonesian attract more visitations and cater to the needs of Halal tourism DMO websites differ among Muslim tourists [51], as exemplified in Table 7. themselves in promoting tourism. Table 7 Tourism destination Islamic attributes Table 8. Summary of Studies on the Image of Halal No. Attributes Tourism Destination 1 Availability of mosque (Masjid) Author Country(s) Islamic Sample 2 Availability of prayer facilities at tourism sites, Attributes airport, hotels, etc. Henderson Malaysia Islamic NTO’s 3 Presence of loud pronouncement of prayer museum website calling time Hashim, Malaysia 1. Islamic arts Official 4 Placement of Qiblah stickers – direction point Murphy, and and tourism towards Mecca Hashim architecture website from 5 Availability of water supply in toilets at tourist 2. Islamic 15 Malaysian sites, airport, etc. festival regional 6 Availability of Halal food at tourism sites, airport, 3. Islamic dress states shopping, etc. code 7 Availability of segregated Halal kitchen in hotels 4. Prayer times and restaurants 5. Halal food 8 Availability of segregated areas for women at information beaches 6. Travel tips on 9 Availability of segregated swimming pools and Muslim gymnasium conduct, 10 Banning of alcoholic drinks by the authorities at 7. Non-Islamic public places conduct (such 11 Banning of sex channels on hotel entertainment as gambling system /casino) Source: Battour et al [51] Henderson Egypt 1. Mosque NTO’s Malaysia architecture Website and Moreover, based on the researcher’s Morocco 2. Festive food Printed knowledge, several Halal tourism destinations Tunisia 3. Colorful Brochure have been trying in their marketing campaigns to Turkey event and The UEA sights use text and pictures that depict the Islamic (Dubai) attributes to develop a positive image that could Indonesia influence Muslim tourist destination choice, as Chhabra Saudi 1. Islamic NTO’s exemplified in Table 8. Nevertheless, the existing Arabia clothing Website study on online destination promotion in halal Indonesia guideline and tourism main destination is still limited. It is Algeria Abaya Maldives 2. Travel tips especially the case for Indonesia as the world’s Akyol and Turkey 1. Halal food & Website of 5 biggest Muslim country [28,74] and the world’s Kilinc non-alcohol local hotels emerging halal tourism destination [8,13,75]. principles in Turkey Only two studies of Halal tourism destination that shown image promotion have been conducted in with the Halal Indonesia by Henderson [45] and Chabbra [4]. Of certificate 2. Separate the research, they all only examine texts and facilities for pictures depicting Islamic attributes of women destinations from secondary sources of 3. Prayer rooms information owned by the MTRI, which is Source: Secondary documents Indonesia’s NTO. Given several reasons mentioned above, this METHOD study aims to add to the scant studies on halal In order to understand online halal tourism tourism destination promotion in Indonesia by promotion in Indonesia, the present research is examining the website that is officially owned by following the interpretive paradigm and adopts

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qualitative content analysis as the tool to Aceh, West Sumatra, Jakarta, West Java, Central investigate halal tourism promotion in Indonesia. Java, , Jogjakarta, Lombok, Riau, Riau The interpretive set of beliefs was chosen as the Archipelago, South Sulawesi, and West Nusa research paradigm because of its focus to seek Tenggara. understanding rather than focus on the issue of As a result, twenty-five websites were initially emancipation from oppression or technical identified during the high season in Indonesia control [76]. While the qualitative form of from November to January [85]. Nineteen content analysis was chosen because of several websites were excluded in this research; considerations, ranging from the nature of however, as they do not officially belong to the content analysis that is suitable for examining DMOs, were not developed for tourism tourism marketing and communication activities promotion, and were only available in Bahasa. to previous research on halal tourism in Following the identification process, six websites’ Indonesia that adopt the same tools to examine homepages were selected as the sample official tourism organization websites websites for further analysis including: [4,45,77,78,79]. Moreover, this research employ - bandaacehtourism.com a census study to examine the entire population - wonderfullomboksumbawa.com (N), which is the homepages of the official - jakarta-tourism.go.id websites of DMOs according to Indonesia’s - westjavatourismboard.info national plan on halal tourism that was first - eastjava.com, announced by the MTRI as shown in Table 9. - exploresouthsulawesi.com Table 9 Indonesia’s Halal tourism Destinations In addition, prior to collecting as well as Regions analyzing data, the researcher developed a Aceh East Java coding frame based on previous research on West Sumatra Central Java halal tourism destination promotion in Indonesia Riau West Java and conducted a pilot study to examine official Riau Archipelago Jakarta South Sulawesi West Nusa Tenggara websites’ homepages that were exclusively developed to promote halal tourism in three Source: Yahya [7] different countries: Indonesia (halaltourism.id), Furthermore, the official websites’ (muslimguide.jnto.go.jp), and Malaysia homepages were selected as the unit of analysis (itc.gov.my). Due to the time constraint, these for several reasons. Firstly, general tourism countries were chosen using a convenient research on website content analysis has often sampling method based on the researcher’s employed specific website pages such as knowledge and the existing literature available. homepage as the research unit of analysis [80- In respect of the coding frame, it is used to 83]. Secondly, previous studies on the image of reduce the data by distinguishing between Halal tourism destination use homepage as the relevant and irrelevant data that might lead to unit of analysis in order to avoid bias due to the research bias [78]. differences in website size and page [4,45,65]. In As a result, the pilot study shows that most of order to identify the English-language websites the destination attributes developed from exclusively developed to promote regional previous studies on halal tourism promotion in tourism, the researcher first searched for the Indonesia are relevant for examining the halal website names in the directory of Dinas tourism destination websites in three different Pariwisata available at kemenpar.go.id [84]. countries, as illustrated in Table 10. Despite the fact that all regional tourism office Table 10. Islamic Attributes of Destinations in Indonesia websites listed in the MTRI website are owned No. Islamic attributes and run by the designated regional tourism 1 Islamic/Muslim festival/celebration offices, some of them are neither exclusively 2 Islamic/Halal food developed to promote tourism nor equipped 3 Islamic/Muslim prayers with an English version. Hence, the researcher 4 Islamic/Muslim dress needed to scrutinize links in each website and 5 Mosque/other architecture run a series of searches to locate the websites 6 Other religions / toleration 7 Code of Conduct / travel advice based on data from kemenpar.go.id as well as Source: Research Analysis the keywords tourism, travel and the DMOs or Indonesia’s Halal tourism destinations name. e.g.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION content, which is more devoted to their nature- A total of six official promotional websites based attractions [4]. Furthermore, this finding owned by Indonesia halal tourism DMOs were may also correlate to the previous research that analysed qualitatively using the coding frame has examined NTO’s website, research noting from previous studies on halal tourism that Islam is acknowledged in all the sources promotion in Indonesia, as illustrated in Table 11. consulted, with the exception of the Indonesian Based on the data shown in the table, it may be website [45]. concluded that the Indonesia halal tourism DMOs In addition, for the most part, mosque or are using limited forms of Islamic attributes to other Islamic architecture, Islamic or Muslim promote their destinations through the website. dress followed with Islamic or Halal food are the Mosque or other Islamic architecture and Islamic predominant Islamic attributes depicted in the or Muslim Dress are the predominant Islamic sample websites to induced a positive image of a attributes used in the research sample websites. halal tourism destination. This finding is similar to Moreover, the first predominant Islamic the results from the pilot test that examined attributes were depicted on several websites, i.e. halal tourism websites in three different bandaacehtourism.com, eastjava.com, westjava- countries including Indonesia. This similarity tourismboard.info while the latter predominant might occur related to a finding from Battour et Islamic attributes were depicted in jakarta- al [48] study that concluded prayer facilities, tourism.go.id, bandaacehtourism.com, and halal food, and Islamic dress code are among the westjavatourismboard.info. Following these two tangible and intangible Islamic attributes of attributes is the Islamic or Halal food, which is destinations that may attract Muslims tourists. depicted in Aceh’s official website, the Indonesian Halal Tourism DMO Websites Differ bandaacehtourism.com, and in South Sulawesi’s Themselves in Promoting Tourism official website, the exploresouthsulawesi.com. Of all the halal tourism destination websites, Indonesia Halal Tourism Destinations Promotion Aceh uses the most Islamic attributes in through the DMOs’ Websites bandaacehtourism.com. This dominant use of Generally, the majority of the research’s Islamic attribute may be linked to the enactment sample websites are not yet focused on of the Special Autonomy Law in Aceh, which promoting halal tourism according to theoretical gives the local government the authority to enact foundation suggested in existing studies on halal a series of local laws or qanuns to govern the tourism and more focused on destination implementation of Islamic law [86,87]. attributes other than the Islamic attributes. Furthermore, the bandaacehtourism.com use Examples of such attributes are historical sites, various Islamic attributes to create a positive cultural diversity and unthreatening nature as image in Muslim tourists’ minds including Islamic shown in Figure 3. or Muslim festival celebration, Islamic food or Actually, this research finding may correlate Halal food, Islamic or Muslim prayers, Islamic or to Indonesia’s moderate view towards tourism Muslim dress, and Mosque or other Islamic [66] that influence their promotional website architecture (Figure 4). Table 11. Indonesia Halal Tourism Destination Website Indonesia Halal Tourism Destination Website Islamic Attributes of Destination Jakarta Lombok Aceh West java Sulawesi East java T P T P T P T P T P T P 1 Islamic/Muslim festival celebration - - - - * * ------2 Islamic/Halal food - - - - * * - - * * 3 Islamic/ Muslim prayers - * ------4 Islamic/ Muslim dress - * - - - * - * - - - - 5 Mosque/other Islamic architecture - - - - * * - * - - * - 6 Other religions/toleration * * ------* * 7 Code of Conduct/travel advice ------

Notes: *(Available), - (Not Available), T (Text), and P (Picture)

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Figure 3. Special Administrative Capital Region of Jakarta Tourism Promotion Website

Figure 4. Banda Aceh Official Tourism Promotion Website

On the contrary, the website tourism destination won the 2015 World Halal wonderfullomboksumbawa.com, as the official Tourism Awards. promotional website of West Nusa Tenggara, is However, if considering the history of tourism the only sample website that prefer to focuses in West Nusa Tenggara, especially that of on other destination attributes rather than the Lombok that for a significant period has been Islamic attributes. Moreover, the website promoted under Beyond Bali national marketing wonderfullomboksumbawa.com uses several campaign [88,89] as the Indonesia's second Bali pictures and texts related to natural and cultural for its nature-based attractions [90]. This attractions to attract tourist visitation, as shown phenomenon of focusing on attributes other in Figure 5. This finding is surprising given that than those Islamic, becomes relevant. Moreover, Lombok as one of West Nusa Tenggara’s popular this phenomenon is similar to the results

[152] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.6, No.3, September 2018 Halal Tourism Promotion in Indonesia (Suradin) reported by Henderson [45] suggesting that the pictures depicting destination attributes related Islamic attributes in official destination websites to their natural attractions or cultural heritage as are often overshadowed by other destination illustrated in Figure 6. This finding is akin to the attributes. finding from research on Malaysia’s state tourism On the other hand, the rest of the sample DMOs that showed minimal, albeit varying, websites in this research give limited space for portrayals of Muslim values on the DMO website depicting Islamic attributes of destination [65]. compared to the space that given to text and

Figure 5. West Nusa Tenggara Official Tourism Promotion Website

Figure 6 East Java Official Tourism Promotion Website

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CONCLUSION intention. Asean Marketing Journal III(1), The results shown that except in Aceh’s 35-44. sample website, the Islamic attributes of [3] World Bank. 2016. Indonesia: overview. destination used in the DMOs websites are Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/ unfortunately overshadowed by other en/country/indonesia/overview. destination attributes for several reasons. The [4] Chhabra, D. 2010. Chapter 17: first is related to tourism regulation or plan at Islamicization of promotion. In: Scott, N. the regional level, neither of which are and J. Jafari (Eds). Tourism in the Muslim coordinated with the national Halal tourism World. 267-285. master plan and regulation developed at the [5] Nirwandar, S. 2015. Halal lifestyle in central government level. The second reason is Indonesia. Paper presented at The UNWTO concerned with Indonesia being a multicultural Seminars – The Contribution of Islamic country blessed with diverse landscapes and Culture and its Impact on the Asian Tourism native wildlife; given this richness, the country’s Market. Brunei Darussalam. tourism organizations have tended to focus on [6] Nirwandar, S. 2016. Road to Halal tourism promoting their natural and cultural wonders. and halal lifestyle. Paper presented at the Third, despite the fact that Islam is the International Seminar on Halal Tourism. predominant religion in Indonesia’s Halal tourism Bandung. West Java. destinations, some of those destinations are [7] Yahya, A. 2016. Percepatan pengembangan famous for tourist attractions that are related to wisata halal di Indonesia. Paper presented other religions such as Borobudur and at the Internasional Seminar on Halal temple. Last, the strong image of Bali Tourism. West Java. as a world-class tourism destination has [8] MasterCard and CrescentRating. 2017. influenced the development and marketing Global muslim travel index 2017. Available campaigns of some Indonesia Halal tourism at: newsroom.mastercard.com/asiapacific destinations. /files/2017/05/Report-Mastercard- Nevertheless, this study is vital for several CrescentRating-GMTI-2017-20mb.pdf reasons. First, it extends Chhabra [4] and [9] World Travel and Tourism Council. 2017. Henderson [45] studies of Indonesia tourism Travel and tourism economic impact 2017 images as a Muslim tourist destination from Indonesia. Available at: www.wttc.org/- national tourism organization level to destination /media/files/reports/economicimpactresea management organization level. Second, it rch/countries-2017/indonesia2017.pdf. extends discussion on the online Image of Halal [10] Bureau of Public Law and Communication Tourism Destination [4,45,54,65]. Third, the (Biro Hukum dan Komunikasi Publik). 2015. results derived from this study could give the Siaran Pers Kado 1 Tahun Pemerintahan central government an insight into how the Presiden Jokowi-JK dari Kemenpar RI Sabet regional DMOs respond to the Indonesia Halal 3 Penghargaan di World Halal Travel tourism master plan and perhaps encourage the Summit 2015. Available at: central government to develop an additional www.kemenpar.go.id/asp/detil.asp?c=16&i program to enhance the regional government d=2998. awareness and understanding on Halal tourism in [11] Yahya, A. 2016. Percepatan pengembangan a manner that would coordinate with the wisata halal di Indonesia. Paper presented national plan. at Seminar KOMPAS Wisata Halal Dunia: Daya Tarik Indonesia sebagai Wisata Halal REFERENCES Dunia. West Nusa Tenggara. [1] Ministry of National Development Planning [12] Ministry of Tourism of the Republic of (Bappenas), Statistics Indonesia (BPS) and Indonesia. 2016. Halal tourism industry vie UN Population Fund. 2013. Proyeksi for World Halal Tourism Award 2016. penduduk Indonesia 2010-2035. Available Available at: www.indonesia.travel/en/ at: www.bappenas.go.id/files/5413/9148/ post/indonesia-s-halaltourism-industry-vie- 4109/Proyeksi_Penduduk_Indonesia_2010- for-world-halal-tourism-awards-2016. 2035.pdf [13] Standing Committee on Economic and [2] Luthfi, B. A. and I. Salehudin. 2011. Commercial Cooperation of the Marketing impact of halal labeling toward Organization of Islamic Cooperation- Indonesian muslim consumer’s behavioral COMCEC. 2015. COMCEC Tourism Outlook.

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[158] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.6, No.3, September 2018 Journal of Indonesian Tourism and doi: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.03.02 Development Studies E-ISSN : 2338-1647 http://jitode.ub.ac.id

The Challenges of Developing Tourism Events in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park

Muhammad Iqbal Rosyidi*

Deputy Assistant of Industry and Tourism Regulations, Ministry of Tourism Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract Tourism in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park has been considered important for national earning and local community development. As a conservation area, the development of tourism in Bromo Tengger Semeru should consider conservation principles. The purpose of this research is to identify the challenges of developing tourism events in TNBTS especially dealing with sustainable development. The research method used is qualitative method with descriptive analysis technique. In-depth interviews were conducted to explore the perceptions of the government, organizer, and community regarding the conduct of tourism event in TNBTS. The literature study was conducted to provide more complete data and information. Furthermore, researcher conduct field observations twice, the first observation was during the Yadnya Kasada event and the second one was on normal days. This research has successfully identified three challenges of tourism event development in TNBTS namely the institutional, event sustainability, and rivalry with competitors.

Keywords: event tourism, national park, sustainable development.

