DOCSLIB.ORG

Antibiotic Resistance in Red Sea Brine Pools

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antibiotic Resistance in Red Sea Brine Pools The American University in Cairo School of Sciences and engineering ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN RED SEA BRINE POOLS A Thesis Submitted to The Graduate Program of Biotechnology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Doctoral Degree in Applied Sciences with Specialization in Biotechnology By Ali Hassan Ali Elbehery, MSc Under the supervision of Prof. Rania Siam May / 2016 The American University in Cairo School of Sciences and Engineering Antibiotic resistance in Red Sea brine pools A Thesis Submitted by Ali Hassan Ali Elbehery Submitted to the Graduate Program of biotechnology May 2016 In partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Doctoral Degree in Applied Sciences with Specialization in Biotechnology has been approved by Dr. Rania Siam _______________________________ Thesis Supervisor Affiliation: Professor of Microbiology and Chair of Biology Department, The American University in Cairo Date ____________________ Dr. Arthur Bos _______________________________ Thesis Committee Reader/Examiner Affiliation: Associate Professor of Marine Biology, Biology Department, The American University in Cairo. Date ____________________ Dr. Ahmed Abdellatif _______________________________ Thesis Committee Reader/Examiner Affiliation: Assistant Professor, Biology Department, The American University in Cairo. Date ____________________ Dr. Mahmoud Abdulmegead Yassien _______________________________ Thesis Committee Reader/Examiner Affiliation: Professor of Microbiology and Immunology and Vice Dean of Community Service and Environmental Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University. Date ____________________ Dr. Mohamed Zakaria Gad _______________________________ Thesis Committee Reader/Examiner Affiliation: Professor of Biochemistry and Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo. Date ____________________ __________________ ____________ ____________________ ____________ Dept. Chair Date Dean Date ii DEDICATION To all members of my loving family… my parents, wife, siblings and little daughter. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praise is due to Allah for granting me the power to accomplish this work. Then, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Rania Siam for her encouragement and help. Her invaluable advice, guidance, suggestions, critical reading and discussions greatly helped me complete this dissertation. In addition, it is my great pleasure to express my sincere gratitude and thanks to Prof. David Leak, professor of metabolic engineering, University of Bath for hosting me in his lab in addition to his help and valuable comments throughout my research visit. Furthermore, my sincere gratitude is extended to Dr. Ramy Karam Aziz, associate professor of microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University for his help in study design, valuable comments and critical reading. I would also like to thank Dr. Susanne Gebhard, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath for providing me with pET-16b; Dr. Ahmed Mostafa, associate professor of bioinformatics and Mr. Mustafa Adel, former bioinformatics specialist, The American University in Cairo (AUC) for their help in bioinformatics and Mr. Amged Ouf, genomics specialist, AUC for his help in the lab. Additionally, I would love to extend my thanks to all members of the Biology Department, AUC and members of 1.28 and 1.33 labs, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, the University of Bath for contributing to such a cooperative, inspiring and pleasant work atmosphere. Finally, I would like to acknowledge Yousef Jameel Academic Program for funding my PhD and AUC for supporting me with a study-abroad grant. iv ABSTRACT The American University in Cairo Antibiotic resistance in Red Sea brine pools By Ali Hassan Ali Elbehery Under the supervision of Prof. Rania Siam Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a complex problem with a global clinical impact. However, did this phenomenon begin in conjunction with the medical use of antibiotics or is it older? Studying AR in pristine environments could answer this question. Being devoid of anthropogenic impact, makes Red Sea brine pools ideal targets for the study. Besides, the extremophilic nature of these pools, particularly Atlantis II Deep (ATIID) allows mining for novel thermostable AR genes, which could provide better understanding of AR evolution and enrich the thermophilic selection marker gene repertoire. Here, we initially validated commonly used AR detection methods, then analyzed antibiotic resistance in four brine pools (Atlantis II, Discovery, Kebrit and Chain Deeps) in addition to a brine- influenced site. Publicly available metagenomes with varying degrees of human impact were also included. Analysis was carried out by alignment of Roche-454 metagenomic reads using BLASTX to antibiotic resistant polypeptides contained in the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD, http://arpcard.mcmaster.ca/). Reads were assigned to the best hit with more than 90% identity over at least 25 amino acids. Reads aligning to genes, whose resistance is conferred by mutation, were screened to pinpoint these mutations. The analysis also involved determination of the abundance and diversity of three different mobile genetic elements (MGEs), namely plasmids, insertion sequences and integrons. Moreover, two open reading frames (ORFs), identified from ATIID through BLASTX alignment to CARD, were synthesized, cloned and expressed. Results showed a