IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE THROUGH TRANSIT-HUBS Delivering City Value and Prosperity with Mobility Oriented Developments Transit-hubs are no longer simply a place where the traveler arrives or departs. The facilities in and around the hub make the area a destination itself and can provide a ripple effect that encourages investment in the times are increasing and transport environmental and economic area, generates new revenue infrastructure is under greater potential of existing transit-hubs is THE ARCADIS MOBILITY streams and boosts wider pressure than ever. exploited. By looking at the leading practices among transportation prosperity. Yet, these are only two aspects of a city’s mobility story. Major transit- professionals and city planners, Every city is dependent on mobility. hubs are no longer simply places as well as missed opportunities ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT Mobility enables people, goods where a traveler arrives or departs: observed at transit-hub and ideas to move in, out and the facilities in and around a major developments around the world, within our cities, whether on its airport or train station make the we can gain valuable insights roads or in the air. As urban centers area a destination itself. In today’s into approaches that will allow BENCHMARKING us to optimize multi-mode transit- continue to increase in size and urban settings, transit-hubs cannot density, mobility is becoming a be (re)developed without regard for hub designs. more pressing issue for a city’s the surrounding area. At their best, Arcadis’ integrated approach to INDEX (MODex) residents. In today’s cities, journey transit-hubs can provide a ripple such transit-related developments effect that encourages investment, is called Mobility Oriented generates new revenue streams Development, or MODe. With and improves the overall quality of MODe, we focus on the integration life in their neighborhood. of four key elements that bring The challenges each city and value to transit-hubs: connectivity, neighborhood faces differ: every urban environment, social city has its own unique mobility placemaking and economic needs and every transport development. By quantifying these development has its own goals. elements, refined according to Yet there are some considerations our extensive global experience common to all of them. These and observations of developed include the need to maximize best practices, we have created a stakeholder alignment and rigorous framework by which to involvement, the generation of compare transit-hubs. This allows sufficient funding and return on us to see, like never before, their investment, the provision of more untapped potential. efficient and affordable transport, capitalizing on a transit-hub's This report is an update to the placemaking, preparedness for inaugural issue, Our Mobile new technologies and improving Future: Delivering City Value passenger experience. These and Prosperity Through Mobility considerations, though on different Oriented Developments, released scales depending on the city and in 2015. project in question, are important factors for international and Bas Bollinger city-level mobility, as well the (re) Mobility Expert - Urban Transport and Mobility development of transportation Oriented Development hubs. Developing a modern transit model requires extensive future planning and development. But it also means ensuring that the full social,

2 3 MODe: Evolving Transit-related Development Mobility Oriented Development (MODe) is an evolution of transit-related planning and execution. MODe contributes to looking It provides transit choices at the bigger picture such as that connect and improve the following: mobility and people’s lives. • Sustains ridership MODe ensures transit-hubs • Discourages driving are maximally efficient in their • Anticipates new forms of main task - transporting people mobility and goods - and generate • Makes walking and biking safer greater prosperity for both • Adds a mix of uses citizens and investors. • Offers diverse placemaking • Supports transit usage. Figure 1: Overall MODex Scores MODe serves both public and This way of thinking allows private stakeholders. By attracting US: New York Grand Central Terminal additional private investments, developers to think not only in MODe can maximize the return on the present, but also equips them US: Washington Union Station investment in both the transit-hub for future changes, while also AS: Hong Kong HKU Station allowing public authorities to and the surrounding areas. This in EU: Paris Gare du Nord Train Station turn helps to accelerate social and better understand how to realize economic development in the area. a development’s financial potential. EU: Rotterdam Central Station UK: London Kings Cross/St Pancras Mobility oriented development aims to shift thinking from single- EU: Madrid Principe Pio minded rail mobility, to providing US: Denver Union Station citizens with a full range of mobility options as they live, work, learn AS: Beijing Wangjing Station and play in high-quality urban LA: São Paulo Pinheiros Metro Station environments. Every option must LA: São Paulo Luz Station be considered, from walking, cycling and bus transport to EU: Amsterdam Zuid Station Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Light AUS: Sydney Martin Place Station Rapid Transit (LRT), metro and EU: Amsterdam Bijlmer Arena aviation. Whereas transit-related developments are traditionally EU: Berlin Hauptbahnhof designed to do the following: EU: Amsterdam Central Station • Induce ridership EU: Lyon Part Dieu • Reduce driving AS: Shanghai Longyang Road Station • Increase walking and biking US: Dallas Mockingbird Station • Add convenience EU: Brussels Midi/Zuid • Increase density AUS: Melbourne Southern Cross Station • Encourage overall transit use. UK: London Wimbledon Station UK: London Euston Station US: Los Angeles Union Station AUS: Sydney Chatswood Station AUS: Sydney Central Station LA: Santiago La Cisterna