INTRODUCTION* Parry argue that a tourism event has The event is essentially an activity and a characteristics such as uniqueness, perishability, planned public or social occasion. It is simply ambiance and service, labor-intensive, fixed defined as something that happens temporarily timescale, intangibility, ritual or ceremony, and in order to collect a number of people [1]. It personal interaction [7]. Uniqueness is the main usually shows a ritual or ceremony and key of a tourism event and comes from the sometimes, it is a unique activity. Meanwhile, surrounding environment, the visitors, and the Bowdin et al states that an event is central to the performed attractions. The tourism event cannot culture of humankind [2]. However, the event is be replicated elsewhere at the same time. categorized into a private and public event. A Tourism events also tend to be intangible public event is the right category to represent because visitors do not get a certain object but the event tourism in this discussion. they feel the experience in the form of activity. The term tourism event is often related to Rituals and ceremonies also make tourism event and replaced with the terms festival and carnival. special. Furthermore, the success of a tourism However, some authors prefer to use event event cannot be achieved without the service of tourism [3,4,5]. Donald Getz used the term the event organizer and the atmosphere of the tourism event in 1998 to describe the unique event. activity held by certain attractive people. He adds Nowadays, some developed countries have that tourism event is the whole of planning, set tourism event out as a tourism movement, developing, and marketing strategy of tourist for example, Singapore, the so-called event attractions to maximize the tourist participation capital in Asia. Singapore has a variety of events, either as a main or an alternative attraction [6]. both modern and traditional, both international Nevertheless, other author used various terms and local level. For instance, every year such as special event, festival tourism, and Singapore gets an opportunity to hold GrandPrix cultural event, which has a similar definition and Formula 1 that attracts the attention and visits of the same intent. foreign tourist from the adjacent country. Besides having uniqueness, there are some Singapore successfully organized various characteristics of the tourism events; Shone and kinds of tourism events. It is because besides having limited natural resources as a natural tourist attraction, also due to the professional * Correspondence address: human resources in organizing a tourism event. Muhammad Iqbal Rosyidi Singapore effectively utilized the events to draw Email: [email protected] Address: Film Building, Ministry of Tourism Indonesia Letjen foreign tourist visits. MT Haryono Street, Kav. 47, Pancoran, South Jakarta, Jakarta Special Capital Region, 12770.

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As well as Singapore, Indonesia also has As we know, a good destination image is a various tourism events; even more superior in manifestation of the success of a tourism respect of quantity. Through the cultural development and marketing [13]. In fact, a diversity, Indonesia has an enormous potential to tourism event can be one of the supporting hold a hundred events each year. Currently, factors as the image of a tourist destination [14]. those events are held in many places, including The events, especially hallmark events, play an sea, land, and air. They are even organized in a important role in attracting tourists to a number of national parks, including Bromo destination and directly build the tourist Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS). destination image. The hallmark events act as a In early 2017, the Government of Indonesia catalyst for the tourist destination development determined TNBTS as one of the priority tourist that serves images or symbols. Hallmark event destinations. One of the purposes of this also becomes a solution to the problem product determination is to equalize tourism potential differentiation of a tourist destination [15]. and to develop alternative tourist destinations So far, various forms of tourism events have besides Bali. The program is often known as The been organized in the area and around TNBTS. 10 New Bali. TNBTS is the National Park situated Those events are arts and cultural, sports events, in Malang , Pasuruan Regency, and adventure events. From all events, Yadnya , and Lumajang Regency. Kasada is the most popular and interesting event Although it’s located administratively in East for tourist, especially for international visitors. Java, based on the Regulation of the Minister of Yadnya Kasada or Kasodoan is an offering Forestry Number P19/Menhut/2004, Bromo ceremony performed by the Tenggerese to Tengger Semeru National Park Central Office, Hyang Widi Wasa (The God) and held once a year under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in Kasada month [16,17]. However, there are has authorization to organized TNBTS [8,9]. other routine events, for example, BTS Ultra and Among the priority tourist destinations, Jazz Gunung. BTS Ultra is a sport event within TNBTS is the only destination which has nature- TNBTS while Jazz Gunung is a jazz music festival based tourist destination in the form of held around TNBTS area. mountains/volcanoes. Since 1920, TNBTS, Some previous studies have tried to analyze especially , was well-known among tourism events in Indonesia, such as Mahadewi the Dutch elite who were ruling over Indonesia. [5]. She examined the practice of the There are two mountains which become the implementation of attractions, tourism products, attraction as well as the icon of the area, Mount and tourism events that are related to the theory Bromo and Semeru. However, Mount Bromo is by taking the case in Bali [5]. The research aims more attractive, and maybe more well-known, to find out the impacts of tourism events. On the than Semeru for the tourists. This different other hand, Susanti has attempted to describe recognition is due to the uniqueness of the shape Event Tour de Singkarak and linked it to of the mountain and there is the crater that is sustainable tourism marketing [18]. The positive still actively producing sulfur fumes. This relation between tourism events with the mountain also has the sea of vast sand of 5.250 number and the motivation of tourist makes the ha located at an altitude of ± 2.100 m above sea event tourism research interesting to be studied level. This combination becomes a landscape that further. cannot be found in any tourist destinations in In this study, the events, that have a positive Indonesia. influence in improving the number of tourists, The prominent tourist attractions offered in are held in the area with limited utilization. As it this area are the experience of catching the is known, TNBTS is a protected area at Category II sunrise in Penanjakan, horse riding in the sea of by the World Conservation Union. As well as sand, and climbing up the peak to see the crater other human activities, tourism events also [10,11]. Foreign tourists also able to enjoy other utilize, exploit, and influence the natural activities such as hiking, beholding the landscape, resources in the host areas. The development of seeing the crater, horse riding, photography, events that refer to the principle of sustainability camping, visiting Pura, and jeep riding [12]. becomes crucial, especially the impacts and the Those things show that TNBTS offers various benefits for the triple bottom line, i.e. Social, experiences and the image of TNBTS is currently Environment, and Economy [9,19]. more influenced by the landscapes. The sustainability of the tourism event does not only refer to the triple bottom line but it also

[160] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.6, No.3, September 2018 Tourism Events in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (Rosyidi) concerns the sustainability of event performance the interview with TNBTS Central Office (as the [20]. Sometimes the organizer decided to stop management of TNBTS), the Department of the performance of events because it becomes Culture and Tourism of East Java, and the unattractive and quiet enthusiasts in the residents of Ngadisari Village and Cemoro previous performance. As an example is Lawang Village in Probolinggo Regency. Jatinegara Tourism Festival in East Jakarta. This The interview with TNBTS Central Office and festival is a cultural festival that performs certain the Department of Culture and Tourism of East Betawi cultures and other cultures outside Java is carried out to gain information on how Betawi, such as Orkes Keroncong and Reog the events are held in TNBTS and their Ponorogo. It began in 2011 with the different perceptions of those events. Furthermore, the packaging and theme every year. However, in interviews with the community representatives 2016, that festival is no longer held because of were done to get public perceptions of the quiet enthusiasts. This untenable event shows events conducted in TNBTS. Meanwhile, the that this event has an unsustainable literature study was conducted to collect the implementation. secondary data and information, such as the Nevertheless, referring to Getz’s opinion in regulations. various studies on tourism events, the social RESULT AND DISCUSSION aspect and especially environmental aspect The people of Tengger in TNBTS has held a receives less attention from many authors [4]. ritual ceremony in Mount Bromo and Thus, this research focuses on and tries to surrounding areas since a long time ago. At that provide perspective and discussion, not only the time, Yadnya Kasada and Karo were the most economic aspect, but also social and sacred ceremony. Those traditional ceremonies environmental aspects of the challenges of are the offering ceremonies to God held by developing tourism event in TNBTS. Through this Tengger people in the sea of sand and the crater research, the stakeholders are to be able to of Mount Bromo. anticipate the challenges in organizing the The Tenggerese held Yadnya Kasada on the tourism event in TNBTS. 14th, 15th, or 16th of the Kasada Month while Karo RESEARCH METHOD Ceremony is held in Karo Month (the second The type of this research is qualitative month of Tengger Society calendar system). At research focusing on describing and explaining the first time, Yadnya Kasada and Karo were the existing phenomena in the field. The merely considered as traditional ceremonies. researcher decides to use descriptive qualitative However, since 2000s, those ceremonies, as the analyzing method. By using descriptive especially Yadnya Kasada, started to attract qualitative, the researcher intended to show and tourists’ attention as a unique and interesting explain accurate descriptions and illustrations of spectacle. This shift happened because of the tourism events occurring in TNBTS. uniqueness of the ceremony which cannot be However, this research also has limitations. found in any places other than Mount Bromo. First, it is about geographical aspect. Because of Until now, Yadnya Kasada becomes one of the the vastness of TNBTS area, the scope of the data events widely known by people and become the collection is only limited to the TNBTS area which icon of TNBTS. Moreover, Kasodo is important for located in Probolinggo Regency. Second, it comes Tenggerese to express their gratitude to God and from the substantial aspect. The triple bottom to be preserved as a sustainable Tengger culture line, which considered important to be studied, as well [9,21]. are confronted with limited costs and time. The Scale and the Forms of Tourism Events Consequently, the discussion about those three Over the last decade, various tourism events aspects is not in depth elaborated and have been successfully arranged in TNBTS area quantified. Those three aspects are analyzed (Table 1). Most events are annual agenda. For using qualitative analysis technique based on the example Jazz Gunung that has been existed since data collected in the field. 2009. Another example is a sports event namely Data Collection Method BTS Ultra which has been annually held since The researcher obtained the data through 2013 and attracted domestic and foreign runners observation, interview, and literature study. The to participate in that competition. However, in observation was made twice, i.e., at Yadnya terms of organizing, the events in TNBTS are Kasada event and on a normal day. We conduct

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predominantly arranged by and from local the event organizer after getting some communities and the event organizers. consideration. Related to the event management, based on The Impacts of Tourism Events in TNBTS the interview, the Department of Culture and Before discussing the challenges, it is Tourism of East Java states: necessary to identify the impacts of a tourism “Province (the Department of Culture and event. There are, at least, four dimensions of the Tourism) only supports them through electronic impact/benefit of cultural festivals [22]. The and print media and also exhibitions.” impact is classified into two types, which are It shows that the Department is merely obtained by the public and the individual as well concerned about the promotion and the as from the intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions. marketing of events. Furthermore, according the Intrinsic dimensions can be stated to be essential information from the Central Office of TNBTS, and tend to be intangible. Meanwhile, the the private sector have enormous initiatives to extrinsic dimension is the impact/benefit that hold events in TNBTS. In this case, the Central can be captured by the eye and tend to be and Office of TNBTS tends to be more concerned with comes from outside. Extrinsically, the impacts of the conservation in TNBTS. Nevertheless, all tourist events for individuals include health, events held in TNBTS have to get a regular behavior, and expenditure. As for the recommendation letter from TNBTS community, tourism events have an impact on management. The recommendation letter is the economic, social, environmental, and community approval statement from the Central Office to educational and public welfare value (Figure 1). Table 1. The Events held in TNBTS Event Typology of Tourism Events Information Initiatives Model Scale the Events Hallmark Yadnya Kasada Cultural Event The offering ceremony of crops or Tengger People Nature as the Event livestock (Ongkak) that have been background harvested as a gratitude to nature. Regional a. Karo Cultural Event The offering ceremony for ancestral Tengger People Nature as the Event spirits to avoid catastrophe and to background commemorate the origin b. Bromo Sport event Run Competition in Bromo Tengger Event Organizer Nature as the Marathon Semeru area background c. Jazz Gunung Arts and International jazz concert event, having Event Organizer Nature as the Entertainment ethnic nuance held annually in background Amphitheater Jiwa Jawa Resort Bromo d. Bromo Sport event Run competition with distance until 170 Event Organizer Nature as the Tengger km along the Bromo Tengger Semeru background Semeru 100 area Ultra Local a. Unan-Unan Cultural Event The ceremony to honor the ancestral Tengger People Nature as the Event spirits, expel the evil spirits from the background village by giving offerings to redi-redi (volcanos) by slaughtering cattle, i.g. a buffalo b. Eksotika Arts and A dance-drama/ballet performance from Event Organizer Nature as the Bromo Entertainment various arts in East Java background c. Bromo Recreation Fauna (bird) Photography Competition in Central Office Ecotourism Tengger TNBTS area of TNBTS as Target Semeru Birdwatching d. Bina Cinta Education and BCA sets the goals to foster, increase Central Office Ecotourism Alam (BCA) Science knowledge, awareness, and of TNBTS Event responsibility of the community on the importance of TNBTS Source: Research Results.

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Figure 1. Benefit Dimention of the Tourism Events according to Mc Carthy et al. (2004). Source: Lundberg et al. [22]

Besides carrying the impacts on the individual participate or just want to watch the event are (personal impacts), and on public (external required to pay the entrance fee into TNBTS impacts), tourism events have the impacts on an area. In addition, the growing of event goers institution (organizational impacts) [1]. Those increased the sales of consumer goods such as organizational impacts can be finance, human snacks sold by the Tengger community within resources, institutional capacity, and marketing. TNBTS and the surrounding areas. Unfortunately, However, the focus of this research is the impact the amounts of community and management’s on society in general which can be observed incomes and the tourism multiplier effect have (extrinsic impacts). not been the focus of this research. Tourism events in TNBTS also have an impact In social aspect, the various tourism events on economic, social or environmental aspects; held in TNBTS make the interviewed people in both micro and macro. The impact of every Village proud, especially of tourism event is various. For example, BTS Ultra Yadnya Kasada, which is a tradition of and Bromo Marathon that involve many Tenggerese. Yadnya Kasada can also enhance the international runners. According to one of the brotherhood among them. residents in Ngadisari Village, when the event is Another impact is social cohesion [23]. held, local people who work as farmers change Tourism events, especially indigenous cultural their jobs for a while to be volunteers and rent festivals can enhance the sense of kinship among out the lodging, horses, and jeeps. the event committee. At Yadnya Kasada and Meanwhile, in other events, such as Yadnya Karo, social cohesion occurs among local Kasadnya and Karo, which the community Tengger. Meanwhile, at BTS Ultra, Jazz Gunung, become the main actors, they leave their daily and Bromo Marathon, social cohesion could work to get more focused on the event. Although occur among the communities living around there is information on the increased TNBTS, the event organizers, and the event opportunity to have higher income at the time of goers. the event is held, this research has not measured A tourism event can directly increase the quantity percentage of the community income number of visitors in TNBTS. For example, sports rise when the event occurs. events like Bromo Marathon and BTS Ultra. Both In the economic aspect, the most visible events involve a thousand participants. The impact of the tourism event is the increased presence of such participants means also revenue from the increasing entrance ticket sales increased demand for accommodation, such as for TNBTS. The event goers who want to lodging and jeeps. But, the growing number of

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tourists also raises the amount of consumption (private sector). The local government does not that affects the increasing amount of garbage in consider tourism events as a strategic way to TNBTS area. A villager from Ngadisari said, regional tourism development. Communities “Every time an event is held, we have a serious around TNBTS also have not been trained to garbage problem. The more visitors come, the conduct a tourism event professionally. more garbage they will leave.” Therefore the commitment and mutual trust This phenomenon shows that there is a social among the stakeholders becomes the key to a cost, which is a lot of garbage because of a successful tourism development at the local level tourism event. The evidence showed at Yadnya [3]. Kasada, where people ‘throw’ their offerings to The second challenge is related to the the crater of Mount Bromo. The offerings are in sustainability of tourism events. Until now, there the forms of livestock and comestibles. Although is no data and information stating that the some of the offerings are collected again by the tourism event held in TNBTS failed. Precisely, local people, common people consider the left some tourism events that exist, such as BTS Ultra offerings as garbage. 100, Bromo Marathon, Jazz Mountain, and Yadnya Kasada gain great attention from the The Challenges in Tourism Events Development event goers, both domestic and foreign. A challenge can be defined as something that Nevertheless, the challenges of tourism tests the ability of a person and organization, and events development related to sustainability are it deserves to be overcome by their resources. In related to the environmental aspects. Tourism general, there are five challenges of tourism events, which directly interact with the TNBTS event development. First, it is a paradigm shift landscape, especially sports events, need to get from supply-side to demand side. An event more attention. The events that potentially invite organizer needs to change the event paradigm massive event goers are vulnerable to affect the and orientation that has been used previously. environment. There are two challenges faced by One thing that needs to be improved is how a the stakeholders. First, the number of jeeps tourism event can meet the visitors’ expectations carrying the runners to TNBTS means the by considering the current capacity. Second is a exhausted emissions from these vehicles policy change, from top-down policy to be more increase, especially when the event was held. bottom-up. This indicates that in holding a Second, related to the potential garbage tourism event, an event organizer needs to generated by the participants, before the race, explore people’s aspirations. during the race, and post the race. The third is managing the event portfolio The third challenge comes from competition rather than just focusing on the specific tourism with competitors. The Management of TNBTS is event. The organizer needs to weigh in managing faced with two difficult options, either to choose various tourism events as a portfolio, so it can be to have collaboration or compete with promoted to tourists. The portfolio shows the competitors. In this case, TNBTS has similar organizer’s professionalism in managing various product feature and landscape with Mount Ijen. events. The fourth challenge is creating and From the aspect of location, Mount Ijen is promoting an event and the last one is ensuring located about 250 km on the east part of TNBTS that development of a tourism event based on area or can be reached through 4-hours drive. the principles and the models of sustainable Mount Ijen also has a tourism event portfolio development. that is similar to TNBTS. The types of the tourism The development of tourism events in TNBTS events that will be held include sports events is not without challenges. The first observed (Ijen Trail Running, Road to Ijen, Mount Ijen challenge is the institutional problem. Based on Special Gravity), Arts and Entertainment (Jazz the observations and interviews with the Ijen), and Recreation (Layang-Layang Wurung community representatives of Ngadisari and Crater). Regarding the managerial aspect, the Cemoro Lawang villages, there is a disharmony two tourist destinations are under the authority between programs and policies between the of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Central Office of TNBTS and the Local Therefore, the stakeholders need to consider Government in developing tourism in TNBTS. It what strategies to differentiate from these affects the development of tourism events in competitors. TNBTS area. As a result, the development of tourism events comes more from the community