caveat in the current AR detection methods represented in the annotation of mutation-generated resistance genes. AR analysis in brine pools and publicly available metagenomes detected antibiotic resistance genes in 21 out 32 samples (65.6 %). Several genes were identified, conferring resistance to different classes of antibiotics, including beta-lactams, rifampin, fluoroquinolones, macrolides and aminoglycosides. Analysis of MGEs showed statistically significant correlation between AR abundance and the abundance of both plasmids and integrons. Interestingly, the abundance of MGEs, particularly insertion sequences showed strong association with extreme conditions in ATIID. On the other hand, the expression of synthesized ORFs, which putatively coded for a class A beta-lactamase (ABL) and a 3'-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APH(3')), confirmed the annotation of both through enzyme assays, while only (APH(3')) showed resistance in Escherichia coli. Remarkably, (APH(3')) proved to be thermostable (Tm = 61.7 °C and ~40% residual activity after 30 min at 65 °C). In contrast, ABL was not as thermostable; Tm = 43 °C. In conclusion, we rectified the current AR detection methods through accurate account for resistance-causing mutations. We also provide a new evidence that environmental microorganisms represent a reservoir for AR genes. In addition, we shed light on the role of MGEs in the spread of antibiotic resistance and highlight the potential role of insertion sequences in the evolution of extremophiles. We also discovered two novel antibiotic resistance enzymes with potential application as thermophilic selection markers. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................. xiii Chapter 1: Literature review ................................................................................... 1 1.1. Antibiotic resistance .............................................................................. 1 1.1.1. Health impact ..................................................................................... 1 1.1.2. Origin and evolution .......................................................................... 2 1.1.3. Mechanisms ....................................................................................... 3 1.1.4. Selected examples of antibiotic resistance enzymes .......................... 4 1.2. Mobile genetic elements ........................................................................ 6 1.2.1. Plasmids ............................................................................................. 7 1.2.2. Integrons ............................................................................................ 8 1.2.3. Insertion sequences ............................................................................ 9 1.3. Red Sea brine pools ............................................................................. 10 1.4. Metagenomics ..................................................................................... 11 1.4.1. Sequence-based versus functional metagenomics ........................... 11 Chapter 2: Antibiotic resistome: improving detection and quantification accuracy for comparative metagenomics ........................................................................................ 13 2.1. Abstract ............................................................................................... 13 2.2. Introduction ......................................................................................... 14 2.3. Materials and methods......................................................................... 15 2.3.1. Methodology used for AR estimation within an environment (resistome analysis): ................................................................................................. 15 2.3.2. Assessing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Benchmark 3: Evaluation of Alternatives with Respect to Existing Conditions August 2015
    Salton Sea Funding and Feasibility Action Plan Benchmark 3: Evaluation of Alternatives With Respect to Existing Conditions August 2015 Prepared by: Prepared for: This document is prepared as a living document for public review and comment. Comments may be provided to: Salton Sea Authority 82995 Hwy 111, Suite 200 Indio, CA 92201 Email: [email protected] Comments will be reviewed and incorporated as appropriate. If substantive comments are received, a revised document may be produced and distributed. Preferred citation: Salton Sea Authority (2015). Salton Sea Funding and Feasibility Action Plan Benchmark 3 Report: Evaluation of Alternatives With Respect to Existing Conditions, August Report. Revision Record Revisions to this document will be reviewed and approved through the same level of authority as the original document. All changes to the Benchmark 3 Report must be authorized by the Principal in Charge. Date Version Changes January Working Posted on Salton Sea Authority website. 2015 Draft Included changes from draft review by Salton Sea TCT. June 2015 First Updated hydrology section and inflow Complete projections including Figures 48-52, along with Document editorial revisions. August Revision 1 Added this Revision Record. Corrected title of 2015 California Department of Fish and Wildlife and other minor editorial revisions. Updated discussion of historical flows from 2003-present. Tetra Tech, Inc. i August 2015 Executive Summary This report presents a review of Salton Sea restoration alternatives and their components and determine how well they would perform under current and future inflows. Alternatives are considered with respect to existing hydrologic conditions at the Sea, as of 2014, and projected future hydrology.