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 TOTAL SCORE

4 5 The Arcadis MODe Benchmarking Index assesses a transit-hub by comparing it to global best practices. It defines the overall value of integrated development at and around transit- hubs. The Index has been constructed using indicators that measure the quality of the key elements that bring value to a development. In

this way, a transit-hub can be Courtesy: Denver Union Station compared before and after its redevelopment, increases understanding of how Figure 2: Score by Indicator sustainable multi-modal urban environments can be created US: New York Grand Central Terminal and the main factors that US: Washington Union Station optimize them for wider AS: Hong Kong HKU Station social benefit. EU: Paris Gare du Nord Train Station

EU: Rotterdam Central Station The Benchmarking Index, THE ARCADIS MODE UK: London Kings Cross/St Pancras MODex, reveals the potential EU: Madrid Principe Pio of existing or future US: Denver Union Station developments by providing BENCHMARKING INDEX AS: Beijing Wangjing Station the following: LA: São Paulo Pinheiros Metro Station • The ability to investigate how (MODex): REALIZING THE far investment in a transit-hub LA: São Paulo Luz Station contributes to the success and EU: Amsterdam Zuid Station added value of the multi-modal AUS: Sydney Martin Place Station urban environment, including VALUE OF MOBILITY higher property values, public EU: Amsterdam Bijlmer Arena spaces and increased revenue EU: Berlin Hauptbahnhof for local businesses EU: Amsterdam Central Station • The ability to find out where ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT EU: Lyon Part Dieu there is room for improvement • The quantification of qualitative AS: Shanghai Longyang Road Station

measures US: Dallas Mockingbird Station • A global performance EU: Brussels Midi/Zuid “It’s exciting to see the private development that was sparked and continues to grow as a comparison of multi-modal AUS: Melbourne Southern Cross Station result of the redevelopment of Denver Union Station. The Union Station area is truly a major urban environments according to a range of transit-hub UK: London Wimbledon Station destination in the metro area with its vast options for entertainment and business that can key values. easily be reached with our world-class transit facility and services.” UK: London Euston Station US: Los Angeles Union Station

Dave Genova, AUS: Sydney Chatswood Station Denver Regional Transportation District General Manager and CEO AUS: Sydney Central Station

LA: Santiago La Cisterna

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

URBAN SOCIAL ECONOMIC TRANSITHUB ENVIRONMENT PLACEMAKING DEVELOPMENT CONNECTIVITY

6 7 MODex addresses four key indicators, each built from several specific variables. Each variable has its own set of values to measure the score of the development and compare it to others:

1 Transit-hub Connectivity Describes the quality of the transit-hub in relation to the variety and quantity of transit modalities, its proximity to other important locations and facilities, and its provision of comfort to the traveler. 2 Urban Environment Assesses the urban form of the environment and how sustainable it is. Urban form is determined by variables such as an area’s density and whether a development is mixed-use. 3 Social Placemaking Weighs variables that contribute to a vibrant and multimodal urban environment. These include factors such as the quality of the public space and the variety of public facilities within the transit zone. A new parameter to this indicator has been added, safety and security, to assess the resilience of a transit-hub to climate change impacts, intentional undesired events as well as traffic and passenger safety and security. Economic Development 4 Using these values, we assessed a Evaluates the prosperity, economic activity and property value selection of transit-related stations of the urban environment within the transit zone, relative to the around the world, of which we national average. show the performance of leading developments. This year, we’ve evolved the benchmark data set to provide an even more comprehensive assessment of the value of transit- hubs. In addition, we’ve increased the number of transit-hubs in the benchmark to include additional, recently developed, regional or iconic stations around the world. The transit-hubs considered are in various stages of evolution towards a mobility-oriented approach. Importantly, the purpose of the Arcadis MODe Benchmarking Index is not to create a hierarchy of transit-hubs, but to indicate areas of opportunity. As the world continues to become more reliant on its urban centers, we hope that city leaders and transit agencies find this a valuable tool to assess their progress and align priorities for an improved quality of life for all.

8 9 Main Findings • Like the previous release, New York Grand Central has the highest total benchmark score in overall performance. The high number and types of transit connections in a relatively dense area, and a densely developed metropolitan surrounding • Paris Gare du Nord overall it, strongly contribute to its Figure 3: NYC Grand Central Terminal performance is high as well. benchmark. New York is closely Compared to London King’s followed by Washington DC Cross it scores somewhat higher, Union Station for similar reasons. 1. Hub facilities because not only parameters 100% • Hong Kong University station about the station itself are 10. Transit quality 2. Environmental Sustainability scores high on connectivity, 80% assessed, but also because mainly for the number of bus of the surrounding urban lines connecting with the metro 60% environment. Gare du Nord station in a relatively small area 40% profits from its surroundings, and connects to a large number 9. Proximity 3. Urban Form with high performance on urban of cities within sixty minutes 20% environment variables such as travel time. 0% high density, mixed-use and qualitative characteristics, but also performs high on social 8. Property Value 4. Public amenities placemaking variables such as public amenities. • Rotterdam Central Station has been undergoing a large 7. Business Employment 5. Safety & Security transformation and development the past decade, which 6. Prosperity contributes to an improving benchmark. Property prices CURRENT BENCHMARK around the station have increased, and it performs high on qualitative and integrated urban environment, and its Figure 4: Hong Kong HKU connectivity standards such as facilities within the station itself, multimodality and transit quality.