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CONCLUSION [8] Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan This study shows that the tourism events in Nomor P.19/menhut-ii/2004. Tentang TNBTS mostly come from community initiatives. Kolaborasi Pengelolaan Kawasan Suaka Tourism events in TNBTS have numerous impacts Alam dan Kawasan Pelestarian Alam on economic, social, and environmental aspects. [9] Hakim, L. and M. Soemarno. 2017. The challenges faced in the development of Biodiversity conservation, community tourism events in TNBTS include in terms of development and geotourism development institutional, sustainability, and competition with in Bromo – Tengger – Semeru – Arjuno competitors. The Government, in this case, the biosphere reserve. Geojournal of Tourism Central Government, needs to immediately and Geosites 20(2), 220-230. realize the concept of Single Destination Single [10] Akbar, A. T. and E. Pangestuti. 2017. Peran Management. This will clarify the direction of kuliner dalam meningkatkan citra destinasi developing tourism events in TNBTS. pariwisata Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger The stakeholders also need to consider the Semeru. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis 50(1), sustainability aspects of tourism events in TNBTS. 153-159. In managing TNBTS, the organizer needs to apply [11] Cochrane, J. 2006. Indonesian national visitor management, especially during the parks: understanding leisure users. Annals tourism event taking place. This is necessary of Tourism Research 33(4), 979-997. considering the importance of TNBTS as a [12] Sagala, L. P., E. K. S. H. Muntasib, and W. N. conservation area as well as a tourist destination Bambang. 2008. Permintaan ekowisata that needs to be managed wisely. wisatawan mancanegara di Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru (TNBTS) Jawa ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Timur. Media Konservasi 13(2), 79-84. My greatest gratitude goes to Mrs. Nova (the [13] Tasci, A. D. A. and W. C. Gartner. 2007. Central Office of TNBTS), Mr. Sai'in (the Destination image and its functional Department of Culture and Tourism of East Java), relationships. Journal of Travel Research Mr. Sandya and Mr. Anton who have been willing 45(4), 413-425. to help and provide the data and the information [14] Getz, D. 2013. Planning and staging for this research. ecotourism events. In: R. Ballantyne and J. REFERENCES Packer (Eds.), International Handbook on [1] Bladen, C., J. Kennell, E. Abson and N. Ecotourism. Edward Elgar Publishing Wilde. 2012. Events management. Limited. Routledge. New York. [15] Xie, P. F. and K. Gu. 2015. The changing [2] Bowdin, G., J. Allen, W. O’Toole, R. Harris urban morphology: waterfront redevelop- and I. McDonnell. 2006. Events ment and event tourism in New Zealand. management. Elsevier Ltd. Tourism Management Perspectives 15, 105- [3] Dwyer, L. and E. Wickens. 2011. Event 114. tourism and cultural tourism: Issues and [16] Nempung, R. I. A., M. Bahruddin, and A. Y. debates: an introduction. Journal of A. Fianto. 2014. Perancangan buku esai Hospitality Marketing and Management fotografi potrait upacara Yadnya Kasada 20(3-4), 239-245. Gunung Bromo Suku Tengger sebagai upaya [4] Getz, D. 1998. Event tourism and the melestarikan budaya lokal. Jurnal authenticity dilemma. In: Theobald, W. ArtNouveau 2(1), 162-170. (Ed). Global tourism, 2nd Ed. Butterworth- [17] Sutarto, A. 2006. Sekilas tentang Heinemann. Oxford. 409-427. masyarakat Tengger. Available at: [5] Mahadewi, N. M. E. 2012. Atraksi, produk http://repositori.perpustakaan.kemdikbud. wisata, dan event wisata dari teori ke go.id/1106/1/Masyarakat_Tengger.pdf. praktik. Jurnal Perhotelan dan Pariwisata [18] Susanti, R. 2015. Event tour De 2(1), 1-10. Singkarak Sumatera Barat, pemasaran dan [6] Getz, D. 2007. Event studies: theory, pariwisata yang berkelanjutan. Menara research and policy for planned events, 1st Ekonomi I(2), 38–46. Ed. Routledge. Oxford. [19] Dickson, C. and C. Arcodia. 2010. [7] Shone, A. and B. Parry. 2010. Successful Environmentally sustainable events: a Event Management, 3rd Ed. South- critical review of the literature, dalam Western. Singapore. Global Events Congress IV: Festivals and

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Events Research: State of the Art, Leeds Metropolitan University. 14, 16. [20] Richards, G. and R. Palmer, 2012. Eventful cities. Routledge. [21] Hakim, L. 2006. Kasodo, tourism, and local people perspectives for Tengger Highland conservation. In: Survival of the Commons: Mounting Challenges and New Realities. Proceeding 11th Biennial Conference of International Association for the Study of Common Property IASCP, 1-5. [22] Lundberg, E., J. Armbrecht, T. D. Andersson, and D. Getz. 2017. The value of events. Routledge. New York. [23] Gursoy, D., K. Kim and M. Uysal. 2004. Perceived impacts of festivals and special events by organizers: an extension and validation. Tourism Management 25(2), 171-181.

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Community Efforts of Tutup Ngisor in Maintaining Art and Cultural Traditions

Yohana Ari Ratnaningtyas*

Department of Arts Management, Faculty of Fine Arts, The Indonesian Institute of the Arts Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract The objective of the study is to find out the cause of traditional art in the sub-village of Tutup Ngisor which still survive until now. Qualitative descriptive research is used to reveal data comprehensively in the field. Techniques of data collection are conducted by holding observations of various artistic activities that exist, semi-structured interviews with figures and leader of the arts community as well as studying some literature and previous studies. The results show that interpreting the tradition and change in art is addressed with wisdom, has become a strong foundation for the people of Tutup Ngisor sub-village in maintaining its traditions, maintaining the local values and being wise in facing of outside influences. This research is expected to provide a solution to the possibility of reviving an extinct local tradition and keeping the tradition alive well. Therefore it is necessary to have a good and clear management system in order to anticipate the development of the era so that the art community can continue to grow and develop. Keywords: art community, traditional art that can survive.

INTRODUCTION* Lesung and Jathilan in Sleman, Pekbung, and Currently, there are many kinds of Langen Mondro Wanara in Bantul [4]. community growing in society. Most people These phenomena, traditional art consider that community is related to territory or communities that have been or are almost neighborhood. A community is also established extinct, happened since there was no as a result of various bonds such as territory, regeneration from the elders to the youngsters. activity, cultural heritage, language, belief, or Thus, the transfer process of the culture to the certain interest. The definition of a community youngsters became weak and incomplete. itself is still indistinguishable [1]. Consequently, some information was lost from In fact, a community is established not only time to time. In addition, limited human by geographical reason but also by cultural resources, tools, and financial supports were also heritage, language, belief, or certain interest as causing these phenomena [5]. However, the well. Brain clarifies that the key point of a most important things, in this case, is the lack of community is the similar activity done learning and management system as the basic collectively [2]. There are two elements forming factors that need to be solved immediately [6]. a community; the people and the activity. A One of the local communities that continue group of people will not form a community if to last with all of its art and cultural traditions is they do not have a similar activity. Thus, the art the traditional art community of Tutup Ngisor community means a community where a group Sub-Village, Sumber Village, Dukun Sub-District, of people have the same awareness of art and Muntilan, Magelang. Tutup Ngisor is located in intend to preserve its art through certain art the slope of Mount Merapi, about 10 km from activities in particular ways [3]. Muntilan, Magelang, Central Java. Tutup Ngisor is Indonesia has a variety of local communities one of 12 regions in Sumber Village [7]. with various traditions. They commonly live with Tutup Ngisor Community is one of few all of their traditions, values, orientations, and communities that depend on their life in ways of thinking in order to be able to keep their agricultural sector but are still engaged arts in activities. Some of the communities have been their daily life. In their daily routine as farmers, extinct due to changes in society, and some they express their enthusiasm for art by others are in danger such as Srandul, Gejog establishing and nurturing an art community. This art community is named Padepokan Tjipta Boedaya. This sub-village is also as the traditional * Correspondence address: art forerunner, central of activities, preservation, Yohana Ari Ratnaningtyas Email: [email protected] and movement agent for the surrounding Address: The Indonesian Institute of the Arts Yogyakarta, Jl villages. For Tutup Ngisor villagers, art is an Parangtritis km 6.5, Bantul 55188, Yogyakarta. inseparable component of their daily life and can

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motivate the spirit of art in Sumber Village. Many Second, the interview is done by using forms of art grow to be the local cultural purposive sampling technique that is only select traditions that continue to be nurtured [8]. informants who are considered expert about the Based on that fact, the objective of the study art of Tutup Ngisor which includes artists, figures is to find out the cause of traditional art in the in the community. The depth interviews Sub-village of Tutup Ngisor that still survive until guidelines covering open-ended questions to now. This discussion is expected to provide explore relevant information to the problem solutions to bring back local traditions that have under study. The interviews were carried out been extinct and maintain the existing traditions. with the leader of Padepokan Seni Tjipta Boedaya (art community), and the leader of RESEARCH METHOD Sanggar Bangun Budaya (art course), the A qualitative descriptive method is used to members of the art community, and randomly explore a social phenomenon or reality by chosen people while watching the performances. describing a number of variables related to the Interviews are conducted both formally and problem being studied systematically. Through informally, by visiting some houses, attending this research, it is hoped that the problem of performances, or visiting some other places endurance and the existence of traditional art in where researcher involvement can be developed. Tutup Ngisor as the object of this study can be Third, documentation and literature study is revealed and elaborated more comprehensively used to obtain secondary data about the for a depth analysis. problem of art traditions residing in the research The focus of this study is the traditional art area sourced from various available books. The community of Tutup Ngisor Sub-Village and all literature is especially on art and culture that are elements therein. We include the performers of directly related to the cases of art in the art the art activities, the figures in the community, community of Tutup Ngisor Sub-Village. the forms of art, their view on art, and how they construct the meaning of changes. Study Specification and Problems Previous research found the art as an integral Data Collection part of life. Art is a noble legacy preserved and The first stages in data collection were taught to the next generation. It is also affirmed conducted through the observations by following that art is not for life, but life is to art and various art activities, in the form of art through art, it can build love to all God creatures. performances, either in or outside their local A review of literature is important so that no area (Table 1). The rehearsals undertaken was overlap of problems and solutions with the same also observed. It aimed to see directly how art in answers. The specific, clear, and explicit this area run and was maintained. descriptions of the problem is strongly expected Table 1. Art Performances in Tutup Ngisor from these study [7]. This description are Performance Description expected to become the main source as a Traditional valuable information material of Tutup Ngisor Wayang Orang the performers play as the puppets sub-village, Muntilan Magelang. So that this Wayang Topeng the performers play as the puppets wearing mask study has the originality that can be accounted Wayang Kulit the puppets are made from leather for [9]. Ketoprak traditional comedy play The other research said that the people of Topeng Ireng (Toto Traditional dance with colorful Tutup Ngisor and surrounding are the traditional Lempeng Irama costumes and black headress rural agricultural artists, which was reinforced by Kenceng) the presence of Padhepokan Seni Tjipta Boedaja, Modern founded by Father Yoso Sudarmao in 1937. This Wayang Gaul Modern puppets play (wayang wathon) art community is unshakable from all forms of Wayang Bocah Children play as the puppets external change, and always maintains a Dayak Grasak A combination of Topeng Ireng and receptive attitude and does not pursue (Buto dance) Giant Dance something excessive. They are open to anyone Campur Mix performance (A combination of who wants to learn art there [8]. wayang orang and dance) The research about the political issues of art Kuda Lumping the performers dance by using small explained, how the Tutup Ngisor art community horse made from bamboo must wrestle and adopt a strong wisdom attitude Jalantur a dance performed by women when faced with outside powers, state or Source: Research Observation

[168] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.6, No.3, September 2018 Art Community of Tutup Ngisor (Ratnaningtyas) cultural people, who tried to intervene in the art (An Islamic figure named Tutup). Kyai Tutup was traditions residing in their communities. This is assumed as the courtier (a person who devotes called the art politics of Tutup Ngisor community himself to Surakarta Palace) isolating himself due that maintain and sustain their cultural identity to the situation at that time, the turmoil inside in the field of art [10]. the palace related to Dutch colonials. Kyai Tutup A research about the communities around in his isolation opened land and stayed in a Mount Merapi described how diverse mountainous area which is now known as Tutup. communities must face government policies. On The name came from its location, the slope of one hand, the government with a strong reason Mount Merapi. One of Kyai Tutup’s grandsons, for safety wants them to move to a safer Romo Yoso Soedarmo, has sons to continue, settlement. On the other way, residents still preserve, and develop the culture of the ancestor insist on surviving with the reason that they have until now. enough (local) knowledge to monitor and explain The art community of “Tutup Ngisor” was mystically the activities of Merapi. The study established in 1937. The history of art in this conducted covering several areas on the slopes place was initiated in the 1920s by Romo (Priest) of Merapi, including Tutup Ngisor Sub-village Yoso Soedarmo (1885 – 1990) [12]. He was the [11]. pioneer and the founder of the art community in From several studies as described above, this this place. He started it by encouraging people to study clearly has different specifications. This learn traditional Javanese arts among the people. study further wants to see how the traditional art Romo Yoso Soedarmo was initially a courtier in community that is located in Tutup Ngisor society Kadipaten Mangkunegaran, Surakarta, who had can still survive; exist even growing and become an opportunity to learn the palace’s arts like its own icon for the traditional art community Wayang Wong, Wayang Kulit, Wayang Topeng, around it. The question that arises later, how art and other palace’s traditional dances. He as one of the wisdom of living in society Tutup developed and hereditarily passed down that Ngisor can survive in the midst of a tremendous artistic expertise. He fused agricultural and art flow of change? What kind of strategies they activities which later generated a farmer artist developed? How is the process of cultural community. Sitras Anjilin is the seventh son of strategy established and maintained within the Romo Yoso becoming the Head of the Tutup Ngisor community? Some of these issues Padepokan. He continues the performance art of are the focus of research that distinguishes from Wayang Orang related to ritual ceremonies. pre-existing studies. With his six siblings, they work together to preserve and develop arts in Padepokan Tjipta RESULT AND DISCUSSION Boedaya until now. This part is divided into two sections. The first section discusses the art community of Tutup How the Art Community of Tutup Ngisor Ngisor from its establishment until now. The Constructs the Meaning of Traditions and second section talks about how this art Changes community constructs the meaning of traditions Survival and changes. It consists of three sub-sections. Survival is an ability to survive from various The first sub-section explains the survival of this influences. There are two factors affecting art community to keep its traditional arts and to survival ability, the internal factor and external react toward foreign influences entering into this factor [13]. The internal survival factor can be community. Then the next sub-section illustrates realized in the form of intention to continue the resistance and the struggle of Tutup Ngisor doing and preserving art activities consciously that cannot be detached from the capability and and independently. On the other hand, the skill of the head and the committee in managing external survival factor is a condition where the arts and the people involved therein. The last there are influences from outside of a part discusses how this community with all the community that cannot be prevented. processes of transformation, adaptation, and The geographical condition of Tutup Ngisor acculturation keep its art activities to be able to Sub-Village in the slope of Mount Merapi survive and develop sustainably. provides fertile land and abundant supply of History of Tutup Ngisor Art Community water so that almost all of the people rely on the It is believed by the local people that Tutup agricultural sector. The rice fields are cultivated Ngisor Sub-Village was established by Kyai Tutup