    [Show full text]
  • Consequences of Drying Lake Systems Around the World
    Consequences of Drying Lake Systems around the World Prepared for: State of Utah Great Salt Lake Advisory Council Prepared by: AECOM February 15, 2019 Consequences of Drying Lake Systems around the World Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................... 5 I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 13 II. CONTEXT ................................................................................. 13 III. APPROACH ............................................................................. 16 IV. CASE STUDIES OF DRYING LAKE SYSTEMS ...................... 17 1. LAKE URMIA ..................................................................................................... 17 a) Overview of Lake Characteristics .................................................................... 18 b) Economic Consequences ............................................................................... 19 c) Social Consequences ..................................................................................... 20 d) Environmental Consequences ........................................................................ 21 e) Relevance to Great Salt Lake ......................................................................... 21 2. ARAL SEA ........................................................................................................ 22 a) Overview of Lake Characteristics .................................................................... 22 b) Economic
    [Show full text]
  • Lled Basins of the Red
    Deep-Sea Research I 46 (1999) 1779}1792 Hydrographic changes during 20 years in the brine-"lled basins of the Red Sea Pierre Anschutz! *,GeH rard Blanc!, Fabienne Chatin", Magali Geiller", Marie-Claire Pierret" !De& partement de Ge& ologie et Oce&anographie (D.G.O.), Universite& Bordeaux 1, CNRS UMR 5805, 33405 Talence Cedex, France "Centre de Ge& ochimie de la Surface, Institut de Ge&ologie, Universite& Louis Pasteur, CNRS UMR 7517, 67084, Strasbourg, France Received 16 June 1998; accepted 8 February 1999 Abstract Many of the deep basins "lled by hot brines in the Red Sea have not been investigated since their discovery in the early 1970s. Twenty years later, in September 1992, six of these deeps were revisited. The temperature and salinity of the Suakin, Port Sudan, Chain B, and Nereus deeps ranged from 23.25 to 44.603C and from 144 to 270&. These values were approximately the same in 1972, indicating that the budget of heat and salt was quite balanced. We measured strong gradients of properties in the transition zone between brines and overlying seawater. The contribution of salinity to the density gradient was more than one order of magnitude higher than the opposite contribution of temperature across the seawater}brine interface. Therefore the interface was extemely stable, and the transfer of properties across it was considered to be controlled mostly by molecular di!usion. We calculate that the di!usional transport of salt from the brines to seawater cannot a!ect signi"cantly the salinity of the brines over a 20 year period, which agrees with the observations.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Storage
    277 6 Ocean storage Coordinating Lead Authors Ken Caldeira (United States), Makoto Akai (Japan) Lead Authors Peter Brewer (United States), Baixin Chen (China), Peter Haugan (Norway), Toru Iwama (Japan), Paul Johnston (United Kingdom), Haroon Kheshgi (United States), Qingquan Li (China), Takashi Ohsumi (Japan), Hans Pörtner (Germany), Chris Sabine (United States), Yoshihisa Shirayama (Japan), Jolyon Thomson (United Kingdom) Contributing Authors Jim Barry (United States), Lara Hansen (United States) Review Editors Brad De Young (Canada), Fortunat Joos (Switzerland) 278 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 279 6.7 Environmental impacts, risks, and risk management 298 6.1 Introduction and background 279 6.7.1 Introduction to biological impacts and risk 298 6.1.1 Intentional storage of CO2 in the ocean 279 6.7.2 Physiological effects of CO2 301 6.1.2 Relevant background in physical and chemical 6.7.3 From physiological mechanisms to ecosystems 305 oceanography 281 6.7.4 Biological consequences for water column release scenarios 306 6.2 Approaches to release CO2 into the ocean 282 6.7.5 Biological consequences associated with CO2 6.2.1 Approaches to releasing CO2 that has been captured, lakes 307 compressed, and transported into the ocean 282 6.7.6 Contaminants in CO2 streams 307 6.2.2 CO2 storage by dissolution of carbonate minerals 290 6.7.7 Risk management 307 6.2.3 Other ocean storage approaches 291 6.7.8 Social aspects; public and stakeholder perception 307 6.3 Capacity and fractions retained