1. Hub facilities • London King’s Cross / St Pancras 100% scores lower on the benchmark 10. Transit quality 2. Environmental Sustainability because, unlike the 2015 MODex 80% was assessed together with 60% Euston Station. The latter is now assessed separately. Kings’ 40% 9. Proximity 3. Urban Form Cross/St. Pancras has the highest 20% performance on transit quality Courtesy: CRTKL and connectivity, because of the 0% high standard of hub facilities and the high concentration

8. Property Value 4. Public amenities of transportation lines. The future MODex score of Euston station should be interesting to follow, since this station will also

7. Business Employment undergo a major restructuring 5. Safety & Security and expansion to accommodate

6. Prosperity the high-speed rail line (HS2) to Birmingham and further north.

CURRENT BENCHMARK

10 11 Transit-hub Connectivity Washington DC Union Station and Rotterdam Central Station are leading the group of six highest scoring stations in connectivity. These stations stand out by offering many transfer possibilities in a highly concentrated area. In Figure 5: Transit-Hub Connectivity Figure 7: Social Placemaking addition, these stations offer a EU: Rotterdam Central Station complete set of facilities to the US: New York Grand Central Terminal AS: Hong Kong HKU Station US: Denver Union Station traveler, which contributes to EU: Brussels Midi/Zuid US: Dallas Mockingbird Station higher scores. US: Washington Union Station US: Washington Union Station US: New York Grand Central Terminal AS: Beijing Wangjing Station AUS: Sydney Martin Place Station EU: Paris Gare du Nord Train Station EU: Paris Gare du Nord Train Station Urban Environment EU: Rotterdam Central Station EU: Amsterdam Bijlmer Arena EU: Madrid Principe Pio Madrid’s Principe Pio tops the UK: London Kings Cross/St Pancras UK: London Kings Cross/St Pancras EU: Amsterdam Zuid Station urban environment indicator EU: Amsterdam Bijlmer Arena EU: Amsterdam Central Station due to its high quality urban EU: Berlin Hauptbahnhof EU: Madrid Principe Pio LA: São Paulo Pinheiros Metro Station form and public space. Along AS: Shanghai Longyang Road Station AS: Shanghai Longyang Road Station LA: São Paulo Pinheiros Metro Station with several other stations, LA: São Paulo Luz Station EU: Lyon Part Dieu like Washington D.C.’s Union AS: Hong Kong HKU Station LA: São Paulo Luz Station EU: Amsterdam Zuid Station Station and Rotterdam’s Central US: Dallas Mockingbird Station Courtesy: CRTKL AUS: Melbourne Southern Cross Station EU: Berlin Hauptbahnhof Station, it also scores high in AUS: Sydney Martin Place Station UK: London Euston Station US: Los Angeles Union Station environmental sustainability for US: Los Angeles Union Station AUS: Sydney Chatswood Station attributes like energy efficiency, AS: Beijing Wangjing Station EU: Lyon Part Dieu US: Denver Union Station climate adaptation measures and Social Placemaking UK: London Wimbledon Station UK: London Wimbledon Station LA: Santiago La Cisterna green environment. It’s striking LA: Santiago La Cisterna It's not surprising that stations AUS: Sydney Central Station AUS: Melbourne Southern Cross Station that in general, European transit- EU: Amsterdam Central Station AUS: Sydney Central Station located in a dense urban area score hubs score relatively high on EU: Brussels Midi/Zuid AUS: Sydney Chatswood Station high with the presence of public urban environment as compared UK: London Euston Station 0 50 100 150 200 250 amenities. Regarding safety and to others around the world. In 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 HUB FACILITIES PROXIMITY TRANSIT QUALITY security, it is interesting to see general, climate resilience and PUBLIC AMENITIES SAFETY AND SECURITY North America and Europe ambitions in sustainability cannot scoring the highest, followed always be explicitly recognized. by Hong Kong. These is one of the key challenges Economic Development for the near future. Figure 6: Urban Environment Economic Figure 8: EU: Madrid Principe Pio US: Washington Union Station EU: Rotterdam Central Station Development AS: Hong Kong HKU Station EU: Berlin Hauptbahnhof US: New York Grand Central Terminal EU: Amsterdam Zuid Station The economic development AS: Beijing Wangjing Station UK: London Kings Cross/St Pancras indicator sees New York’s Grand LA: São Paulo Pinheiros Metro Station AUS: Sydney Martin Place Station Central and Washington DC’s EU: Paris Gare du Nord Train Station EU: Paris Gare du Nord Train Station LA: São Paulo Luz Station US: Denver Union Station Union Station leading the way, UK: London Kings Cross/St Pancras US: New York Grand Central Terminal with high scores across prosperity UK: London Euston Station EU: Lyon Part Dieu and property values. High scores US: Denver Union Station US: Washington Union Station EU: Rotterdam Central Station EU: Amsterdam Bijlmer Arena in economic development reflect AUS: Melbourne Southern Cross Station AS: Hong Kong HKU Station the importance of transit-hubs EU: Amsterdam Central Station AUS: Sydney Chatswood Station UK: London Wimbledon Station EU: Amsterdam Central Station within the city, and highlights AS: Shanghai Longyang Road Station LA: São Paulo Luz Station differences of these metropoles EU: Madrid Principe Pio AUS: Sydney Central Station with the country average. Most EU: Brussels Midi/Zuid US: Dallas Mockingbird Station US: Los Angeles Union Station AUS: Melbourne Southern Cross Station striking is the significant variance EU: Amsterdam Zuid Station LA: São Paulo Pinheiros Metro Station with business employment. The AUS: Sydney Chatswood Station EU: Brussels Midi/Zuid Washington Union Station area EU: Lyon Part Dieu UK: London Wimbledon Station EU: Amsterdam Bijlmer Arena US: Los Angeles Union Station scores extremely high due to a AUS: Sydney Central Station AS: Beijing Wangjing Station high concentration of federal AUS: Sydney Martin Place Station AS: Shanghai Longyang Road Station government offices surrounding LA: Santiago La Cisterna UK: London Euston Station EU: Berlin Hauptbahnhof LA: Santiago La Cisterna the station. With most other US: Dallas Mockingbird Station 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 locations, we see fairly high 020406080 100 120 140 160 180 200 ENVIROMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY URBAN FORM employment, yet some stations PROSPERITY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT PROPERTY VALUE show a relatively moderate score which may indicate an unleveraged potential.