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based on peasantry customs and rituals as their the slope of Mount Merapi and realized its ancestors once had. dedication for the current generation [14]. That The villagers of Tutup Ngisor live their daily set of performance is held every 15 Suro (month life with mystical-spiritual cultural expressions in Javanese calendar). It is also a mandate from reflected in the ceremony of Suran, Nyadran, Romo Yoso as the respected elder and the Merti Dusun, Eid Al Fitr, and the Independence Pepunden of people so that the village is always Day. In addition to preserving Javanese in the condition of Kertaraharjo, a condition of traditions, they also develop the Javanese peaceful, prosperous, and contented agrarian traditional arts such as Wayang Kulit, Wayang society. Wong (Orang), Wayang Topeng, Kuda Lumping, For Tutup Ngisor Community, art has a and klenengan ‘caosan’ Jumat Kliwonan. function as ingrained belief and religion that Padepokan Tjipta Boedaya is indeed an art guide the life of the people. They believe that life and cultural organization supported by a simple is for art, not the otherwise. Because of that, and firm community that is not affected by a there is a strong will to preserve Javanese arts range of changes infiltrating into every entity of and culture. The traditional arts developing a life. The significant rituals in this community are function to maintain the culture and art the art performances and nurturing art and preservation of ethnic performances called culture as parts of the agricultural customs and kampung agraris (agrarian village) supported by ceremonies. Such realities create a strong frame farmer artists. The presence of Padepokan Tjipta and foundation in every step taken by the art Boedaya becomes the medium and the center of performers to survive in nurturing their art activities in Tutup Ngisor, Sumber Village. By traditional-ethnical arts. Romo Yoso’s descendants, this place is used to Arts, especially dancing or playing traditional practice Javanese arts and culture and to Javanese music, for the people of Tutup Ngisor perform their artistic creation as a virtuous are not so much different from planting chili or tribute to their ancestors. paddy. None is more important or more special To survive external factors, a community since every activity is a ritual and blessing of life. needs local wisdom and local genius. The It is just in line with Romo Yoso’s teaching, never definition of local wisdom is a local culture that leave art in life. God is the most beautiful of all determines the direction of a new culture as the because God creates beauty. Art is inseparable result of cultural acculturation [15]. On the other from beauty created by humans to establish a side, local genius is the extraordinary ability of physical and spiritual foundation of life expressed local society in processing external influences through various media. Thus, art is, in fact, a kind [16]. of social activities. Its presence reflects a Hence, the policies taken by local public collective expression that fits the characteristics figures covers several aspects of life such as of the related society, either as a form of environment, the system of technology, aesthetic entertainment or as a spiritual buildings, beliefs, language, and art. They communication medium with moral values become the character or the identity of local intended to increase social solidarity. culture in a physical or non-physical form, The obligatory art performances of material (objective) or spiritual (subjective). Local Padepokan Tjipta Boedaya are understood as a wisdom and local genius that grow in the society basic education of art passed from generation to of Tutup Ngisor are fostered and revealed generation. In a certain moment, people sing through the orientation, perception, attitude, uyon-uyon of Gamelan Candi with Javanese and way of life that based on the survival and the gamelan accompaniment, complete with sinden struggle of the society as the owner of the and niyaga costume as a form of respect toward culture. In other words, local wisdom and local their ancestors. Kembang Mayang dance that is genius are fully supported by the capability of presented afterward expresses prayers for the society in facing the challenge that concerns with fertility of their land and the fulfillment of the human resource. The examples of new culture farmers’ needs. That art performance is the ritual resulted from the acculturation are Wayang of Suran, a thanksgiving moment and a prayer to Wathon, Wayang Bocah, and Jalantur. God as the Creator for His graciousness to the There are plenty of art enthusiasts from other village. places who come and train their artistic talent in By such performance, Padepokan Tjipta this place. The name itself is already renowned in Boedaya has performed basic education of art in the artist community in Magelang. Experts of art

[170] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.6, No.3, September 2018 Art Community of Tutup Ngisor (Ratnaningtyas) and culture from Surakarta, Yogyakarta, even provide the art performers a better life Surabaya, Bandung, and Jakarta, even overseas somewhere. come to learn, study, and document the art The management system applied in Tutup activities in this village. Now, the Padepokan is Ngisor community is very simple with only like a magnet that attracts enthusiasts, openness between them. By openness, the observers, researchers, and creators of management process can be performed together performance arts and culture to come and see with mutual trust and without suspecting each closer the heart of the art activities which then other. It means the management process of strengthens the identity this community. Tutup Ngisor is transparent, based on togetherness and mutual cooperation principles. Art Community Management In order to achieve the common goal, every People who join a community are called member of the community needs to have a self- community members. In some communities that awareness to manage the community with their have the structure of organization, they have the greatest effort. Tutup Ngisor Community in committee in addition to the members. Both the performing their activities implements their basic members and committee are people who join functions of management [19] that consist of: willingly and enjoy the activities in the community. 1. Planning Having a lot of members is not enough for a As an organization with a modern point of community to be able to develop optimally [17]. view, Tutup Ngisor community designs the The most important thing for a community is steps from every program and activity that having the right people with the right skills, they will perform. It is intended to create knowledge, and ability for the right job. The harmony and togetherness among them. challenge in a community management is when Tutup Ngisor community is a team that the right man in the right place is suddenly upholds solidarity between its members to inactive. To deal with that issue, the committee support the continuous development of the of the community should have proper skill and organization. knowledge to manage its members. Most of the 2. Organizing members of Tutup Ngisor Community are local The structure of the organization is very youths who are active in every activity in the important so that every member knows their village. However, there are also adults (married role and task in the art community of Tutup men and women) and children participating in Ngisor. Organizing also eases the community the community. Hence, it is not surprising that in framing the workspace according to the we can find the whole member of a family member’s expertise. Such workspace participating in the folk arts in Tutup Ngisor. becomes an individual responsibility in every Basically, management is a way to make use community’s activity. A good organization is any input to achieve maximum output through supposed to have the structure of an the process of planning, organizing, directing, organization so that the tasks can be clearly and controlling by paying attention to the divided in detail. condition and situation of the environment. A The art community of Tutup Ngisor has management process needs to be carefully employed a systematic hierarchical structure prepared to reach the goal of a community with along with its members. Its structure consists a more effective and efficient manner. Thus, the of advisor, head, deputy head, secretary, management of performance art needs the treasury, and public relation. On the other management system of performance art [18]. hand, every member has a different task. The management of performance art is one Each then holds an important role in the good way to improve the quality and the community. Some members of the quantity of performance art so that it can survive committee are also the performers of the folk in the middle of the rapid progress of era and art so that those two responsibilities should technology that leads to a modern society. Folk be carried out in balance. art management is a medium to realize the desire of local people in developing the existing 3. Actualizing folk art so that it can continue to exist in this It covers the actions or activities modern world. A professional management will performed by the art community of Tutup Ngisor, in both rehearsals and live

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performances. The head of this community regularly to avoid any kind of mishandling. motivates the committee by providing them Income earned is used to upgrade the with good examples in doing their jobs or facilities and infrastructure of the community. solving a problem in the community. His When there is profit, it is shared equally no wisdom and flexibility is a suitable method to matter how small it is. engage the members of the committee to do The monitoring process in this community their assignments as well. The leader also is done in a wise and friendly way although treats the members equally. He never treats sometimes it looks strict, all is for the them unfairly. In certain occasions, the smoothness of the activities. The head is also manager will take the committee to responsible for the loss resulted from the participate in workshops for the sake of the negligence of the committee. The evaluation community development. These workshops process is carried out after the activity is are usually intended to provide more finished. Every detail of the activity is broken knowledge about art and its management. down from the preparation, execution, and Thus, by joining the seminars, the committee closing. Evaluating is an assessment to automatically will gain knowledge from measure the effectiveness of the committee outside of the community. and the members of the community as well If a problem occurs, the head will carry [21]. out an individual approach toward the Art Community Development members, explore the issue carefully, and The art performance in Tutup Ngisor Sub- solve the problem personally. If the problem Village, Sumber Village has strong, valuable can be solved collectively, it will be solved as resistance and struggle character. It means, the such. inheritors and performers in giving the meaning The roles of the leader, in this case, are the traditional art are always reminded to cultivating and maintaining a good appreciate the value and attitude of their social relationship with the committee and the environment. When the community meets with members of the community. The leader also the foreign culture, dialectics occurs between gives motivation and guidance to assist the them. The community responds by being task completion, demonstrating good resistant toward that foreign culture to protect examples for the members, and emphasizing their identity. The traditional performance arts the sense of togetherness to maintain a like Wayang Wong (Orang), Wayang Gaul harmonious relationship between the (Wayang Wathon), and Wayan Topeng are committee and the members of the harmoniously coexistent with the field arts as community [20]. Dayak Grasak, Campur, Kuda Lumping, and 4. Monitoring and Evaluating Jalantur. These functions are implemented when As time goes by, the interaction between the there is a failure in a program so that it can art community of Tutup Ngisor and art be addressed and corrected directly. community from other places, even international Monitoring is the latest function of ones, occurs frequently. In facing rapid changes management. The advisor and the head that come from the advancement of technology monitor the activities of the committee and and communication, almost every person cannot the members of the community so that they delay the changes [22]. can be more focused. With the sense of However, the people of Tutup Ngisor in togetherness applied by the art community of Sumber Village deal with it by improving their Tutup Ngisor, the monitoring function toward capability in developing and maintaining social the committee is more on directing and loyalty and solidarity in this agrarian village. This assisting them in doing their job so that they circumstance surprisingly strengthens the do not feel under pressure. However, if there existence of traditional art as their cultural are any misappropriations, the head will identity. Thus, it is obvious that the community is correct them. capable to reflect its local wisdom by showing Monitoring the financial administration is their capability in transforming, selecting, performed together with the treasurer to innovating, adapting, acculturating, and control every income and expense. The tolerating foreign influences [23]. They construct financial monitoring is conducted openly and the meaning of traditions and changes through

[172] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.6, No.3, September 2018 Art Community of Tutup Ngisor (Ratnaningtyas) the actualization of values of art to keep the of the era so that the art community can messages. Thus the balance between generations continue to grow and develop. is maintained and continued harmoniously. REFERENCES The role of a community is enormous in the [1] Bhattacharyya, J. 2004. Theorizing development of folk art so that it can be community development. Journal of the recognized outside their area. To keep its Community Development Society 34(2), 5- sustainable life and development, a positive 34. development of community management is [2] Borrup, T. 2011. The creative community required [24]. The development of Tutup Ngisor builder’s handbook: How to transform community is a method to direct all of the communities using local assets, art, and community members to create new jobs for culture. Fieldstone Alliance. Saint Paul, MN. Tutup Ngisor people, increase income, upgrade [3] Baedhowi. 2010. Dinamisasi ruang antara the infrastructure, and improve the quality of the praktik kosmologi dan sufisme dalam community in managing changes. Those changes kesenian: sebuah model kearifan lokal can be in the forms of attitude, networking skill, komunitas budaya Lereng Merapi Magelang and smart thinking in dealing with any kinds of Jawa Tengah. 10th Annual Confrence on problem from both inside and outside of the Islamic Studies. Banjarmasin. community [25]. [4] Soedarsono, R. M. 2002. Seni pertunjukan In addition to the members involved in the Indonesia di era globalisasi. Gadjah Mada art community of Tutup Ngisor, there are University Press. Yogyakarta. stakeholders that consist of families or [5] Cavaye, J. 2006. Understanding community neighborhood environment, government, development. Cavaye Community business partners (for profit community), and Development. Toowoomba, Australia. 1-34. volunteers. The role of these stakeholders is very [6] Moss, M. L. and W. T. Grunkemeyer. 2010. significant. They can help the development of the Building shared visions for sustainable community in providing more facilities, funding, communities. Community Development licensing, and many more [26]. At a certain level, 41(2), 240-254. those stakeholders will take part in making [7] Prabowo, S., Larasati, Suwarno, Isyanti, decisions in the organization of the community. Maisa, Kurniawan and Hariyadi. 2012. So far, the art community of Tutup Ngisor has Sanggar seni tradisi sebagai wahana cooperated with many parties, including local pewarisan budaya lokal: Padepokan Tjipta and central government, non-governmental Boedaja “Tutup Ngisor” Kecamatan Dukun organizations, private companies, donors, print Kabupaten Magelang. Balai Pelestarian Nilai and electronic media, universities (state and Budaya DIY. Yogyakarta. private), and gallery communities or indigenous [8] Larasati, T. A. 2011. Komunitas kesenian communities. However, the art community does Dusun “Tutup Ngisor” sebagai wahana not take sides or provide any political support for pendidikan budaya untuk membentuk any of them since the principal of the kepercayaan diri. Balai Pelestarian Sejarah cooperation is for the purpose of human dan Nilai Tradisional Yogyakarta. Jantra empowerment and the development of art and Jurnal Sejarah dan Budaya. Yogyakarta. culture. [9] Hersapandi. 2005. Suran: antara kuasa CONCLUSION tradisi dan ekspresi seni. Galang Press and The results show that interpreting the Pustaka Marwa. Yogyakarta. tradition and change in art is addressed with [10] Salim, H. 2001. Festival: mengantar tradisi wisdom, has become a strong foundation for the menjemput modernitas. Gong Magazine people of Tutup Ngisor in maintaining its Special edition: Sorak-Sorai Festival. traditions, maintaining the local values and being [11] Laksono, P. M. 1985. Persepsi setempat dan wise in facing of outside influences. This research nasional mengenai bencana alam: sebuah is expected to provide a solution to the desa di Gunung Merapi. Peranan possibility of reviving an extinct local tradition Kebudayaan Tradisional dalam Modernisasi. and keeping the tradition alive well. Therefore it Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Jakarta. 189-214. is necessary to have a good management system [12] Budiyanto, M. 2008. Pergulatan agama dan and clear in order to anticipate the development budaya: pola hubungan Islam dan budaya lokal di masyarakat “Tutup Ngisor”, Lereng

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Merapi, Magelang Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Penelitian Agama 17(3), 649-668. [13] Kester, G. H. 2004. Conversation pieces: community and communication in modern art. Univ of California Press. California. [14] Maryanto, G. 2006. Berkunjung ke kaki gunung: sebuah percakapan dengan komunitas Tutup Ngisor. Teater Garasi. Yogyakarta. [15] Geertz, C. 2008. Local knowledge: further essays in interpretive anthropology. Basic books. New York. [16] Poespowardojo, S. 1986. Pengertian Local Genius dan relevansinya dalam modernisa- si. In: Ayotrohaedi (Ed). Kepribadian Budaya Bangsa (Local Genius. Pustaka Jaya. Jakarta. [17] McMillan, D. W. 1996. Sense of community. Journal of Community Psychology 24(4), 315-325. [18] Stein, T. S. and J. Bathurst. 2008. Performing arts management: a handbook of professional practices. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. New York. [19] Robbins, S. P. and M. A. Coulter. 2010. Management. Pearson Education. [20] Darr, K. 2011. Chapter 7: introduction to management and leadership concepts, principles. In: Burke, R.E. and L. H. Friedman. Essentials of management and leadership in public health. Washington University. Washington DC. [21] Butterfoss, F. D. 2006. Process evaluation for community participation. Annual Review of Public Health 27, 323-340. [22] McCalman, J., R. A. Paton and S. Siebert. 2008. Change management: A guide to effective implementation. SAGE. [23] Barth, F. 1998. Ethnic groups and boundaries: the social organization of culture difference. Waveland Press. Illinois. [24] Kay, A. 2000. Art and community development: the role the arts have in regenerating communities. Community Development Journal 35(4), 414-424. [25] Long, H., S. Tu, D. Ge, T. Li, and Y. Liu. 2016. The allocation and management of critical resources in rural China under restructuring: problems and prospects. Journal of Rural Studies 47, 392-412. [26] Lowe, S. S. 2000. Creating community: art for community development. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 29(3), 357-386.

[174] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.6, No.3, September 2018 Journal of Indonesian Tourism and doi: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.03.04 Development Studies E-ISSN : 2338-1647 http://jitode.ub.ac.id

Tourism Destination in Remote Area: Problems and Challenges of Tourism Development in North Halmahera as Remote and Border Areas of Indonesia-Philippines

Yerik Afrianto Singgalen1*, Gatot Sasongko2, Pamerdi Giri Wiloso2

1Politeknik Perdamaian Halmahera, North Halmahera, , Indonesia 2Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract This paper will describe the problems and challenges in North Halmahera tourism development and describe the coordination, resources, disposition of executor and bureaucratic system in the process of tourism policy implementation by local government. This research used a qualitative method and case study approach. The method used in this research is qualitative with case study approach. This research conducted in Kakara Island, Tagalaya Island, Bobale Island, Kumo Island, Luari Beach, Paca Lake, Duma Lake, and Mamuya Hot Spring as the priority in North Halmahera Tourism Development Program by local government. The results of the evaluation indicate that the bureaucratic system, resources (human resources and sources of funding), the disposition of the commissioning and coordination was instrumental in the process of implementation of the policy on tourism. The implications of the implementation of tourism policy hampered are the lack of participation of the community and damage to facilities and access for tourism which threaten the sustainability of tourism. Thus, it can be noted that the challenges in the development of the leading tourist attraction in North Halmahera Regency are the effort to increase community participation through partnerships to achieve sustainable tourism. Keywords: Bureaucracy System, Coordination, Disposition, Resources, Tourism Policy.

INTRODUCTION* Previous studies showed that government in This research will describe the bureaucratic the development of regional tourism has the role system, resources, disposition, and coordination as operator, regulator, designer, coordinator, and to identify the source of constraints that occurred educator [2,3]. This shows that the development through the implementation process. What and sustainability of tourism are also determined distinguishes this research from previous studies by the implementation of tourism policies by the is that this study describes the problems and government. Furthermore, Truong [4] shows that challenges of tourism development in remote the government in tourism development has a areas; specifically the border area of Indonesia very important role as a policymaker and as a and the Philippines. This research is important to tourism policy executive, although the be implemented considering the Indonesian perspective used is a pro-poor perspective. government's policy of expanding access to the Government intervention through tourism entire archipelago through the policy of marine policies in favor of local communities is not always toll construction and tourism development as a considered as good. As indicated by Whitford and priority of national development. Tourism is one Ruhanen [5] that government intervention of the important industrial sectors and has great through tourism policies to mobilize market potential and opportunities to be developed. The growth and product development should not use development of tourism in developing countries, a one-for-all measure; it only demonstrates including Indonesia, is expected to help equalize sustainable retrograde rhetoric without steps the economic opportunities and hamper villagers concrete. Thus, policies need to utilize diversity, to migrate to the city [1]. This study showed the collaborative, coordinated and integrated, in the conditions of tourism development in remote capacity building of communities to achieve areas, problems and challenges faced and the sustainable tourism. Thus, it can be seen that the response of local governments to central implications of the implementation of tourism government policy. policies affect the sustainability of tourism.

*Correspondence address: Yerik Afrianto Singgalen Email: [email protected] Address: Politeknik Perdamaian Halmahera, Wari Ino, , North Halmahera, North Maluku, 97762.

