Détection Et Modélisation De Binaires Sismiques Avec Kepler

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Détection Et Modélisation De Binaires Sismiques Avec Kepler Frédéric MARCADON Détection et modélisation de binaires sismiques avec Kepler Directeur de thèse : Thierry APPOURCHAUX Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale Orsay – 20 mars 2018 Introduction à l’astérosismologie Astérosismologie avec K2 Intérêt des étoiles binaires Introduction générale Missions CoRoT et Kepler : détection d’exoplanètes par la méthode des transits et caractérisation des étoiles hôtes par l’astérosismologie. Astérosismologie : outil de diagnostic de la structure interne des étoiles et de détermination de leurs propriétés physiques (masse et âge). Observation des variations de luminosité des étoiles au cours du temps par photométrie (courbes de lumière). Frédéric MARCADON Détection et modélisation de binaires sismiques avec Kepler 1 / 36 Introduction à l’astérosismologie Astérosismologie avec K2 Intérêt des étoiles binaires Sommaire 1 Introduction à l’astérosismologie 2 Astérosismologie avec K2 3 Intérêt des étoiles binaires 4 Binaires sismiques avec Kepler 5 Analyse orbitale de HD 188753 6 Modélisation de HD 188753 7 Conclusions et perspectives Frédéric MARCADON Détection et modélisation de binaires sismiques avec Kepler 2 / 36 Introduction à l’astérosismologie Astérosismologie avec K2 Intérêt des étoiles binaires Sommaire 1 Introduction à l’astérosismologie 2 Astérosismologie avec K2 3 Intérêt des étoiles binaires 4 Binaires sismiques avec Kepler 5 Analyse orbitale de HD 188753 6 Modélisation de HD 188753 7 Conclusions et perspectives Frédéric MARCADON Détection et modélisation de binaires sismiques avec Kepler 2 / 36 Introduction à l’astérosismologie Astérosismologie avec K2 Intérêt des étoiles binaires Théorie des oscillations stellaires Astérosismologie : étude des oscillations des étoiles permettant de sonder leur structure interne. Différents types d’ondes se propageant à l’intérieur de l’étoile : les ondes acoustiques générées dans la zone convective et dont la force de rappel est la pression (modes p). les ondes internes de gravité confinées dans la zone radiative et dont la force de rappel est la poussée d’Archimède (modes g). Frédéric MARCADON Détection et modélisation de binaires sismiques avec Kepler 3 / 36 Introduction à l’astérosismologie Astérosismologie avec K2 Intérêt des étoiles binaires Astérosismologie et physique stellaire Oscillations stellaires détectées par l’observation des variations de luminosité des étoiles (courbes de lumière). Grande séparation ∆ν : inverse du temps nécessaire à l’onde sonore pour effectuer un aller-retour entre le centre et la surface. −1 Z R dr ∆ν = 2 (1) 0 c(r) Paramètres sismiques ∆ν et νmax reliés aux paramètres stellaires à travers les lois d’échelle. M νmax 2 q / R pTeff M ∆ν 3 d02 / R Spectre de puissance de KIC 8379927 (gauche) et zoom sur les modes (droite) Frédéric MARCADON Détection et modélisation de binaires sismiques avec Kepler 4 / 36 Introduction à l’astérosismologie Astérosismologie avec K2 Intérêt des étoiles binaires Astérosismologie et physique stellaire Fréquences ν des modes de pression données par l’expression asymptotique (Tassoul, 1980, 1990) : l 1 νn;l n + + + α ∆ν (2) ' 2 4 ordre radial n et degré angulaire l α dépend des conditions dans les couches superficielles Diagramme échelle : spectre de puissance découpé en portions de longueur ∆ν superposées les unes au-dessus des autres. ∆ν d02 Zoom sur les modes de KIC 8379927 (gauche) et diagramme échelle (droite) Frédéric MARCADON Détection et modélisation de binaires sismiques avec Kepler 5 / 36 Introduction à l’astérosismologie Astérosismologie avec K2 Intérêt des étoiles binaires Astérosismologie et physique stellaire Modes mixtes : information concernant le stade évolutif de l’étoile directement visible sur le diagramme échelle (KIC 11026764). ) Diagrammes échelle de KIC 8379927 (gauche) et KIC 11026764 (droite) Frédéric MARCADON Détection et modélisation de binaires sismiques avec Kepler 6 / 36 Introduction à l’astérosismologie Astérosismologie avec K2 Intérêt des étoiles binaires Analyse de la structure interne 506 7 Applications of Asteroseismology Description approximative des couches superficielles de l’étoile. Décalage entre fréquences théoriques et observées (effets de surface). ) Différence entre fréquences observées et théoriques pour le Soleil Fig.Figure 7.24. tiréeFrequency de Aerts differences et al. between (2010) observed data and frequencies of a Frédéric MARCADON solar model, inDétection the sense et (observations) modélisation de – (model). binaires sismiques The observed avec frequencies Kepler 7 / 36 were obtained by combining low-degree data from Chaplin et al. (2007b) with intermediate-degree (Larson & Schou 2008) and high-degree (J. Reiter, private communication) data from MDI; the model frequencies are for Model S of Christensen-Dalsgaard et al. (1996). Crosses indicate modes with l 200, ≤ diamonds are modes with 200 <l 500 and triangles are modes with 500 <l. ≤ Panel (a) shows the raw differences. In panel (b) the differences have been scaled by Qnl,definedinEq.