12 13 U.S. policy responses to car travel have focused on technological innovations that make car travel more environmentally friendly. Air quality standards, safety improvements, and intelligent transportation systems have all emphasized making car travel cleaner, safer and more efficient. Even the excitement around in New York. Here, commercial Ultimately, North American acceptance of autonomous vehicles has largely mixed-use development is multi-modal facilities and mobility-based been structured as a conversation clustered around a highly MOBILITY IN THE U.S.A. about the ways in which these development reflect issues related functioning, multi-modal vehicles will integrate into the station. It provides retail and to its history, culture, and overall mix of primarily single other services within an iconic financial priorities. ownership vehicles. Some even station adjoining the National AN EVOLUTION believe investment in public September 11 Memorial Museum. transportation in America is The recently completed Union a waste of money, because Station redevelopment in Denver autonomous vehicles will become brings together rail, bus, and bike the preferred mobility option in the services, all housed within an iconic future. Conversation in America has station setting, combined with long been rooted in the advocacy dense clusters of new mixed-use of the single occupancy car as the office, hotel, retail and residential preferred mobility system, even in development surrounding the urban areas. station. Los Angeles’ Union Nevertheless, public transit, biking, Station is currently undergoing and pedestrian mobility are all a major 10 year renovation and gaining popularity in America. redevelopment that promises It’s significant that major transit greater multi-modal connectivity, networks are being built (albeit first-class architecture and after they were largely abandoned mixed-use development in the for automobile networks) in major surrounding area. The city will metropolitan areas throughout finally have a transit-hub befitting the U.S. Though American cities a city of its global reputation, are fundamentally different made even more pressing with from global peer cities, there are the announcement that the city North American examples of will host the Summer Olympics. robust mobility networks that in 2028. Regional initiatives for Nate Cherry have improved the quality of life high-speed rail are gaining political Vice President, CRTKL for urban residents, such as San momentum in California, Texas and Francisco, Seattle, Minneapolis, along the Eastern Seaboard. Denver, Chicago, New York and Ultimately, North American Boston. In these cities, a mix of acceptance of multi-modal facilities Public transit is gaining popularity in North America. This is no public transit, active transportation and mobility-based development improvements, and sensible doubt partly due to the growth in urban populations over the reflect issues related to its history, limitations on automobile use last 20 years. However, there are fundamental differences in the culture, and financial priorities. have greatly benefited the quality Let’s hope that each region in ways in which North Americans and Europeans travel: in 2010, of the regional environment, North America continues to “do it the average American drove for 85 percent of their daily trips, individual human health and social its own way”, while also learning cohesion, without significantly whereas the average European drove only 50 percent of the from best practices elsewhere. increasing travel times. time (City Lab, 2014). For trips of less than a mile, Americans In America, there are several major drove 70 percent of the time, while our European counterparts ongoing or recently completed drove less than 30 percent of the time. The average European’s urban multi-modal transit-hub first impulse is to consider a variety of transport options when projects. These developments suggest that world-class transport they need to travel. For Americans, travel almost always means centers can be economically and using a car. There are several reasons for this disparity; some socially beneficial to America’s of them are foundational to the ways cities were formed, cities. A prime example is the Oculus structure at the World while some are more policy-driven decisions that impact Trade Center transportation hub recent mobility choices.