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The implications of tourism policy on the and toward the implementation followed by a sustainability of the tourism sector can be seen strong understanding. Regarding the disposition from the monitoring and evaluation of policy of the implementer, the organizational structure directions and strategies of tourism develop- regulates the flow of work so that each has a duty ment. Scholar suggests that a critical approach in and no longer interfere with other tasks. Based on evaluation emphasizes the context of tourism this, the researcher will describe the performance development programs, the climate of evaluation in tourism policy implementation intervention, arrangement, evaluation context process in North Halmahera, Indonesia. and decision-making context in identifying market The public can participate in the decision- dimensions, stakeholders and programs that have making process at the stage of planning the been formulated [6]. It is necessary to know which development of a tourist attraction especially in parties are most benefited from the an effort to formulate a program of development implementation of policies, either local of tourism which is able to alleviate poverty as communities, the environment or stakeholders. demonstrated [14,15]. Through community Tourism policy should be integrated with the involvement in the decision-making process, the interests of local communities and stakeholders in community can determine the direction of the tourism, this will encourage inter-sectoral development. Even though, Li [16] shows that partnerships or collaborations so as to achieve local communities obtain economic benefits good governance and sustainable tourism [7]. without engaging in the planning process. In The evaluation of tourism policy is a strategy addition, Simpson [17] shows that community to achieve sustainable tourism, it can be seen involvement in the planning stages especially on from various development contexts. Just as the the decision-making process does not guarantee previous study suggested that an evaluation of the distribution of the profits evenly, but can tourism policy is needed to reduce economic cause a number of problems or conflict interest in growth as a result of tourism development that the program development. affects aspects of sustainability [8]. On the other The government as a driver of tourism hand, the evaluation of tourism policies can development seeks to increase public sustain business development, when climate participation in the tourism sector so that the change becomes a serious problem affecting policies formulated is a joint decision. Thus the tourism sustainability [9]. In addition, the sense of ownership of any tourism development importance of evaluating tourism policies and program becomes a motivation in overcoming their impacts on social and cultural aspects [10]. every impact of tourism activities. The problems Research on the evaluation of tourism policy has related to tourism policy are efforts to control the been done before [11,12]. However, the context corporation of travel business by foreign investors of policy implementation always yields different and migrant entrepreneurs [18]. Thus, to achieve results. an equitable distribution of benefits from the Pallewa uses George Edward III theory of tourism sector between local communities and communication, resources, disposition and other entrepreneurs, tourism policy is required. bureaucratic structure affecting tourism policy In the process of implementation of the policy implementation in North Toraja District [13]. on tourism, socio-cultural conditions of political, Communication is needed to establish personal economic, and also has a very important role. The interaction among tourism actors in expressing availability of resources, communication and the desire and plan of tourism program coordination, as well as socio-cultural conditions, implementation, as well as to reach prospects and politics and economics plays an important role in opportunities in the field of tourism-based the implementation of their development economy. In addition, adequate human resources programs [19]. In addition, evaluation is needed in terms of quality and quantity can support the to control the impact of tourism activities. implementation of tourism policy, thus Indraswara [20] have shown that in evaluating the contributing positively to the realization of tasks government performance, the efforts on the and responsibilities in every tourism development utilization potential of natural resources are to be program. projected with emphasis on the welfare of life. As for the process of disposition in the The existence of business accommodation has implementation of policies as outlined in the form exceeded the environment capacity thus lowering of work programs, the delivery of strategic ideas resources support and influence the ecosystem. It becomes a symbol of the ongoing disposition from means that, the challenge to achieve sustainable

[176] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.6, No.3, September 2018 Tourism Destination in Remote Area (Singgalen et al) tourism is not only seen from the economic aspect established by the local government of Kakara but also social and environment sustainability. Island, Tagalaya Island, Kumo Island, Bobale The effort to achieve the goal of sustainable Island, Luari Beach, Talaga Duma, Talaga Paca, and tourism is to obtain economic, social and Mamuya Hot Spring. Access to research location environmental benefits by tourism policy as can be reached by researchers easily because of demonstrated in previous studies [21-25]. Thus it the availability of transportation modes and other can be seen that the program to optimize the public facilities that support the data retrieval economy, social and environment can be a process. strategy to achieve sustainable tourism. Data Collection MATERIALS AND METHOD At the data-taking stage, researchers need a The method used in this research is qualitative process of adjustment or adaptation with local with case study approach. This research communities in the eight leading tourist conducted in Kakara Island, Tagalaya Island, attraction. This process is done to build good Bobale Island, Kumo Island, Luari Beach, Paca relationships and communication so as not to Lake, Duma Lake, and Mamuya Hot Spring as the create a suspicious impression for the local priority in North Halmahera Tourism community. Development Program by local government. Case In the early stages of adaptation, researchers study approach is used to describe the problems position themselves as tourists who become and challenges in North Halmahera tourism customers at a restaurant or gathering place development process. The stages of this research residents in the environment of a tourist are divided into Preparatory Phase, Research attraction. Researchers began sharing stories and Location Setting Phase, Data Collection Process experiences while eating and drinking to create a Stage and Data Validation Process Stage. familiar atmosphere with local communities. The process is done repeatedly so that researchers Preparation Stage have an intense time to visit the location of the At the preparatory stage, the researchers attraction. In the adaptation process, researchers conducted scientific searches related to the selectively view potential individuals as key theme of tourism area in remote areas including informants. Key informants are selected taking rural areas even in the outer regions or borders of into account individual experience and knowledge Indonesia. Based on the theme, researchers set up related to the tourism development process. a research framework to describe the dynamics of Researchers also consider the educational tourism development in remote areas or background, occupation and residence of Indonesia's outermost regions to identify informants. problems and challenges facing local After finding the key informants in each of the governments, in particular, the Tourism Office. leading tourist attractions, researchers convey the Based on that, the researcher chose North intent and the real purpose of making a scientific Halmahera Regency located in the eastern part of article. This was reassured by an official research Indonesia and included border area between letter from North Halmahera District Government Indonesia and the Philippines. and supported by an official research letter from Study Area the university. Communication relationships that At the stage of determining the location of this have been built before, into consideration for the study, researchers consider the social and cultural key informants, thus they are willing to provide context of local communities including the information needed in depth. Thus, the language used to facilitate the process of data researchers set a time to meet specifically to retrieval. The results of the document of Regional discuss the various problems and challenges that North Halmahera Regency in 2011 showed that occur in the dynamics of development of North Halmahera Regency has 56 tourism attractions in Kakara Island, Tagalaya Island, potentials spread in each sub-district. Meanwhile, Kumo Island, Bobale Island, Luari Beach, Talaga the category of tourism potential includes natural Duma, Talaga Paca, and Mamuya Hot Spring. attractions, maritime and beaches, history, and After the in-depth interview process was culture. Considering the limitations of access and completed, the researcher along with the key coverage to all areas of regional tourism potential, informants visited the location of the tourist the researcher decided to focus on the pre- object to reassess or match the information that eminent tourist attraction that has been has been submitted with the actual condition (the

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physical condition of the environment). Some Furthermore, community-based approach is used informants described the conflict between the to increase the level of participation or local landowner and the village government, to the community involvement in the development misconception that the internal government process. In fact, there are obstacles and problems areas and their impact on the sustainability of arise in the implementation process. tourist attractions. The results of in-depth Table 1. Regional Regulation in North Halmahera Regency interviews indicate a problem that makes related to the Tourism Policy informants reluctant to publish their identity in Regional Regulated Matters the writing of scientific articles. Considering this, Regulation the researchers agreed not to publicize the No. 9 on 2013 Master Plan for Tourism Development of identity of informants to informants who did not North Halmahera Regency want to be published. This research only publishes No. 8 on 2016 The Establishment and Composition of the identity of informants who are willing. Thus, North Halmahera District No. 37 on 2016 Organizational Structure of Main Duty the data retrieval process can run well. Thus and Function of Tourism Office of briefly it can be said that Participants of this Halmahera Regency. research are local government officers (AU, YA, SP), Local Community (NN, JF, HH, PS, RB, TD, EK, The local government reform bureaucratic MP), Head of North Halmahera Tourism system in Tourism Department by displace the Department in 2015, (TS) and Head of North Cultural Sub-Department and establish Creative- Halmahera Tourism Department in 2016 (JBM). Economic Sub-Department as a strategy to enhance the development of tourism industries in Data Validation North Halmahera. According to North Halmahera At the stage of data validation, the researcher Master Plan for Regional Tourism Development uses triangulation technique by reconciling the 2011, the existence of cultural department information received with the actual conditions influences the theme of development even the and the results of the study document such as programs, which are dominated by cultural Regional Tourism Master Plan in 2011, the preservation. In 2016, the creative-economic Strategic Plan of the Tourism Department, and the department replaced the cultural department Medium Term Plan of the Tourism Agency. In based on North Halmahera Master Plan for order to fill the gap in the analysis, we also use the Regional Tourism Development 2016. document such as Tourism Destination Master Local Government provides funding system Plan in 2008 to sharpen the analysis in this study and utilize the human resources in the Tourism and find the constraints or problem in the Department to optimize the tourism policy implementation process. In addition, researchers implementation process. In addition, tourism also utilize information technology, especially development in North Halmahera is still immature social media and communications to trace the and the human resources as an expert in tourism information and ensure the information received are limited. However, the funding system suitable with the actual conditions. After the data supports all the programs to enhance sustainable validation process, the researcher narrates the tourism goals. research result about the performance evaluation Tourism Department utilizes funding support in the tourism policy implementation process. to develop human resources in tourism as an RESULT AND DISCUSSION expert. Unfortunately, in the early stages of Governmental Tourism Policy tourism development process, dispositions Local Government in North Halmahera District performance are not qualified as professionals has four main aspects in tourism policy and causes the lack of tourism development development, such as destination management programs in 2014 and 2015. In addition, low level policy, tourism industry policy, tourism marketing of coordination between local government and policy, and human resources development policy. local community causing problems in tourism It is included in the regulations in North development process such as land disputes. Thus, Halmahera Regency (Table 1). Policy formulated community involvement becomes essential in should be integrated with the needs of local as tourism development. demonstrated by several studies [26-30]. Local Albrecht [33] showed that partnerships as the Government plays an important role in the policy solution to solve problems and increase the level implementation process to achieve sustainable of participation. On the other hand, Jovicic [34] tourism development as demonstrated [31,32]. showed that the efforts to achieve sustainable

[178] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.6, No.3, September 2018 Tourism Destination in Remote Area (Singgalen et al) tourism is inseparable from the support of the the boat larger (Pamboat) the price is also community, good governance reflected adequate different. Income derived from the tourism sector, tourism infrastructure. While Sakata and Prideaux quite good for village income. However, not long [35] showed that community involvement in the after that, we received information about a development of tourism in rural or remote area lawsuit from the landowner to the village, the has its own way in developing tourism, including lawsuit was processed by law to the court. Initially, governance system. the village won the battle, but when the landlord appealed, we lost. There was a misunderstanding Tourism Condition in North Halmahera between the Marine Office and the Tourism Office Problems arising from the lack of coordination because the building is a Marine Office's support with local communities are land disputes and not from the Tourism Office, but I do not really damaged facilities, such as the case of Kakara understand how it goes. The information I got Island in North Halmahera in Figure 1. Figure 1 from the government has lobbied with the shows that lack of coordination between local landlord but apparently, the landlord refuses to government and landowner causes problems such accept the offer of land acquisition and chooses to as land disputes and causes resistance of the local sell the land to another party at a cheaper price community to maintain tourism facility. than the government offers. After winning the case, the landowner immediately remodels the homestay building that has been built. Our constraint is that there are no stalls selling food so that when tourists come here, they bring their own food. If they do not bring their own food then their visit will not stay long". The local government program to provide restaurants for the local community in Tagalaya beach, Kumo beach, Kakara Island, Luari Beach, Duma Lake, Paca Lake, Mamuya hot Spring, and Figure 1. Tourism Facility in Kakara Island, North Halmahera, Indonesia on 2017 Bobale Beach has not been implemented. (Source: personal documentation) Nevertheless, local communities volunteer to participate as entrepreneurs and build their own The same case happend in Tagalaya Island, restaurants. It shows that local government was based on the results of the interview with SP as not able to provide tourism facilities. Based on in- the local community in Tagalaya Island shows that depth interviews with Ms. N, it can be seen that the problem of land disputes hamper the tourism support facilities in Mamuya Hot Spring development of tourism, as follows: still limited, as follows: "The problem in tourism development in Tagalaya "I am N’s mother, I have been nine years old was disrupted by land disputes. Before, we managing this tourist attraction. Since Mr. Sb lead villagers worked together to clean up the village the tourism official in North Halmahera District, he environment including making roads along the often comes and visits this place. Furthermore, coast to the bridge. When there was a visit from when Mrs. Mh lead the tourism officiall, she rarely the marine and fisheries department, we were comes here. This Land previously owned by local given assistance for tourism, they provide support people and they sold it to the government. But the in the form of homestay building as a supporter of problems still occur because the lack of tourism tourism. At that time, we agreed to build around infrastructure support, for example, there is no the bridge, the construction project went well until electricity here and trash bin are limited. it was done. We also have the community to Sometimes I have to argue about the tourist participate in the foundation construction in the behavior, they throw away trash or plastic bag north, which in the north are all the contribution into the hot spring. This habitual action becomes of society, we want tourism to grow. After the an obstacle because I have to make it clean every building is finished, the domestic and foreign day without payment. The local government still tourists began to visit, we had time to manage the find the solution about funding support to utilize entrance fee of 1000 IDR person but we usually the Mamuya Hot Spring destination management, calculate based on the boat used (Katinting) can but still on the process. We have to wait. All that reach 5000 IDR depending on the type of boat, if we have to do is selling the parking tickets, and

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cleaning the area. In the future, I hope the local products such as shells and craft. By community are able to participate and fill the providing opportunities for local communities in economic benefit of tourism development. the destination area, the communities are able to Especially for a woman in the village, we hope involve as merchants and able to maintain the there will be a place for them to sell their product security and preservation of an area. Further, the and increase their income.” lack of support and low level of participation can be threats to the sustainability of tourism in North Based on the results of interviews with N's Halmahera (Fig. 3). mother, it can be seen that there are limitations of local people to enjoy the results from the existence of the tourism sector. Without involving the local community in the develop-ment or maintenance of an infrastructure supporting tourism, then the potential damage to the infrastructure is higher. It can be seen from the bridge development program of Tagalaya, Talaga Paca, and Kakara that has been implemented but some of them are not well maintained, thus it is damaged.

Figure 3. The Condition of Tourism Infrastructure Support, in a) Bobale Island, b) Luari Beach, and c) Paca Lake (Source: Personal Documentation) In an effort to maintain the comfort of tourists in the location of tourist attractions, tourist security and vehicle security need to be improved. Security conditions in tourism destination of North Halmahera Regency show that the security settings in each tourist attraction are different. As Figure 2. The Physical Condition of the Bridge, in a) well as security arrangements at Kumo Beach, Tagalaya Beach Attractions, b) Kakara Island, Bobale Beach, Mamuya Hot Spring, Duma Lake, and c) Paca Lake and Paca Lake still rely on the awareness of (Source: Personal Documentation) tourists and local people to maintain security To keep the destination remain safe and clean, together. On the other hand, the security the involvement of local communities in the arrangements in Tanjung Kakara and Tagalaya development of tourism is becoming very Beach attractions are not sustainable due to important. By setting up the business area for constraints of land disputes. Unlike the case of local community, the citizen was given the security arrangements in Luari Beach attractions opportunity to gain income from tourism which involve local people as special officers to development. Due to the case of Tagalaya Beach safeguard the security of tourist vehicles, and Kakara island, constrained derived from involving authorities to maintain security at completion of land acquisition. On the other hand, tourist sites during peak/high season, and Paca Lake, Duma Lake, Mamuya Hot Spring, and involving National Agency for Search and Rescue Bobale Island were not provided area for locla (Basarnas) to keep tourists’ security who swim in communities. Unlike the case of Luari and Kumo Luari beach (Fig. 4). beach where local government provide an area In addition to security arrangements, hygiene for local communities. Compare to another arrangements are also not evenly distributed destination such as Bobale Island, local throughout the tourism destination of North community are not involved in tourism Halmahera Regency. Even though trash facilities development. However, there were community are available, not all tourist attractions have

[180] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.6, No.3, September 2018 Tourism Destination in Remote Area (Singgalen et al) hygiene settings. The results of observation indicate that the arrangement of cleanliness at Tanjung Kakara Island tourist attraction, Bobale Beach, Tagalaya Beach, Paca Lake, and Duma Lake are not sustainable. On the other hand, the attractions of Kumo Beach, Mamuya Hot Spring and Luari Beach already have environmental hygiene arrangements at tourist sites. In the context of Duma Lake tourist attraction, waste bins facilities are available but the arrangements on environmental cleanliness are not sustainable (Fig. 5).