(7.10). Here ridges corresponding to low radial orders n are evident; the lowest values have been indicated in the figure. sist of a suitably combined set of low-degree modes from BiSON observations (Chaplin et al. 2007b), as well as intermediate-degree (Larson & Schou 2008) and high-degree modes from the medium-l and dynamics programmes of the MDI, respectively. The unscaled differences (panel a) show a strong depen- dence on l.InSection7.1.1.1 we argued that if the dominant difference between the Sun and the model is restricted to the near-surface layers, this l depen- dence can be suppressed by scaling with Qnl,illustratedinFig.7.9.Infact, as illustrated in panel b, the dependence on l is largely (but not completely) suppressed by scaling. This strongly suggests that most of the errors in the model are located very near the surface. We note that this is precisely the Introduction à l’astérosismologie Astérosismologie avec K2 Intérêt des étoiles binaires Analyse de la structure interne Description approximative des couches superficielles de l’étoile. Décalage entre fréquences théoriques et observées (effets de surface). ) Rapports de fréquences dépendant uniquement de la structure interne à travers le terme δl (Roxburgh et Vorontsov, 2003) : −1 2π νn;l (2∆l ) = (n + l=2)π + α(νn;l ) δl (νn;l ) (3) − α dépend des conditions dans les couches superficielles d02(n) d01(n) d10(n) r02(n) = , r01(n) = , r10(n) = (4) ∆1(n) ∆1(n) ∆0(n + 1) petites séparations d02(n), d01(n) et d10(n) grandes séparations ∆l (n) = νn l νn−1 l ; − ; Frédéric MARCADON Détection et modélisation de binaires sismiques avec Kepler 7 / 36 Introduction à l’astérosismologie Astérosismologie avec K2 Intérêt des étoiles binaires Analyse de la structure interne Petite séparation d02 dépend de l’abondance centrale en hydrogène et24 donc 1 Introducingde l’état Asteroseismology évolutif de l’étoile. Rapport de fréquences r02 particulièrement sensible à l’âge. ) Diagramme de Christensen-Dalsgaard (1993) Fig. 1.11. An asteroseismicFigure HR Diagram tirée de in whichAerts the et large al. separation (2010) ∆ν is most sensitive to mass, and the small separation δν is most sensitive to age. The solid, Frédéricnearly verticalMARCADON lines are lines of constantDétection mass, and et the modélisation nearly horizontal de binaires dashed sismiques lines avec Kepler 8 / 36 are isopleths of constant hydrogen mass fraction in the core, at the values indicated in the figure. deal with structural changes, the details of which are presented in Chapter 3. Each of these changes has its own characteristic time scale, which is the ratio of the quantity that is changed and its rate of change. Relevant quantities are: the radius, the internal energy and the nuclear energy of the star. The longest relevant time scale is the nuclear time scale, ϵqMc2 τ , (1.14) nuc ≡ L where q is the small fraction (typically below 10%) of the stellar mass that can take part in the nuclear burning and ϵ is the fraction of that mass which is converted into energy in the nuclearreactions(around0.7%forhydrogen fusion); thus the numerator of this expression is the nuclear energy reservoir of the star. This time scale essentially expresses how long the star can shine with nuclear fusion as its energy source, given its luminosity. The nuclear time scale ranges from less than a million years to trillions of years for the highest to the lowest mass stars, respectively. In the solar case, the nuclear time scale is around 10 billion years. Introduction à l’astérosismologie Astérosismologie avec K2 Intérêt des étoiles binaires Sommaire 1 Introduction à l’astérosismologie 2 Astérosismologie avec K2 3 Intérêt des étoiles binaires 4 Binaires sismiques avec Kepler 5 Analyse orbitale de HD 188753 6 Modélisation de HD 188753 7 Conclusions et perspectives Frédéric MARCADON Détection et modélisation de binaires sismiques avec Kepler 9 / 36 Introduction à l’astérosismologie Astérosismologie avec K2 Intérêt des étoiles binaires Détection d’oscillations avec K2 Mai 2013 : la mission Kepler prend fin avec la perte d’une 2e roue de réaction. Nouveau mode de fonctionnement connu sous le nom de K2. Capacité) à détecter des étoiles de type solaire à partir des nouvelles données : spectres de puissance de 23 étoiles distribués à différentes équipes. ! détection des oscillations et détermination des paramètres sismiques. À! partir des codes développés par notre équipe pour la mission Kepler : détection de 2 cibles parmi les 4 identifiées par l’ensemble des équipes. ! ajustement des spectres de puissance afin d’estimer νmax et
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