14 15 Sustained investment and dedicated capital is required if cities are to transform their transit-hubs into the vibrant facilities that today’s urban residents demand. However, public and private funding is not always readily available Around the world, both private and for infrastructure projects governmental organizations have WHAT ABOUT THE – the global infrastructure explored a variety of innovative investment schemes to overcome investment gap is estimated the funding gap. In Rotterdam, the at USD $3.7 trillion per public transport company made MONEY? INVESTMENT year until 2035 (McKinsey & itself independent of public funding by optimizing its business model. Company, 2017). Public-private As a reward for their success, they partnerships (PPP’s) account eliminated the time-consuming IN MOBILITY ORIENTED for an estimated 12 percent bid process required for new work. of infrastructure investment For capital infrastructure projects, PPPs are used to secure funds DEVELOPMENT in some advanced economies, for more significant investments, but the global average is just such as Transport for London’s three percent (McKinsey & Docklands Light Rail, where railway just how, but where to invest. On operations were franchised to the one hand, a growing urban Company, 2016). a private entity. Purely private population requires structured infrastructure funding initiatives public initiatives. On the other are also being encouraged for hand, however, disruptive the development of electric technologies and emerging and autonomous vehicles. This businesses affect how a city method enables medium-sized should evolve and especially how business enterprises to enter the its transit-hubs will function. transportation market with their Policymakers need to think not services and contribute to the next only about the present factors generation of mobility. involved in the creation of new Private investment is also helping metro lines, rapid bus corridors to fund some of the world’s largest and networks of bicycle lanes, but urban infrastructure projects. they also need to anticipate future CrossRail2, also in London, is transit-related developments. A aiming to attract significant strategy is needed that takes into private investment by advertising account, for example, the change the positive social and economic in traffic flows that would be opportunities that the rail line triggered by ride-sharing around has brought to its surrounding stations and airports, as well as neighborhoods. how fewer parking spaces and available real estate might free up Hong Kong’s corporatized public the physical and legal path for a company Mass Transit Railway, Hyperloop in the future. MTR, uses the profits from real- estate developments surrounding Metropolitan public authorities, their rail stations to pay for future working in tandem with the private rail extensions. New York City’s sector, increasingly need to co- Hudson Yard project and San create bold, flexible, integrated, Francisco’s Transbay Center have investible and versatile strategies Courtesy: Société du Grand Paris - Agence Kengo both used taxation, grants and to fund these complex projects. Kuma & Associates loans to help cover the costs of Cities that take a MODe approach these subway expansions. São will generate investments from Paulo uses the income from both public and private sectors and Metropolitan public authorities, working in tandem with the private sector, auctioned real estate development stand to benefit from the best in need to co-create bold, flexible, integrated, investible and versatile strategies rights to fund new public transport. class practices around the globe, ensuring an improved quality of life Strategy and policy makers and to fund these complex projects for their residents. private investors must decide not

16 17 Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is a way of integrating transportation modes (e.g. public transport, autonomous vehicles, parking, shared cars, bikes, taxi) into one digitized system. This enables a seamless exchange between MaaS in Arcadis works with a MaaS different modalities. solution provider to make sure WHAT IS MOBILITY Amsterdam’s the solution is tailored to the Digital apps, like the ones on needs of the employees of the your smartphone, can easily Zuidas Business variety of companies within the provide MaaS by displaying travel District district. At the same time, facilities AS A SERVICE information on how to get to a for accommodating adjustments destination, make reservations for Amsterdam’s Zuidas Business to the infrastructure are included cars, rent bikes and even pay for District is fully embracing the in the ongoing transport-hub transport services, either per use MaaS concept. The area has a redevelopment program. (MaaS)? or through a subscription model. huge mobility demand, as many This marks a significant departure high-profile companies are based from traditional vehicle ownership in the area. These companies, who and fixed transport passes and are key stakeholders in expanding it provides a custom and turnkey transport options, are well transport service. This will ensure coordinated, with several shared that every user travels the most mobility options currently available efficient route, in the greatest to all of them, such as shared bikes comfort and at the lowest and shared electric cars. possible price. A more comprehensive strategy Around the world, several MaaS will require all Zuidas Business oriented initiatives are underway. District companies to enter a joint Most of them are focused on buying process, where companies further integration of public agree to bring in a minimum transit offerings, and in some number of users into the MaaS cases, this also includes the ‘last platform. By combining buying mile’ transportation options. The powers, the procurement position next step will involve larger-scale becomes stronger, which helps implementation and will include transport providers adjust their all public and private transport future offerings. modality options.