Figure 4. Security Setting in Luari Beach (Source: Personal Documentation) The price list for entrance to the destination is very varied, it can be seen from the difference of admission price to Luari Beach and Mamuya Hot Figure 5. Condition of Tourism infrastructure Support, in Spring. Arrangements for admission to Mamuya a) Bobale Beach, b) Duma Lake, c) Tagalaya Hot Spring attractions are not calculated based on Beach, d) Kumo Island, e) Kakara Island, f) Paca Lake, g) Luari Beach, and h) Mamuya Hot Spring the number of tourists but are based on vehicles (Source: Personal Documentation) used by tourists. Special two- and three-wheeled vehicles, charged 5000 IDR and for a four-wheeled Management of Tourist Destinations vehicle charged 20.000 IDR. Unlike the case with In the mapping problem of tourism, we Luari Beach attractions that set the price of identified some very essential matters in admission based on the number of tourists and organizing the task function Tourism Regional the type of vehicle used. Entrance fee per Work Unit. In includes the necessity of increasing individual charged 2000 IDR, for a two wheeled the number of foreign tourists, inadequate passenger ticket charged 3000 IDR; entrance construction and develop-ment tourist ticket of three-wheeled vehicles charged 5000 destinations (especially in the archipelago), the IDR, a four-wheeled vehicle ticket is charged need for increasing cultural festival, inadequate 20.000 IDR and the entrance ticket of a vehicle art and cultural facilities and infrastructure. It is with the type of truck or bus, is charged 30,000 not only for its optimal preservation of historic IDR. Meanwhile, ticket sales post has a distance of and cultural heritage objects, it is as well as the approximately 500 meters up to 1000 meters with need for an inventory of objects on historical and the location of the attraction. cultural heritage. The determination of entry fee based on the The need for an increase in the number of type of vehicle of tourists. It is also adjusted to the tourists is very important in order to increase the condition or area of the parking lot at the location income of the region. Cross-sector turnover of the tourist attraction. On the other hand, not ranging from transportation and accommodation all the tourism destinations has a parking lot through visits of tourists, become the challenges arrangement, as most are archipelago areas. for Tourism Office of North Halmahera Regency. Parking arrangements are only applied at Paca Therefore, partnerships between stakeholders in Lake attractions, Luari Beach and Mamuya Hot the field of tourism is needed. It is also essential Spring. to integrate all stakeholders in the development of North Halmahera tourism. In addition, Tourism

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Office also need the attempt to fix the supporting observation shows the region of Gotalamo, Kao, infrastructure tourism while also providing and Malifut as the location of the archaeological guidance for the people to realise Sapta Pesona site. Overall, there is 22 location distribution site around tourist attractions. that consists of 60 kinds of archaeological remains Since 2005-2016, Local Government of North (a pre-colonial period until colonial Japan). Halmahera Regency or Halmahera Tourism Office Direction of Tourism Development does not yet have a superior tourist destinations. In a preliminary report on Tourism Develop- According to the interview result with TS (2013- ment from Master Plan of North Halmahera 2015) and JBM (2016-2018) as the leader of Regency year 2008 recorded that the vision of Tourism Official shows that non of the tourism tourism development is to increase people's destination become superior because of land income and the area, improving the quality of disputes, lack of coordination with land-owning human resources, impartial on middle to bottom, communities, and low level of community entrepreneur partnership between regions, the participation. public and private sector employers, encouraging “The determination of regional tourism the increase of the role and contribution of the development priorities is still done unilaterally. We secondary economy, increase independence and seek to work with landowners to build tourism justice, guarantees the harmony of relations support facilities so that landowners gain among humans, the environment, and the economic benefit from tourist. Meanwhile, the Almighty. This indicates that the planning and government will get benefit from profit sharing development of tourism policy of North with landowners. But problems begin to appear Halmahera Regency emphasized three main when landowners refuse to continue cooperation aspects that are economically viable, socially with the government so that tourism development acceptable, and environmentally sustainable. planning that has been formulated in Regional Thus the knowable existence of North Halmahera Tourism Master Plan cannot be implemented. This tourism manifesting efforts sustainable happens in some tourist attraction such as ecotourism, marine-based history, and culture Tagalaya Island and Kakara Island. In addition, towards the welfare of the people. community participation is very low.” The effort to achieve the goal of tourism development as described in North Halmahera During this time, management of tourist tourism development vision is to obtain destinations in its development is still partial and economic, social and environmental benefits. in collaboration with the owner of the land. Thus, According to the interview result with JBM as the the management of tourist attractions still leader of Tourism Office 2016, shows that an belongs to a private property. This affects the effort to achieve economic benefits are made by revenue sharing area. In an effort to resolve the increasing the capacity of human resources in issue, the need for the acquisition of land for the tourism. construction of a tourism destination that is fully managed by the local government through the “We set strategies to improve the economy by Tourism Department of North Halmahera increasing the capacity or human resources Regency. development in terms of a creative economy. It is The importance to increase cultural festivals also supported by tourism policy by forming for tourism development is the globalization regional development of creative industries challenges for Tourism Office of North Halmahera department in tourism official to improve the Regency. On the other hand, to facilitate tourism entrepreneurial skill and spirit. Thus, infrastructure in the field of Arts and culture, people who live around the tourist attraction area Tourism Office of North Halmahera Regency will gain economic benefits. In addition, expertise attempt to complement the needs of art and in entrepreneurship is able to improve survival cultural facilities and infrastructure. skills and the ability to improve the welfare of In addition, in the context of North Halmahera, living standards. Economic sustainability will there are areas that have a history and cultural affect social and environmental condition. heritage objects, but not everything is well Therefore, we will start by forming partnerships documented. So far, there are 54 kinds of among tourism stakeholders.” historical relics are well documented. It can be Things that relate to the efforts to establish a seen from the results of the observation team of partnership between the regions, as well as Archaeology Hassanudin University in 2014. The

[182] J. Ind. Tour. Dev. Std., Vol.6, No.3, September 2018 Tourism Destination in Remote Area (Singgalen et al) cooperation among stakeholders through the creative economy enterprises or partners for tourism sector, has been discussed. It is related to entrepreneurs of tourism services; the the patterns of the partnership between local improvement of the quality and professionalism government, the private, and the public, which of tourism services as well as the trade policy showed an attempt to find solutions to the benefit makers in order to understand and manage of each party's interest by looking at the needs, destinations well. vision, and goal to make a deal with. In the context The theme of Tourism developement in North of community-based tourism, partnerships Halmahera is marine tourism and ecotourism. The between Governments and the private are consequences of establishing coastal tourism maintained, as well as the local communities. development themes are changes in coastal In the final report of the Regional Tourism environmental conditions [36]. Thus, it is Development Master Plan of North Halmahera necessary to conducted preventive steps to Regency year 2011, tourism development maintain environmental sustainability in coastal planning in Halmahera Regency is divided into areas. Coastal tourism development products are four parts, namely the tourism industry, tourism caught up in three S (Sun, Sea and Sand) that are destinations, tourism marketing, and institutional particularly susceptible to climate change, tidal tourism. Based on the foregoing, the and other impacts such as erosion and floods that implementation of community-based tourism indicate coastal environmental degradation [37]. approach that examined in this study focus on the To optimize the development of tourism, we need development of tourism destinations and to be built adequate access [38]. Komarsa tourism, especially at institutional empowerment explained that in order to achieve sustainability, a and the development of human resources. This priority scale of development is needed [39]. In indicates that the integration between concepts, this context, the local government can identify planning and policy became the basis of local economic develop-ments, tourism potentials, the government before building a partnership with efficiency of management. the various stakeholders in achieving the Furthermore, Iorio and Corsale [40] shows objectives of developing regional tourism. that partnerships as a strategy to address the The development direction of institutional and problems posed by changing environmental human resources in the final report of the conditions. This requires collaboration in Regional Tourism Development Master Plan of formulating strategies to maintain the North Halmahera Regency on 2011 focus on sustainability of the tourism sector [21,41,42]. To improving The human resources ability for the resolve the issues, local governments should staff and the leadership of the Tourism Official, establish partnership with the land owner. trade in partnership with other investors, tour act Other challenge in the process of tourism by the local community, improve the development is level of participation in the administrators’ awareness of the tour, a tour development process. Conflicts that occur due to guide and crafting entrepreneurship. The differences in global priority interests with the direction of development in capacity building of needs of local people in the tourism sector also human resources dominated the course of appeal affect the sustainability of tourism supporting or an apprenticeship in other areas. In addition, facilities and infrastructure [43]. Thus, it is counselling and coaching is focused on conscious necessary to conduct cooperation and efforts to group tours and tourist services or manager for adjust the interests of local government with the the object of tourism attraction. needs of local communities [44-50]. Thus it can be Even so, the direction of development is also seen that partnership becomes a strategy to considering an effort to develop a management achieve sustainable tourism. model that involves the local communities from CONCLUSION the planning process up to the monitoring and The results of this research indicate that the evaluation of development programs of interest. bureaucratic system, resources (human resources Policies and strategies to improve the quality of and sources of funding), the disposition of the human resources as well as the role of the commissioning, and the coordination was community in the development of tourism in instrumental in the process of implementation of North Halmahera Regency conducted as follows: the policy on tourism. The hampered implications socialization of tourism to improve the on the implementation of tourism policy are the understanding of local communities concerning lack of participation of the community and tourism and supporting aspects; develop the

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The Role of Volunteer for the Management of Conservation-based Ecotourism in Clungup Mangrove Conservation Tambakrejo Village, Sumbermanjing Wetan Sub-District, Malang

Ferik Antyo Agus Wibowo1*, Harsuko Riniwati2, Iwan Nugroho3

1Master Program of Enviromental Sciences, Postgraduate School, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia 2Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia 3Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Widyagama University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia

Abstract Clungup Mangrove Conservation (CMC) is the coastal area with the most complete ecosystem in Malang District. Since 2014, this place started to be known as the area of the conservation (tourism-based) with the best management, so it won the 1st Adhibakti Minabahari with the category of Coastal Postponed Development. This achievement strongly supported by the role of volunteers who fight for the ecotourism management. Volunteer role is included the community involvement in the conservation activities in the region, starting from the CMC continues on the institutional establishment of ecotourism manager for CMC. The objectives of the study are to know and analyze the role of a volunteer on the management and the sustainability of the CMC ecotourism. The methods that were used are field observation, interview with the key stakeholders, and multi-dimension scale (MDS) method to analyze the sustainable management of CMC. The results of the survey revealed very important volunteer roles that involve 6 volunteer’s efforts from the beginning to the creation of ecotourism management by initiating rehabilitation, the establishment of institutional, and create jobs. Increasing the quality of ecology is indicated with an increase in mangrove covering through rehabilitation projects, an increase in coral reefs covering and abundance coral fishes, and economic benefits of additional income for 108 local people who work in ecotourism sector in CMC area. The average value of volunteer’s sustainability role in ecotourism management of CMC obtained with the acquisition of four- dimensional index value of 71.45. This value showed that aspects of ecology, social, economic, and institutional in ecotourism of CMC is fairly supported the sustainable development of ecotourism-based conservation in CMC. Keywords: Clungup Mangrove Conservation, ecotourism, sustainable, volunteer.

INTRODUCTION* earn income from the management of tourist Volunteers in this study were people who areas [1]. started the movement of rehabilitation, initiate Conservation is one form of management of the establishment of institutional management natural resources that have been damaged. of ecotourism, and create jobs for the local There are various types of regional management; community ecotourism. The initial activity of the one type of management is Community-based volunteers was area rehabilitation because the Management. Mangrove conservation activities main goal of the volunteers is to restore and are carried out by reforestation or mangrove protect the natural resources that have been planting in areas with low mangrove cover, damaged in the coastal area. Until they finally whereas conservation is conducted known the potential of ecotourism in the through coral reef transplantation and cleanup rehabilitation area to create ecotourism activities activities in the coral reef ecosystem area, either that are more environmentally friendly and the from waste or competing biota on coral reef impact of work opportunities for the community. ecosystems [2]. Management of the Clungup Beach Tourism area Most of these social organizations are also has a big influence on the surrounding traditionally managed. In the sense that their community. The community that used to be structures and operations are still traditionally farmers and fishermen now has other income as dominated and 'family' oriented by 'altruistic' members of tourism awareness groups. The drives, whereas in order to achieve effective and surrounding community can join the group so efficient social services, it is not enough to rely that the surrounding community can work and solely on good intentions. Traditional cultural conditions that appear not only in the structure *Correspondence address: and management alone but it is still also Ferik Antyo Agus Wibowo embedded in their mentality which then appears Email : [email protected] into the behavior throughout the day [3]. Address : Postgraduate School, University of Brawijaya, MT Haryono No. 169, Malang 65145.

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Ecotourism is defined as a professionally tourism is implemented based on sustainable packaged, trained, and educational travel tour as principles. East Java has a negative record an economic sector/business that considers the regarding the loss of biodiversity, coastal forest cultural heritage, participation, and welfare of deforestation, and especially mangrove the local population as well as efforts to conserve exploitation. Therefore, promoting sustainable natural resources and the environment [4]. The tourism in the mangrove environment is crucial. concept and implementation of ecotourism POKMASWAS (Community based Wardens) cannot be separated from the development of Gatra Olah Alam Lestari (GOAL) and Bhakti Alam protected areas, especially the third pillar of Sendangbiru Foundation consistent involvement ecotourism services considered as one of the in the restoration activities CMC makes this area entrances, as an economic approach, which into a pilot location of POKMASWAS that success examines and assesses the benefits of natural both in East Java and National level in 2016. and environmental resources in conservation Besides conservation activities, POKMASWAS rules. Ecotourism services are the ultimate GOAL also manage the area as an ecotourism realms that package environmental and cultural destination, where there are strict rules for services so as to generate benefits for many visitors to keep the sustainability of biodiversity interests to support sustainable development. in CMC area. Since 2014, this place becomes Conceptually, ecotourism can be defined as a well-known as a conservation area with the best concept of sustainable tourism development that management and got the 1st place of Adhibakti purposed to support environmental (natural and Minabahari in 2015 in the category of Littoral cultural) conservation efforts and increasing Area Development of Tangguh (PKPT) and community participation in management, by Kalpataru of East Java Province in the category of providing economic benefits to local Pioneer environment in 2016. The purpose of communities [5]. Ecotourism is defined as a this study is to find out how the role of the responsible journey to a natural area that volunteer to ecotourism management in CMC conserves the environment, sustains the and analyze the sustainability of ecotourism prosperity of the local community, and involves management in CMC tourism area. interpretation and education. It includes RESEARCH METHODS business, education, environment, and culture of This research is descriptive qualitative. Data local people and efforts of conservation of used in this research include primary data and natural resources and environment [6]. secondary data that obtained from the Clungup Mangrove Conservation (CMC) a management community; secondary data include littoral area with the most complete ecosystem the extent of biodiversity. While the primary data in Malang district. CMC has 81 ha mangrove retrieval technique is done by observation and forest area and 117 ha for Greenbelt area, with key stakeholder interview. Multidimensional the littoral geographic formation of mangrove scaling (MDS) was used to know the level of vegetated mudflats, sand beaches with coral sustainability in CMC ecotourism management. reef, and hillside panorama of south littoral of Java. These conditions CMS represent a complete Study Area tropical littoral ecosystem area. The research location was conducted in There is little attention given in using Clungup Mangrove Conservation ecotourism mangroves as a place of recreation [7]. Some of area, Sendangbiru Hamlet, Tambakrejo Village, the informants in this study note that this is Sumbermanjing Wetan Sub-district, Malang because the mangrove environment is close to a District (Fig. 1). Administration of Sendangbiru muddy environment which is not suitable for Hamlet is located in Tambakrejo Village, included tourism activities to enjoy nature. In addition to two hamlets namely Tambakrejo hamlet and that, the dense vegetation and root structure of Sendangbiru hamlet. Sendangbiru Hamlet is a mangroves become a barrier for visitors to littoral area with its coastal area facing Sempu explore mangroves. Compared to the white Island. The length of the coastline of Malang sandy beaches and reef ecosystems, mangroves District as a whole is 85.92 km with sea area 4 are considered less attractive destinations. miles (± 565.45 km2) or water area of 12 miles However, mangroves still have numerous (±1696.35 km2). The length of the coastline of biodiversity resources which potentially could be Sumbermanjing Wetan is around 27.02 km, with developed as natural attractions. One of the best sea area of 4 miles (± 178.76 km2) and the water opportunities is to ensure that mangrove-based area of 12 miles (± 536. 29 km2) [8].