    [Show full text]
  • Okeanos Explorer Rov Dive Summary
    OKEANOS EXPLORER ROV DIVE SUMMARY Site Name GB907 Expedition Kelley Elliott/ Coordinator/ Brian Bingham ROV Lead Stephanie Farrington (Biology) Science Team Leads Jamie Austin (Geology) General Area Gulf of Mexico Descriptor Cruise Season Leg Dive Number ROV Dive Name EX1402 3 DIVE02 ROV: Deep Discoverer Equipment Deployed Camera Platform: Seirios CTD Depth Altitude Scanning Sonar USBL Position Heading ROV Measurements Pitch Roll HD Camera 1 HD Camera 2 Low Res Cam 1 Low Res Cam 2 Low Res Cam 3 Low Res Cam 4 Low Res Cam 2 Equipment N/A Malfunctions Dive Summary: EX1402L3_DIVE02 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In Water at: 2014-04-13T13:45:38.439000 27°, 05.899' N ; 092°, 37.310' W Out Water at: 2014-04-13T19:12:34.841000 27°, 05.096' N ; 092°, 36.588' W ROV Dive Summary Off Bottom at: 2014-04-13T18:24:04.035000 (From processed ROV 27°, 05.455' N ; 092°, 36.956' W data) On Bottom at: 2014-04-13T14:31:16.507000 27°, 05.519' N ; 092°, 37.099' W Dive duration: 5:26:56 Bottom Time: 3:52:47 Max. depth: 1266.7 m Special Notes Primary Jamie Austin, EX, UT Austin, [email protected] Stephanie Farrington, EX, HBOI/FAU, [email protected] Andrea Quattrini, Temple, Temple, [email protected] Scientists Involved Bernie Ball, Duke, Duke, [email protected] (please provide name / Brian Kinlan, NOAA NMFS, [email protected] location / affiliation / email) Carolyn Ruppel, Woods Hole, USGS, [email protected] Erik Cordes, Temple, Temple, [email protected] Larry Mayer, UNH, UNH CCOM, [email protected] Michael Vecchione,
    [Show full text]
  • A Phytoremediation Pilot Project at the LCP Chemicals
    Case Study LCP Chemicals Site Phytoremediation Pilot Project Shea Jones Remedial Project Manager EPA Region 4 Outline of Presentation z Background Information z Groundwater Quality z Groundwater Seeps z Project Goal z Implementation of Project z Community and Agency Concerns z Current Status z Next Steps z Lessons Learned Background Information z 550-acre site z Former oil refinery, paint manufacturing co., power plant, and chlor-alkali facility operated from 1919- 1994 z Significant PRP-led removal actions in 1999 ($60 million) z Soil and sediment contaminated with lead, mercury, and PCBs z Fish advisories z Currently in RI/FS phase Groundwater Quality z Multiple rounds of horizontal and vertical well data z Hg levels as high as 330 ppb and Pb as high as 120 ppb z Hg found below a sandstone layer z Caustic Brine Pool below old cell buildings z Removal Action Groundwater Seeps z During conditions of high water table, seepage of groundwater occurs along portions of the shoreline that separates the upland soils from the tidal marsh z Dark brown color z Some COCs present at elevated levels (74 ppb Hg and 60 ppb Pb) Project Goal z To locally suppress the groundwater table (0.9 ft) and therefore, prevent the seeps from recontaminating the marsh z Secondary Goals – Create a root zone that will degrade organic contaminants through microbial degradation – Stabilize metals and take them up (lower mobility and availability) z Insert first scanned picture showing seep location z Insert scanned pics showing conceptual site model Plant Selection z List of potentially applicable plants was examined z List narrowed based on tolerance to site conditions (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Algae Flora of Graduation Towers in the Town of Ciechocinek