18 19 As more people move to cities, transit-hubs will have to provide increasingly high economic, environmental and social value. To meet these demands, early planning, collaboration and a truly holistic outlook are all needed. planners, developers, business This means prioritizing owners, retailers, investors, transit A VERY MODERN PROBLEM: not only economic and owner-operators and community groups. Typically, each party environmental benefits, but concerns itself with the part of the also demonstrating that new development that they have direct WHY TRANSIT-RELATED developments have public influence over. Yet this approach limits the overall impact of a hub health advantages and will development and makes it difficult benefit overall quality of life. to fully integrate the hub into the DEVELOPMENT NEEDS wider surrounding area. In these Rising to the challenges faced cases, development of the area by modern cities requires a around the hub happens because next level approach to transit- of the hub, rather than in tandem TO EVOLVE hub development. To meet the with its development. The result expectations of modern city- is transit-served developments, dwellers and to improve their rather than transit-oriented quality of life, these hubs must be developments. genuinely mixed mobility oriented developments, offering a range of This disparate activity means that transit modes and encouraging the developments often do not realize use of sustainable options. Not only their design potential: the various does this mean taking advantage parts do not come together to of the best of today’s practices, form a cohesive whole, meaning but it also means anticipating how developments fail to maximize future technological developments their potential as commercial will provide new ways of moving and social spaces. There are people, goods and services. several common practices which compromise on design potential. Looking to the future also means For example, to attract investment cultivating sustainable urban and generate an early return, environments. Transit-related many transit-oriented masterplans developments must be undertaken predominantly focus on high- with a care for the area in which end residential elements, to the they are built, ensuring that they neglect of other components that provide more leisure, housing and also add wider social, economic workplace options. If this is done and environmental value to the well, the neighborhoods created development. Equally, by focusing or regenerated will become on road and rail connection plans, destinations in themselves. opportunities are missed to Urban environments that offer a encourage the use of other, more high quality of life, also have the sustainable transport options. added value of attracting new people and businesses. Businesses will be particularly attracted by neighborhoods that are easily accessible; as this means more customers and easier access for their employees. Leveraging the value of such a development is a complex process, with a lot of stakeholders, all of whom have varying interests. In any major development, these stakeholders will include city

20 21 In these cities, railway operators are Hong Kong public entities, meaning that they are operationally and financially SAR, China linked to public authorities and they mostly rely on government Hong Kong is one of the few cities subsidies to fund transit in the world with a self-financing development. In an increasing rail system, without the need for number of cases, part of transits direct government subsidies. MTR value-add to affected real estate Corporation, a semipublic entity is returned to public authorities by in Hong Kong, provides for the The Government of Hong Kong auctioning development rights, construction and operation of mass and MTR retain full control over by levying taxations or creating transit railway systems, carrying an the land, and MTR develops the MOBILITY co-investment covenants. The average of 5.6 million passengers stations and rail, with private developments are coordinated every weekday. In addition, MTR developers building and selling the and managed by the respective engages in the development and real estate units above the station. authorities and developers. sale of residential and commercial GOVERNANCE: properties in partnership with The R+P model differs from other There are other approaches to property developers. MTR’s land value capture models, where a funding major infrastructure operating profits are attributed government will sell development projects. Cities such as Hong Kong to the Rail plus Property (R+P) rights of public land to private GOVERNING or Tokyo chose to fully integrate business model. With R+P, MTR developers and lose control over governing transit development receives exclusive development the sites with the sale. and land-use. This allows them to rights to publicly owned land, produce significant revenues and The R+P model benefits not only granted by the government, and TRANSIT AND LAND capture highest value through MTR, but the entire surrounding uses value capture to finance the development of property and community. From 1980 to 2005, rail investments, operation and air rights. These fully integrated the city of Hong Kong derived maintenance. MTR puts leasing projects need to be prudently approximately $18B USD in USE INTEGRATION rights of the land surrounding and net financial returns from land funded for the original vision to above a transit station up for sale be realized; fortunately, when premiums, market capitalization, to private developers. It also owns The integration of transit well-managed, the promise of shareholder cash dividends and and manages its own, primarily significant returns on such projects initial public offer proceeds through development and land-use residential, properties. The success attracts investment. The most R+P. MTR net income over the of the R+P model is attributed planning provides a best- appealing projects for investors last decade comes from property to the extreme urban density of in-class example of how are those which are undertaken development (38 percent), transit the city and scarcity of land. This in dense, congested urban areas, operations (34 percent), station transit projects can be made makes real estate highly valuable where accessibility is crucial and commercial businesses and property and helps R+P developments financially beneficial and how, opportunities for redevelopment management (28 percent). generate reasonable profits. at the same time, they can are rife. Hong Kong’s integrated have a regenerative effect rail and property development The Hong Kong Government on their communities. To governance made railway (GovHK) owns all land in Hong Figure 9 operations financially viable with Kong, allowing them to grant Traditional Land Lease For Transit-hub Development be successful, an effective the intensive mobility oriented exclusive development rights integration requires several built form. to MTR at the pre-rail market important ingredients, prices. In collaboration with PUBLIC Development Rights sold PRIVATE GovHK planning and transport at full market price Noufissa Mzallassi AUTHORITY DEVELOPERS including available property, departments, MTR provides a Graduate student, supportive zoning, a workable masterplan of the development Delft University of Technology, area and sells development rights institutional framework and the Netherlands Hong Kong’s Rail + Property Program to property developers. The sustainable finances. Mobility- difference between the pre- and oriented strategic visions for after-rail market price provides the Exclusive Development HONG KONG MTR Development Rights PRIVATE Rights sold at pre- sold at full market price cities like Copenhagen and means to finance the rail station GOVERNMENT development market price CORPORATION DEVELOPERS Singapore have ensured that and associated investments. The two sectors, transit and land-use transit investments lead to planning, jointly develop the area, Creates Master Development Plan Develop, build and sell Development funded by di erence optimized outcomes for all with each focusing on its area between pre- and after-development price stakeholders. of expertise to add value to the Retains part ownership of properties station site. The result is a win-win situation for tenants, investors and transit users.