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Figure 1. Research Location in Tambakrejo Village, Sumbermanjing Wetan Sub-district, Malang District Data Collection Methods Data Analysis Observation MDS Observation activity in this research is used to Data from all of collection methods were collect data in the field directly. This observation analyzed using multidimensional scaling (MDS), was made by following the direct activities in the which include four dimensions, i.e. ecological, field, observe what activities are available in social, economic, and institutional dimension. ecotourism areas of Clungup Mangrove These dimensions will be on the analysis of the Conservation. Seeing up to follow activities such sustainability level through an existing attribute as rehabilitation activities, monitoring of on the management society at the time of the conservation areas, and following all existing study. activities in the ecotourism area. RAPFISH Interview The questionnaire that has been obtained Interview conducted in this research include a from respondents then tabulated into RAPFISH direct interview with key stakeholders and software to measure the value of each dimension volunteers involved in ecotourism activities, of sustainability and overall sustainability. Pitcher namely Chairman of POKMASWAS GOAL and and Preikshot [9] classify the result of from Bhakti Alam Sendangbiru Foundation, sustainability measurement attributes of each Mr. STY, Mr. ICY, Mr. STS, Mr. Sdq, Mr. E and Mr. dimension. It is mapped into two bad-down point Pi. These six respondents are volunteers who and good-up point. Classification or rating of perform activities from the beginning of forming sustainability status is divided into four ecotourism activities in CMC. dimension value (Table 1). Questionnaire Table 1. Sustainability Status Category Questionnaire in this research is used to Indeks Dimension No Category Information know the level of sustainability of ecotourism Value management in CMC. For field questionnaire 1 00.00-24.99 Bad Not Sustainable data collection, there are four dimensions 2 25.00-49.99 Less Less Sustainable 3 50.00-74.99 Enough Fairly Sustainable contained, namely ecological dimensions, social 4 75.00-100.00 Good Sustainable dimensions, economic dimensions and Source: Pitcher and Preikshot [9] institutional dimensions.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION rehabilitating the area through POKMASWAS Volunteers’ role in CMC Ecotourism Area GOAL formed in 2012. The concept and implementation of The six volunteers are Mr. STY, Mr. ICY, Mr. ecotourism cannot be separated from the STS, Mr. Sdq, Mr. E and Mr. Pi who are still doing conservation area (protected area). In particular, rehabilitation activities and monitoring CMC the third pillar of ecotourism services is regarded areas that have been damaged even though no as one of the entrances; as an economic payments are earned. Until finally in 2014, they approach, which examines and assesses the received visits from students and communities benefits of natural resources and environmental who want to enjoy the beauty of the beach conservation principles. Ecotourism services are within the conservation area. In the same year, leading the pack of the real sector of appear an initiative to establish called Bhakti environmental services and culture to produce Alam Sendangbiru Foundation so that benefits for many interests to support ecotourism management in the CMC area has sustainable development [10]. legally legitimate institutions. Currently, Ecotourism may be better for the client, but it members of the Bhakti Alam Sendangbiru is very rarely better for local communities or Foundation amount 108 people who are conservation, as it generally uses the same empowered through employment. flights, transport, and accommodation as all the From the result of observations and other tourists visiting a national park. The interviews directly to the volunteers, it can be consumer proposition is that the experience will known that since the beginning of management, be better because the guide will have the the struggle is the absence of economic input knowledge to find and interpret the wildlife a value. However, the six volunteers are not client wants to see. This clearly provides value to discouraged to keep struggling to conserve the the client, but it does not contribute to the ecosystem in Sendangbiru area. These volunteers conservation of the species and habitats that are are a hero for Sendangbiru community because it at the heart of the experience and the very can empower the community through motivation for travel in the first place. employment absorption. Ecotourists and voluntourists should take From the hard work of the volunteers responsibility for the unintended consequences resulted in the increase of mangrove forest cover of their ecotourism and voluntourism, demand that has been damaged, changes in the area of transparency, ask the challenging questions of mangrove forest cover from 2010 to 2016 in producers and suppliers, complain if they fail to brackets over 6 years has increased. This result deliver on their promises, and hold them cannot be separated from the conservation of accountable publicly by seeking compensation as mangrove forest in the area of Clungup they would for any other form of travel and Mangrove Conservation by the Society of tourism [11]. Supervisors of Gatra Olah Alam Lestari Rehabilitation activities are volunteer’s first (POKMASWAS GOAL) Bhakti Alam. POKMASWAS work as they see the destruction of mangrove GOAL is also active in disseminating to local forests and coastal forests due to uncontrolled communities to participate in conservation forest destruction after reforms in 1998. Looking activities. POKMASWAS GOAL has launched a at the conditions of natural resources that were program of liberation of coastal border line of severely damaged appeared to be initiated for 117 ha which is currently being controlled by rehabilitation activities which began in 2015, but forest encroachers to be compensated and through individual movements of personal returned to the State in order to obtain coastal awareness to take over mangrove forests and protection function [12]. damaged coastal forests. The early management Table 1. Changes in Coverage of Mangrove from 2010 - of CMC ecotourism is inseparable from the 2016 in Clungup Mangrove Conservation Area volunteers that have been struggled hard to develop CMC ecotourism management. The No Year Large (Ha) Change (Ha) 1 2010 3.015 - struggle of these volunteers began in 2012 with 2 2013 3.303 +0.288 original purpose to make a movement at that 3 2016 4.131 +0.828 time to protect natural resources from damage Source: Wonorengga [12] and rehabilitate the damaged natural resources. There are six volunteers who continue to survive

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The role of volunteers in the ecotourism 10. Carrying capacity: management in CMC is very huge. The volunteers a. Tiga Warna beach = 100 people with their spirit and sacrifice willing to spend b. Clungup beach = 300 people their time and energy to rehabilitate the coastal c. Gatra beach = 300 people area of Sendangbiru. They even think to restore 11. The camping area is only provided at one the damaged forest to its natural function until it point of Gatra beach with a maximum recovers. These efforts get results when people capacity of 75 tents (dome). can get income from ecotourism activities in the 12. Clungup Mangrove Conservation area is conserved areas that have been restored. The closed for total visits every Thursday. community calls its fortune from nature. 13. Clungup Mangrove Conservation area totally closed every D±3 at the beginning of fasting Management of CMC Ecotourism Area month (Ramadan) and D±3 on Eid Al-Fitr. Establishment of the management system in 14. Clungup Mangrove Conservation area totally CMC ecotourism area is also different from other closed every year-end holidays from tourist destinations. Manager apply strict December 23rd to January 4th. systems and rules for visitors who will enter CMC 15. It is not allowed to build permanent buildings ecotourism area because governance must be in or private buildings in the Clungup Mangrove accordance with the struggle, vision, and mission Conservation of Tiga Warna area. of the movement. The vision is living together 16. It is not allowed to sell outside the specified with nature and the mission is building a society point. that loves the environment and establishes a conservation village community, by utilizing Sustainability Analysis natural resource responsibly through community Sustainability analysis of volunteer role in empowerment programs, and participates ecotourism management with conservation- actively in the development of tourist village in based at CMC Tambakrejo Village was analyzed East Java. Therefore, to protect the area from by Multi Dimension Scaling (MDS) method, by damage, then some rules was set for the tourist using RAPFISH software assistance. In this to enter the CMC ecotourism area, as follows. analysis, four dimension are used to measure the sustainability, i.e. ecological, social, economic 1. Everyone who visits Tiga Warna beach is and institutional dimensions. required for reservation to call center The first step in determining the sustainability number (Telephone number: 08123339889 of CMC ecotourism by using MDS is to determine and SMS center: 082132677713), while no the dimensions to be used as well as the reservation required for Clungup and Gatra attributes corresponding to the research beach. location. Then we also perform the attribute 2. Any visitors with a destination other than assessment based on the criteria of each Clungup or Gatra beach is required to use the dimension by giving a score on an ordinal scale. service of a local guide. Influential attribute determined for total 35 3. Visitation to Tiga Warna beach has a attributes; with details of 12 attributes for maximum capacity of 100 people inside and ecological dimension, 16 attributes on the social maximum visit time just for 2 hours. dimension; 5 economic dimension attributes; 4 4. It is not allowed to free dive in the Marine institutional dimension attributes. The results Protected Area (Tiga Warna beach). from the questionnaire were compiled according 5. It is not allowed to swim in Savana beach, to the dimensions and attributes, based on the Mini beach and Batu Pecah beach. ordinal measurement scale to assign values. The 6. Visitors at the Tiga Warna beach should not summary of MDS-RAPFISH analysis result for play in the water when the tide is low. these four dimension presented in Table 1. 7. Visitors are forbidden to use shampoo and soap when rinsing their body in the Tiga Table 2. MDS Analysis Result Warna beach area. Dimension Stress (S) R-Square (R) 8. All visitors of CMC who went to Tiga Warna Ecology 0.2054 0.9227 area required a checklist process of incoming Social 0.2465 0.9231 Economy 0.2464 0.9108 luggage and outcoming luggage. Institutional 0.2494 0.9191 9. Each motor vehicle can only enter up to post Source: Primary Data Processed, 2018. 1.

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Reference that used as a basis for ecotourism management called Clungup determining the goodness of the analysis result Mangrove Conservation (CMC) area which we (Goodness-of-fit) in the MDS is value of stress know to date. The volunteer trying to restore less than or equal to 0.25 and R-Square more severely damaged littoral environment, until than 0.90. Based on Table 1, the value of four finally it can initiate the management of CMC dimension stress used is smaller than 0.25. ecotourism. The average value of sustainability Similarly, the R-Square is also show the value status in CMC ecotourism is 71.45. This value above 0.90. Therefore, it can be said that this shows the sustainability of ecotourism MDS analysis meets the Goodness-of-fit criteria management through four dimensions of so it is worthy to be discussed/analyzed further. ecology, social, economic and society is enough From analysis result using RAPFISH, we found to support the sustainable development of that the result of 4 different dimensions ecotourism. However, it is necessary to improve combined into sustainability status diagram as the ecological and economic aspect to increase shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows a combination its sustainability status. of four dimensions to assess sustainability of the ACKNOWLEDGEMENT volunteer role in the development of Thank you to the CMC ecotourism area conservation-based ecotourism in the CMC. managers who have assisted in implementing the On average, the sustainability index value of research, as well as for the Bhakti Alam these 4 dimension is 71.45. This value indicate Sendangbiru Foundation which has facilitated that ecological, social, economic and society this research activities. aspect of the CMC ecotourism proved enough to support the sustainability of ecotourism REFERENCES development with conservation-based. Based on [1] Yachya, A. N., Wilopo and M. K. Mawardi. this diagram, if the index is getting out or close to 2016. Pengelolaan kawasan wisata sebagai 100, it indicate a better sustainability status. upaya peningkatan ekonomi masyarakat Otherwise, if it gets deeper or closer to 0, it show berbasis CBT (Community Based Tourism) the worsening sustainability status. From these Studi pada kawasan wisata Pantai Clungup four dimension, the dimensions that have the Kabupaten Malang). Jurnal Administrasi worst sustainability index value are ecological Bisnis 39(2), 107-116. and economic dimensions. It indicate that if the [2] Januarsa, I N. and O. M. Luthfi. 2017. expected sustainability of conservation-based Community based coastal conservation in ecotourism development in CMC increases, it can Buleleng Bali. Economic and Social of be cultivated by improving the ecological and Fisheries and Marine Journal 4(2), 166-173. economic aspect first. [3] Raharjo. 2010. Pengembangan sumber daya relawan pada organisasi pelayanan sosial studi literatur mengenai sistem pendidikan dan pelatihan sumber daya relawan. Padjajaran University. Bandung. [4] Nugroho, I. 2011. Ekowisata dan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Pustaka Pelajar. Yogyakarta. [5] Hadinoto, K. 1997. Perencanaan pengembangan destinasi pariwisata. University of Indonesia. Jakarta. [6] TIES (The International Ecotourism Society). 2006. Fact sheet: global ecotourism.

Updated edition, September 2006. Figure 1.Sustainability status diagram Available at: www.ecotourism.org. Source: Primary Data Processed, 2018. [7] Hakim, L., D. Siswanto and N. Makagoshi. CONCLUSION 2017. Mangrove conservation in East Java: Volunteer’s role in the management of CMC the ecotourism development perspectives. ecotourism is huge. The volunteers as the Journal of Tropical Life Science 7(3), 277- member of POKMASWAS since 2012 makes the 285. conservation area in Sendangbiru become

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[8] Office of Tambakrejo Village. 2016. Clungup Mangrove Conservation ecotourism area. Office of Tambakrejo Village. Tambakrejo. [9] Pitcher, T.J. and D. B. Preikshot. 2001. Rapfish: a rapid appraisal technique to evaluate the sustainability status of fisheries. Fisheries Research 49(3), 255-270. [10] Nugroho, I. 2007. Ekowiata: sektor riil pendukung pembangunan berkelanjutan. Majalah Perencanaan Pembangunan- BAPPENAS Jakarta XII (2), 44-57. [11] Goodwin, H. 2015. Tourism, good intentions, and the road to hell: ecotourism and volunteering. Brown Journal of World Affairs xxii (1), 37-50. [12] Wonorengga, Y. 2017. Analisis spasial dan temporal perubahan tutupan mangrove di kawasan Clungup Mangrove Conservation Bhakti Alam Sendang Biru, Kabupaten Malang. Thesis. Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang.

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Journal of Indonesian Tourism and doi: 10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.03.06 Development Studies E-ISSN : 2338-1647 http://jitode.ub.ac.id

Development of Agrotourism in Kampung Kopi Amadanom, Malang

Edriana Pangestuti*, Latifah Hanum, Lestari Eko Wahyudi

Faculty of Administrative Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

Abstract Agrotourism is the community-based tourism activities that utilize the agricultural business as a tourist attraction that has many positive impacts which can improve the economy of society, especially in the form of society’s income, open employment opportunities and business opportunities (entrepreneurship). This research aim was to develop the concept of agrotourism in the largest producing area in Malang Regency that is in Amstirdam (Ampelgading, Sumbermanjing Wetan, Tirtoyudo, and Dampit). This study used a qualitative approach by observing the four areas to see the potential of each region. SWOT technique was used to analyze data and the results showed that Dampit is one area that has more potential attractions than other regions. One area in Dampit that has the potential to be developed into agro tourism is Kampung Kopi Amadanom. The results of this research indicated that the effort for developing Kampung Kopi Amadanom was still not maximal due to the lack of local government support and also lack of quality supporting resources. This research suggested by using a development model and applying appropriate strategy, it could provide and increase benefits not only for Kampung Kopi Amadanom but also for Malang generally. Keywords: Agro-tourism, Amadanom, Coffee Agro-tourism, Tourism.

INTRODUCTION* countries and Japan. Coffee is important among Coffee is one of the significant commodities local community in Dampit, especially its role in among the rural community in Indonesia. In local economic development [3]. Future Indonesia, the production of coffee beans in the economic development based on coffee crops past ten years increase significantly [1]. Coffee can be initiated by promoting agrotourism . grains produced from Coffee plant, botanically Scholar points out that the development of belong to the Rubiacea. They’re numerous agrotourism by involving culture and local Coffee species, which are cultivated in Indonesia, wisdom in farming and land management are namely Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora (var. able to increase local economic earnings [4]. Robusta), Coffea liberica and Coffea exelsa. Two These practices especially important to promote species, namely Coffea arabica and Coffea local wisdom and traditional knowledge of many canephora var. Robusta widely planted in many communities in developing countries. The parts of the Indonesia archipelago. Diverse development of coffee-based agrotourism will environments and soils of Indonesia influence increase the economic earning of the coffee coffee plant grow and bean production. These farmer and the local community in Dampit [5]. are called specialty coffee. There are numerous Moreover, developing agrotourism also specialty , including Kintamani, Lanang, important to educate the visitor about coffee Toraja, and Wamena [2]. cultivation and production. Thus it can be Malang Regency is one of the centers of concluded that the aims of this study were not coffee grains production, in which a wide area of only to develop the concept of agrotourism but coffee plantation exists and still maintained by also to increase the standard of living of the local community in many villages. In Malang, community [5,6]. coffee is grown and distributed at the area of METHODS Ampelgading, Tirtoyudo, and Dampit area, or The research was done following a qualitative known as Kopi Amstirdam. In the past, this coffee approach [7]. The functions of SWOT analysis are was very famous among European and received to get information from the situation analysis positive appreciation among the coffee lover in and describe the internal (strengths and Europe. More than 90% of coffee that cultivated weaknesses) and external (opportunities and and produced from Dampit area was exported to threats) factors that determine the strategy [7]. numerous countries, including European The first step was collecting data by surveys or observations technique on four areas which are *Correspondence address: Ampelgading, Sumbermanjing Wetan, Tirtoyudo, Edriana Pangestuti and Dampit. Furthermore, we analyzed the Email : [email protected] Address : Faculty of Administrative Sciences, Mayjen Haryono potential of tourism in each region according to No 164, 65145, Malang. the topic of research. From the numerous criteria