    Ecological Questions 14/2011: 25 – 29 DOI: 10.2478/v10090-011-0007-6 Algae flora of graduation towers in the town of Ciechocinek Marta Luścińska, Malwina Gadziemska Department of Plant Ecology and Nature Protection Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87–100 Toruń e-mail: [email protected] Summary. The research was focused on algae occurring on wooden constructions of three graduation towers, which are the main ele- ments of historical salt production technology, located in the health-resort of Ciechocinek in the region of Kujawy. The research also included algae occurring in reservoirs with brine condensed on graduation towers, as well as algae from puddles and the soil under the graduation towers. 52 algae taxa were recorded in the collected material. Representatives of the following phyla were distinguished: 5 taxa of Cyanoprokaryota, 46 taxa of Heterokontophyta (including 44 taxa of diatoms) and 7 taxa of Chlorophyta. Samples from the sites with brine of the lowest salt concentration (4%) turned out to be the most abundant in species. Key words: halophylic algae, diatoms Chlorophyta, Dunalulla, brine, saline soils. 1. Introduction ers no. 1 and 3 (Fig. 1). She reported the occurrence of 44 algae species, mainly diatoms. All the aforementioned studies focused on algae in- The occurrence of algae in the environment with extreme habiting puddles and small water bodies with different de- salinity, such as gradually thickened brine flowing down grees of salinity, located within salt marshes. Whereas the the graduation towers in Ciechocinek, evoked interest present paper aims at investigating the algae flora occur- among researchers already since the end of the 19th cen- ring on construction elements of the graduation towers, as tury.
    [Show full text]
  • Restoration of the Salton Sea Summary Report
    RECLAMATION Managing Water in theWest Restoration of the Salton Sea Summary Report U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Lower Colorado Region September 2007 Mission Statements The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation’s natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian Tribes and our commitments to island communities. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Restoration of the Salton Sea Summary Report U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Lower Colorado Region Boulder City, Nevada September 2007 Salton Sea location map. iii Abbreviations and Acronyms ALL Annualized Loss of Life APF Annualized Probability of Failure AQM air quality mitigation BMPs best management practices CEQA California Environmental Quality Act CVWD Coachella Valley Water District DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement DO dissolved oxygen DWR California Department of Water Resources EIR Environmental Impact Report EPA Environmental Protection Agency ERS Ecosystem Restoration Studies H2S hydrogen sulfide IID Imperial Irrigation District IMPLAN IMpact Analysis for PLANning IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LOL loss of life m meters μg/L micrograms per liter maf/yr million acre-feet per year mg/L milligrams per liter msl mean sea level NaCl halite NED national economic development NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NH3 ammonia NWR National Wildlife Refuge OMER&R operation, maintenance, energy, replacement, and risk v Restoration of the Salton Sea Summary Report Abbreviations and Acronyms (continued) P Phosphorus P.L.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Roceedings Volume 1
    'ROCEEDINGS Second United Nations Symposium on the Development and Use of G eot her ma I Resou rces San Francisco, California, USA 20-29 May 7 975 VOLUME~~ 1 NOTICE Iponartd by the Umtd Sula Gorrmmmt. Nenther the United Suta nor the UNld Suta Energy Rcrlrch and Lkrrlopmnt Adminirimtion. nor my of their cmpbyeu. nor any of them mntmctors. rubeonfncton, or their employ-, rmkn any wmnty, express or implied. or anum' my legd hbilrty or rerponn%ilily for the accuracy. complctencn or urfulner of any mfornntion. appmtu. product or Parr direlord. or represents that its uy would not infriw pdmtdy oruned right,. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DbCUMENT IS UNLIMITEQ DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.