22 23 The key to success 2. Integrated is the way it is being planning leads to governed better outcomes A centralized governance model When developing a transport (Figure 10: Model B) is designed hub, it is important to plan for so that a single entity, in this case the complete range of transport MTR, controls the implementation modalities and connections, rather of the integrated development. above and around stations is than just the main rail functions. In MTR is the intermediary between needed to bridge the funding gap doing so, it is possible to create a public authorities and the of the transit investments while more logical and compact transit- developers, and they work to MODe: SIX hub, ensuring greater ease of use also helping to meet the demand ensure that quality standards for new real estate. The centralized and comfort to the traveler. At are maintained and manage the model is one approach to the the newly redeveloped Rotterdam site after its completion. The successful development of transit- KEY ACTIONS Central Station and King’s Cross/ semi-private is involved at all hubs. Each city and neighborhood St Pancras Station, urban and stages of development and must tailor its approach to regional connections were brought operation, from initial planning its institutional and financial closer together, making transfer to full-scale operation. conditions, while being prepared to 1. New mobility between them significantly easier. In Rotterdam, this was combined Other cities utilize a decentralized benefit from the best practices of increasingly with a high-quality pedestrian approach for integration of transit other governance models. route to the city center and easy and land use. The decentralized important in access to bike parking. management model (Figure planning for 10: Model A) is an institutional In contrast, the separation of governance approach, whereas the future taxi, bus and private vehicles the integrated development at hubs in China has hindered At its core, mobility oriented is implemented separately: safety and exacerbated traffic. development is about making sure property development is realized This represents a major missed current and future plans for transit by developers and railway opportunity for vibrant mixed-use (re)development are robust, while construction by a transport agency. development. Indeed, integrated accommodating future mobility The benefit of the centralized planning can only be achieved technologies and changes in the approach for a MODe is that it by full involvement of all key use and organization of multi- can help transform a city into a stakeholders. It seems obvious, modal systems. It is likely that dense urban environment. The but in practice it is rarely achieved. Automated Vehicles (AV’s) and development of high-rise buildings While the interests of stakeholders intelligent systems will continue can be very different, they share to significantly change or disrupt a desire to reap the benefits of the use of traditional transit a successfully developed plan. systems within city centers. To Figure 10 An integrated approach benefits some cultures, the promise of AV’s everyone, providing a shared vision, Governance Models for Transit-Hub Development can leapfrog traditional transit as transparency and a clear strategy, a network of preferred modes of all of which are crucial for aligning MODEL A MODEL B transportation. stakeholders and gaining public GOVERNMENT Traditional Planning Integrated Planning Public transport schemes can also and Land Disposal and Land Disposal acceptance for a project. shape, as much as respond to, a To align stakeholder interests, city's future, by massively altering a careful planning process is Plan Development Rail Station the sense of a city's physical and required, in which all aspects of the MTR mental geography. The Grand Paris development are carefully mapped Transit Development MTR Express program contains plans out and coordinated. In the for a larger metro transit ring and Amsterdam Zuid Business District Land Development radial lines. With this development, redevelopment, this approach Others Rail Station a bigger area of the city will considerably strengthened the become part of the city center, business case for investment. Given bringing additional economic and the complexities of infrastructure urban development and providing projects on this scale, a clear, DEVELOPERS DEVELOPERS direct connections between areas phased plan is needed so that which have traditionally been all stakeholders can see the viewed as suburbs. incremental steps required to achieve the larger vision.