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Agrotourism Development of Kampung Kopi Amadanom (Pangestuti et al) that stated in this study, Dampit Sub-regency Harapan has poor knowledge about tourism and selected as an observation site, and the seems to be lack of philosophy of ecotourism Amadanom Village has selected as a focus of the especially agrotourism. Poktan Harapan has study. The results of pre-research indicated that coffee farmer member with its own lands, but Amadanom Village has potential and can be they unable to integrate farming activity (i.e. developed as agrotourism. The Amadanom seedling, planting, maintaining and harvesting) location is strategic that is located on Highway of into agro-tourism. Malang-Lumajang, making this tourist attraction Ecotourism implementation is easy in terms of accessibility. Recently, ecotourism has been promoted as RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ideal tourism activity to promote environmental Amadanom is one of the centers of coffee conservation, local economic development, and production in Dampit. Recently, there are some local culture promotion [10]. Scholar points out efforts of agricultural diversification through the that there are important aspects should be meet idea to develop coffee-based agrotourism [8]. by ecotourism, including education, nature Recently, the initial community group to handle conservation, and increase local economy grows and manage tourism potentiality in the village [11]. Ecotourism is the form of sustainable has been established, with the coffee farmer tourism [12]. Following such principles, some community group (locally called Kelompok Tani findings were described below: or Poktan) as the main actor in tourism 1. Education development. Amadanom Village has five farmer Field observation confirms that there are community groups, including Harapan, Makmur no education aspects in ecotourism program 74, Trisno Manunggal, Sinar Tani and Barokah in Amadanom coffee farm. There is a wide Ahmadi. The results of pre-research showed that area of coffee field and coffee processing among the five farmer groups, community group activity, but there is no tourist guide available Harapan is the most active group (farmers) in to explain the coffee and its processing [11]. cultivating coffee and making coffee as a new It leads to the tourist’s poor knowledge of tourist attraction in the form of agrotourism [9]. coffee. Whereas the tourists’ understanding Poktan Harapan has a main goal, which is to of the coffee plant is very important. Tourists improve the welfare of all coffee farmers and can learn how to cultivate a coffee plant, avoids conflicts among coffee farmers, especially know the varieties of coffee plants, and in Amadanom. Besides that, it also served to understand the coffee processing into a provide information related to the cultivation, product that is ready for consumption. processing, and distribution of coffee by holding the training monthly. The training was attended 2. Nature conservation by almost 20 participants who were all heads of Agrotourism coffee processing is expected each farmer group. Each trainee was expected to to preserve the coffee garden by practicing apply the knowledge they gain to increase and various techniques appropriate in cultivating develop their farm [1]. Unfortunately, the coffee. In the development of tourist and training only focuses on cultivating seeds and visitor infrastructure, they also used local improving the quality of coffee crops. There had material. The controversial aspect in been no training related to the development of infrastructure development, however, related the coffee plantations as a place for tourism. to the establishment of the permanent toilet Field research found that human resources and praying room in the central position in are still poor in tourism resources management. the coffee garden by local government. This The potential value of numerous resources for lead to the decreasing quality of scenic agrotourism development in the village is poorly beauty of coffee garden landscapes [8]. understood. The community in Amadanom 3. Increase of community economic status Village through Poktan Harapan has been The ecotourism in Amadanom has been declared their village as Amadanom coffee farm believed able to increase economic earning of ecotourism. However, the implementation of the local family who joins the ecotourism ecotourism has been rarely understood and program [10,13]. The farmer stated that practiced. The name uses the word ecotourism, direct selling to tourist through agro-tourism but there are no ecotourism practices in the mechanism has a positive impact on the activities. The community group of Poktan economic earning. It is because of the

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received price is higher than paid price by the 2. Weakness coffee factory in Dampit. Ecotourism program The farmer group (Poktan) is the pioneer is able to increase revenue from coffee. and recently is the main actor in coffee agrotourism in Amadanom. Among 4. Sustainability numerous farmer groups, only one group - The implementation of ecotourism in the Poktan Tani Harapan – which actively coffee farm in Amadanom was less promote and implement agrotourism in sustainably. One of the reasons for this coffee orchards area. The problems are situation is because tourism is still at the related to the low capacity of human beginning of development. There are, resources. Not all community members in however, high spirits for tourism Amadanom and people who actively development among Poktan member and involved in tourism program in Amadanom village officer of Amadanom. They have the aware about the potentiality of tourism to spirit to develop rural tourism in Amadanom generate alternative economic revenue. based on coffee. The high enthusiasm is the There is still improvement needed in the important aspect for future tourism development of ecotourism in Amadanom development in Amadanom. coffee area. It is including increasing SWOT Analysis on the Development of community understanding in tourism Kampung Kopi Amadanom service, tourism planning, and tourism program development. The community with 1. Strengths tourism awareness is the community with Coffee from Indonesia has been good understanding and awareness about internationally recognized. This is shown by tourism, and able to actively participate in 4C (Common Code for the Coffe Comunity) tourism development and provide good certificate achievement by Indonesia coffee. service to the visitor who visits the One of the famous coffees from Indonesia recreation area [14]. was origin from Dampit, Malang Regency in As far, the marketing effort of coffee East Java. About 90% of coffee from Dampit, farm owner was not optimal. Amadanom has the majority is Robusta, has been exported social media (i.e. Instagram), but it seems to numerous countries [3]. In Dampit, Coffea not effective to promote Amadanom. Social canephora (var. Robusta) was cultivated at media as an electronic word of mouth that is the area with elevation 800 mdpl, with significant to use in order to increase the suitable temperature and proper crops existence of coffee-based agrotourism in management. Harvesting and the post- Dampit [15]. harvesting process was done traditionally, and therefore it is environmentally 3. Opportunity sustainable. The opportunity for the development of In Amadanom, tourism-based coffee has Coffee agrotourism in Amadanom came been introduced and initiated as one of the from the tourists who visit nature-based diversification of coffee crops. Recently, tourism attraction in Banyu Anjlok tourism. there are new tourism object in the coffee The location of Amadanom located between garden. Groups of farmer develop café in Banyu Anjlok and Malang, and tourist from coffee orchards environment. Located at the Malang potentially visit Amadanom as side of provincial road Lumajang-Malang, the coffee-based agrotourism destination. The café was easy to find and has high Dampit coffee also received positive accessibility from the visitor. In this Cafe, the appreciation from consumer and has been visitor can enjoy Dampit’s coffee in coffee known as one of the best coffee in orchards. There are some facility has been Indonesia. The agrotourism coffee established to increase visitor satisfaction. management can receive income from the Local movement and private sector have visitor who visit Amadanom, buy and order supported the development of the facility. coffee for them and their family. The toiled and room for praying was provided by local government, and the 4. Threat visitor gazebo was provided by PT Krebet Dampit sub-regency has a wide area of Baru. the coffee plantation, and the idea to

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diversify coffee orchards as the tourist opportunities and minimize threats. Thus, the attraction to increase economic revenue can accumulation value of SWOT matrix analysis be copied by other sub regency or village. result was (0.7; 0.7), it showed that the condition This can be a competitor for coffee of agrotourism of Amadanom in the position of agrotourism in Amadanom. quadrant I, as shown in Figure 1. SWOT Analysis on the development of Opportunities Kampung Kopi AmadanomIt can be seen from table 1 and 2 as follow. The tables showed that Kampung Kopi Amadanom has the strength score Quadrant II Quadrant I of 3.5 while the weakness showed the score -2.8. Turnaround style Aggressive Strategy Strategy Thus the accumulated value of this internal factor is 0.7; this value formulate that the strategy must utilize the strength and minimize (0.7 ; 0.7) the weakness. weaknes strength ss Table 1. The Internal Factor at Kampung Kopi Amadanom Scoring Quadrant IV Quadrant II No Internal Factor Defensive Diversification Weight Rating Score  Strategy strategy STRENGTH

1 Amadanom is the largest 0.5 3 1.5 coffee producer in East Java Threats 2 Amadanom is one of the 0.3 4 1.2 regions which have coffee attraction Figure 1. SWOT Result 3 There were a lot of 0.2 4 0.8 3.5 potential labor Development Strategy of Amadanom Sub score 1 Strategies that need to be undertaken to WEAKNESSES support Amadanom as agrotourism village by the 1 Lack of supporting 0.5 -3 -1.5 facilities and considerations of strengths and opportunities on infrastructure resources, among others, as presented in Table 2 The arrangement of the 0.3 -3 -0.9 3. The strategy that recommended to improve area was not interesting the agrotourism in Amadanom was SO strategy 3 Lack of human resources 0.2 -2 -0.4 -2.8 Sub score 1 (Strength and Opportunities). In this strategy, TOTAL SCORE 0.7 Amadanom should do promotion [14]. Promotion is one of the most important Table 2. External Factor at Kampung Kopi Amadanom elements which include several action plans to Scoring No External Factor inform the current or prospective customers Weight Rating Score ∑ about the development of a good product, its OPPORTUNITIES 1 Supported from the 0.6 4 2.4 price, and availability [16]. By using promotion, government for Amadanom encourage the actual and potential customers to 3.2 2 One of the tourist place that 0.4 2 0.8 travel a destination (agrotourism) through the offers ecotourism concept spreading of information could be reached Sub score 1 [12,14,15]. THREATS 1 Environmental issues about 0.5 -2 -1.0 The development of technology such as tourist areas online or digital marketing system can be used to 2 The condition of areas have 0.5 -3 -1.5 -2.5 promote Amadanom as interesting destination the potential of erosion [17,18]. Furthermore, Amadanom should hold an Sub score 1 activity such training program to all managers to TOTAL SCORE 0.7 increase and develop their human resources Table 2 showed that the value of the capability [1]. Training is the process that opportunity was 3.2 and the threat score was at provides employees with the knowledge and the the value of -2.5. The external factor obtained an skills required to operate within the systems and accumulation of 0.7. This may indicate that standards set by management [11]. Amadanom has to take advantage of existing

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Table 3. The Development Startegies for Amadanom as Agrotourism Matrix IFAS STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES EFAS a. Amadanom is the largest coffee producer a. Supporting facilities and infrastructure in East Java. are still limited b. One area that has the coffee agro Tourism b. The location design uninteresting concept c. Its human resources are unskilled c. Have a number potential human resources OPPORTUNITIES Strategy SO Strategy WO a. There is government support related a. Do promotion a. Increase the attractions to the development of Amadanom as b. Training to all managers b. Increasing the number of tourism agrotourism c. Spatial planning and arrangement facilities and infrastructure b. The only tourist place that offers the concept of agro-tourism THREATS Strategy ST Strategy WT a. Environmental issues a. Establish a monitoring and evaluation a. Conduct training on nature conservation b. The potential for erosion / landslide system by involving communities and b. Provide an understanding of agro- stakeholders tourism b. Rehabilitate the ecosystem of tourist areas c. Location setting

CONCLUSION that useful was spatial planning and SWOT analysis indicated a framework for arrangement. helping the planners to identify the strategies of REFERENCES achieving goals. The SWOT analysis is expected to [1] Abdullah, H. 2017. Peran manajemen provide information related to the strengths, sumber daya manusia dalam organisasi. obstacles, challenges, and efforts that must be Jurnal Warta 51. anticipated and undertaken to manage the [2] Alfansi, L. 2012. Pemasaran jasa finansial. Amstirdam Coffee Village in order to attract and Salemba Empat. Jakarta. increase the number of tourist arrivals. [3] Malangtimes. 2017. Kuatkan petani kopi Kampung Kopi Amadanom has been aplying Amstirdam, Dinas Pertanian dan BI latih the concept of agrotourism since 2016 by dan serahkan alat pengolahan kopi. introducing the natural potential in terms of Available at: https://www.malangtimes. coffee farming also provides education about com/baca/22661/20171121/232447/kuatk coffee processing for tourists. Poktan Harapan an-petani-kopi-amstirdam-dinas-pertanian- developed the concept. However, the dan-bi-latih-dan-serahkan-alat-pengolahan- development and management were still low. kopi/ This is due to lack of information and knowledge [4] Rangkuti, F. 2006. Analisis SWOT teknik about tourism, especially agro-tourism. The membedah kasus bisnis. PT. Gramedia finding shown that the appropriate strategies Pustaka Utama. Jakarta. that should have been done were aggressive [5] Sunaryo, B. 2013. Kebijakan Pembangunan strategy by 1) doing aggressive promotion, 2) destinasi pariwisata konsep dan aplikasinya training to all managers and 3) spatial planning di Indonesia. Gava Media. Yogyakarta. and arrangement. Adopting implementing [6] Suansri, P. 2003. Comunity based tourism Internet technology was the best and useful handbook. Responsible Ecological Social result to make Amadanom better known by the Tours (REST) Project. Bangkok, Thailand. visitors. [7] Arikunto, S. 2006. Prosedur penelitian: Internet nowadays became apart from suatu pendekatan praktek. Rineka Cipta. channel to collect information, offer enterprises Jakarta. the opportunity to market goods and services to [8] Ministry of Tourism. 2016. Panduan more customer than ever before. Moreover, pembentukan desa wisata. Ministry of Amadanom has to increase their human Tourism, Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta. resources capability. Training for all managers [9] Pamulardi, B. 2006. Pengembangan could be useful to improve their knowledge and agrowisata berwawasan lingkungan. Master solve the problem at Amadanom. The effective Thesis. Diponegoro University. Semarang. training and development programs for [10] Mowforth, M. and I. Munt. 1988. Tourism employees can help and resolve conflicts within and sustainability: New Tourism in the Third an organization. And the last important factor World. London. Routledge.

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[11] Kerry, L. Sommerville 2007. Hospitality employee management and supervision, concepts and practical applications. John Wiley & Sons. New Jersey. [12] Baldemoro, J. 2013. Tourism promotion. Slide share. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/JHBlue/tourism- promotion-28432196. [13] Nelson, H. 1993. Tourism and sustainable development. University of Waterloo Press. Harlow. [14] David, F. 2006. Manajemen strategis, 10th Ed. Salemba Empat. Jakarta. [15] Kotler, P. 2000. Marketing management: Millennium Ed, International Ed. Prentice Hall. International, Inc. new jersey. [16] Fandeli, C. 2001. Dasar-dasar manajemen kepariwisataan alam. Liberty Offset. Yogyakarta. [17] Griffin, M. 2000. E-marketing planning: accountability and E-metrics. Embelix Software. Available at: http://www.templatezone.com/pdfs/ems_ whitepaper.pdf. [18] Keegen, W. J. and M. C. Green. 2008. Global marketing, 5th Ed. Pearson Education. London.

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analysis and the results and discussion are not  Black and white figure should be in separated. the grayscale mode, while coloured figures should be in RGB mode. Table  Figure should not exceed the width of 8 cm Table should be submitted within the (one column), 12.5 cm (1.5 columns) or 17 cm manuscript and in separated file of Microsoft (two columns). Excel (xls.). Table whould not exceed 8 cm (one  Figures title typed clearly below the figure. column) and 17 cm (two columns). Table should  Figure with pointing arrow should be grouped be embedded in different page after references. (grouping). Table should be numbered in sequence. Table  Figures were recommended in black and title should be brief and clear above the table, white. with uppercase in initial sentence. Vertical line  Legend or figure description should be clear should not be used. Footnote use number with and complete. If compressed, the figure colon and superscripted. Symbol of (*) or (**) should be readable. was used to show difference in confidence  Statistic graphic should be supplemented with interval of 95 and 99%. data sources. Table 1. Example of the Table (Calibri 8.5 Left)  If the figures come from the third party, it should have the copyright transfer from the (Calibri 8.5 Justify) No Point Description sources. 1 2

3 4 height requirement is adjustable 5 Sources: Journal of PPSUB (Calibri 8.5 Left)

Figures Figures should be in high resolution and well contrast in JPEG or PDF with the following width of 66mm, similar to column width conditions:

 Monochrome image (line art), figures of black and white diagram (solid/no shades of gray), resolution 1000-1200 dpi (dot per inch). Figure 1. Illustration of Dimensional Figure of one column  Combination Halftone, combine figure and width. Figure dimension adjusted to the width of text (image containing text) and coloured one column. Name the figure (diagram) written graphic or in grayscale format. Resolution below the image. (Calibri 8.5 Justify) 600-900 dpi.  Halftone, coloured figure or grayscale format without text. Resolution 300 dpi.

height requirement is adjustable

width of 137 mm, fit to right and left margins

Figure 2. . Illustration of Dimensional Figure of two column width. Figure dimension adjusted to the width of two columns (137 mm). Figure were align top or bottom of the page. (Calibri 8.5 Justify)

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“……………………..Running Title……………………..”

References [4]. Syafi’i, M., Hakim, L., dan Yanuwiyadi, B. 2010. Potential Analysis of Indigenous 1. Primary references include journal, patent, Knowledge (IK) in Ngadas Village as Tourism dissertation, thesis, paper in proceeding and Attraction. pp. 217-234. In: Widodo, Y. text book. Noviantari (eds.) Proceed-ing Basic Science 2. Avoid self citation. National Seminar 7 Vol.4. Universitas 3. Author should avoid reference in reference, Brawijaya, Malang. (Article within conference popular book, and internet reference except proceeding) journal and private ana state institution. [5]. Dean, R.G. 1990. Freak waves: A possible 4. Author was not allowed to use abstract as explanation. p. 1-65. In Torum, A., O.T. references. Gudmestad (eds). Water wave kinetics. CRC 5. References should been published (book, Press. New York. (Chapter in a Book) research journal or proceeding). Unpublished [6]. Astuti, A.M. 2008. The Effect of Water references or not displayed data can not be Fraction of Stellaria sp. on the Content of used as references. TNF-α in Mice (Mus musculus BALB-C). Thesis. 6. References typed in numbering list (format Department of Biology. University of number 1,2,3,…), ordered sequentially as they Brawijaya. Malang. (Thesis) appear in the text (system of Vancouver or

author-number style). 7. Citation in the manuscript typed only the

references number (not the author and year), example: Obesity is an accumulation of fat in

large quantities which would cause excessive body weight (overweight) [1]. Obesity is a risk factor of diabetic, hypertension dan atherosclerosis [2].

CONCLUSION (Calibri 10 Bold, Left, Capslock) Conclusion of the study's findings are written in brief, concise and solid, without more additional new interpretation. This section can also be written on research novelty, advantages and disadvantages of the research, as well as recommendations for future research.(Calibri 10 Justify)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (Calibri 10 Bold, Left, Capslock)

This section describes gratitude to those who have helped in substance as well as financially. (Calibri 10 Justify)

REFERENCES (Calibri 10 Bold, Left, Capslock)

[1]. (Calibri 10 Justify, citation labelling by references numbering) [2]. Vander, A., J. Sherman., D. Luciano. 2001. Human Physiology: The Mecanisms of Body Function. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. New York. (Book) [3]. Shi, Z., M. Rifa’i, Y. Lee, K. Isobe, H. Suzuki. 2007. Importance of CD80/CD86-CD28 interaction in the recognation of target cells by CD8+CD122+ regulatory T cells. Journal Immunology. 124. 1:121-128. (Article in Journal)

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