    [Show full text]
  • Gulf Facts: Also Occur Here
    Note to Teachers Chemistry in the Gulf of Mexico is a teacher’s instructional guide to accompany the poster of the same title. In this guide, you will find information that relates principles from a basic chemistry class to actual processes occurring in the ocean. This guide will focus on four of these processes. The information and activities are intended for use at the 11-12 grade levels. Additional topics and resources are included at the end of the guide. The Minerals Management Service (MMS) has funded numerous scientific studies to understand better the oceanographic processes in the Gulf of Mexico. This Teacher’s Companion contains information that was gathered during these studies. The MMS is the Federal agency that regulates oil and gas activities on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf. To learn more about the MMS, please visit our website at www.mms.gov. Author: Mary C. Boatman Graphics: Allan Linker Editors: Michael Dorner Deborah Miller Acknowledgments: We wish to thank Ranell Troxler, a sixth grade teacher in St. Charles Parish, for her review of this document. Where to get the Poster and Teacher’s Companion Copies of the poster and Teacher’s Companion may be obtained from the Public Information Office (MS 5034) at the following address: U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service Gulf of Mexico OCS Region Public Information Office (MS 5034) 1201 Elmwood Park Boulevard New Orleans, Louisiana 70123-2394 Telephone Number: (504) 736-2519 or 1-800-200-GULF 1 Table of Contents Page Number About This Lesson 3 Where It Fits into the Curriculum 3 Objectives for Students 4 Materials for Students 4 What is Chemical Oceanography? 5 Chemical Oceanography in the Gulf of Mexico 5 Temperature and Salinity Plots 6 Thermocline 6 Suspended Sediments 6 Nutrients 6 Phytoplankton 7 Detrital Rain 7 Hypoxia 7 Currents, Eddies, and Upwelling - The Eddy Graveyard 8 Naturally Occurring Oil Seeps 8 Barite Chimneys 8 Gas Hydrates and Chemosynthetic Communities 9 Naturally Occurring Brine Pools 9 Vocabulary 10 Suggested Topics for Term Papers 11 Activities 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Restoration of the Salton Sea Summary Report
    RECLAMATION Managing Water in theWest Restoration of the Salton Sea Summary Report U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Lower Colorado Region September 2007 Mission Statements The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation’s natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian Tribes and our commitments to island communities. The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public. Restoration of the Salton Sea Summary Report U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Lower Colorado Region Boulder City, Nevada September 2007 Salton Sea location map. iii Abbreviations and Acronyms ALL Annualized Loss of Life APF Annualized Probability of Failure AQM air quality mitigation BMPs best management practices CEQA California Environmental Quality Act CVWD Coachella Valley Water District DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement DO dissolved oxygen DWR California Department of Water Resources EIR Environmental Impact Report EPA Environmental Protection Agency ERS Ecosystem Restoration Studies H2S hydrogen sulfide IID Imperial Irrigation District IMPLAN IMpact Analysis for PLANning IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LOL loss of life m meters µg/L micrograms per liter maf/yr million acre-feet per year mg/L milligrams per liter msl mean sea level NaCl halite NED national economic development NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NH3 ammonia NWR National Wildlife Refuge OMER&R operation, maintenance, energy, replacement, and risk v Restoration of the Salton Sea Summary Report Abbreviations and Acronyms (continued) P Phosphorus P.L.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hydrology and Mineralogy of Deep Springs Lake Inyo County, California
    The Hydrology and Mineralogy of Deep Springs Lake Inyo County, California GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 502-A The Hydrology and Mineralogy of Deep Springs Lake Inyo County, California By BLAIR F. JONES CLOSED-BASIN INVESTIGATIONS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 502-A A study of the relation between hydrologic factors and .saline mineralogy for a small playa in the western Great Basin UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1965 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract _______ ---_-----·-____ --_-- __ ------_-_-- ___ _ A1 Hydrochemistry-Continued Sampling _____________________________________ _ Introduction--------------~------------------------ 2 A25 Acknowledgments ___ .. _________________________ _ 2 pH and alkalinitY------------------------------- 26 Geography __________ .. _________________________ _ 3 Major-element analysis ____ ---------------------- 27 Sulfide _______________________________________ _ Bedrock geology of the Deep Springs Valley ______ _ 6 27 Quaternary geology_--·----- ____________________ _ Presentation and interpretation of data ___________ _ 27 8 Inflow ________________________________________ _ Hydrology ______________ .. _________________________ _ 9 32 Lake area _____________________________________ _ Precipitation ________ .. _________________________ _ 9 40 Evaporation _______ --·----
    [Show full text]