24 25 Developers and Transit-hub Down with Cities are in part defined by their 3. 5. 6. distinct urban transport systems investors need a development is often commuting - up with and the transit-hubs that service them. As rapid urbanization, aging clear framework the catalyst for wider more sustainable infrastructure, population growth A clear framework for development development outcomes! and climate change continue to is crucial for ensuring that plans are challenge the world’s cities, those realized on time and within budget. In many cases, station (re) Mixed-use ‘live, work, play and cities that make bold moves in The transit agency or station development is the catalyst learn’ hubs reduce the strain on advancing and diversifying their owner plays an important role for other urban and economic urban transit systems, because urban transport systems and in setting these parameters, but development. The increasing more people can live and work evolving their transit-hubs will gain local authorities are also crucial: need for transit capacity and in one place, without the need a competitive edge. they provide the glue between the new facilities or to replace aging to commute. A truly mixed-use Recognizing that transportation public space and public transport infrastructure, leads to new development around a station is a crucial part of our daily lives pieces of the puzzle. Their aspirations and possibilities. When will give people the option to and an area undergoing significant successful coordination contributes this happens, the additional value work near their homes and use transformation globally, Arcadis hugely to achieving the end for the surrounding city starts transit to connect the other parts developed the Sustainable Cities vision. Having a clear plan lends to become clear and the urban of their lives. Sydney has made Mobility Index as a framework a project predictability and acts development processes can begin. the commitment to becoming a to evaluate the social and human as a great incentive to investors Good examples are the areas '30-minute city,' whereby any part implications of urban transport, and developers to make the large around London King’s Cross/St of a city can be reached from any as well as the environmental investments required for integrated Pancras, the Grand Paris stations, other within 30 minutes. CONCLUSION: impacts and aims of a city’s planning. Denver Union Station and the Communities and countries mobility system. Arcadis’ 2017 planned Malaysia High-Speed Rail without public transport or that Sustainable Cities Mobility Index 4. Hubs with stations. The potential impact on traditionally do not use public tracks the overall performance a city from the redevelopment transport often need to be shown TIME FOR AN URBAN of mobility systems in 100 cities international of a station is enormous and can the benefits before choosing around the world. Although every and high-speed positively affect urban planning, to drive less. As transit-hubs city has its own distinct mobility housing options and businesses. become mixed-use, high intensity, system built to deal with its connections are Rethinking the function of a station high interest destinations in TRANSIT-TION unique environment, certain key helps us to reinvent and expand its themselves, the choice becomes metrics are used to compare more attractive for potential. A station should be more easier. Added to lower household systems around the world. Read The Mobility Oriented investors than just a place that gets you to expenditures of time and money more about the Sustainable where you want to go; it should be on car ownership, the benefits Development approach can Cities Mobility Index on an attraction, a place where people become hard to ignore. Even for International high-speed and transform how we think www.arcadis.com. long-distance connections to can socialize, shop and work. In high-scoring stations there is still Paris, for example, more than 85 a lot to gain if it contributes to a about existing transport Clearly many of the world’s other cities or international developed and emerging cities still airports contribute to a higher square miles of land around the further shift in modal split and infrastructure and raise our Grand Paris Express stations will towards a more sustainable public have important steps to take to level of facilities, an improved built aspirations for what urban become sustainable and address environment and therefore, more be turned into new mixed-use transit. This does not only come mobility and its transit-hubs their mobility challenges. However, commercial activities and revenues. districts, with up to 400,000 new down to an optimized mobility- housing units. oriented development but also to can achieve economically, cities have a great opportunity Such connections, therefore, can to transform their transit-hubs act as an exceptionally powerful An important factor in these accompanying policies regarding environmentally and socially. costs of owning and using private into areas that will generate means of leveraging the value of planning processes is the desired Applying this integrated jobs, attract new businesses and the mobility hub. Not only the hub level of diversity of the economy. cars and incentivizing the use of public transport. approach and including best secure investment. This in turn will and its surrounding area should To what extend to we encourage ensure a greater quality of life for be of high quality, but also transit or accept monocultures of single practices, we can leverage residents. City leaders must focus infrastructure needs to facilitate or few land uses, such as the area the full value of our transport on their transit-hubs and additional the highest achievable level of around the Washington DC Union and urban assets – not just mobility-related opportunities to service. This requires speed, Station, or will greater economic create an efficient, safe, connected frequency, comfort, reliability and and land use diversity be the for better returns, but for and adaptable mobility system, safety. This only can be done with objective? Diversity can prove better lives and an improved allowing their cities to thrive. a continuous investment in the to become a part of long term respective transport systems. resilience for society. urban future. This new way of thinking about the railway station promises new opportunities in rapidly urbanizing areas and markets in the future: we can begin to think beyond just the initial system build and think about improving existing functionality and the desired optimal performance of real estate in the station area.

26 27 Faced with a soaring population and crowded transportation systems, the UK is investing in transportation infrastructure and building a new railway system, Crossrail 2. With planned development beginning as early as 2023, Wimbledon is just seven miles Figure 11: Wimbledon Station Crossrail 2 will link national rail from central London and is one of CASE STUDY networks via an underground the planned stops for Crossrail 2. Home to the world-famous tennis tunnel and run north-south 1. Hub facilities championships, Wimbledon is a 100%

through Greater London. thriving, charming neighborhood 2. Environmental Sustainability 10. Transit quality 80% UK’S CROSSRAIL 2 Crossrail 2 will increase and home to many residents and businesses, creating a strong 60% London’s rail capacity by demand for access to nearby approximately 10 percent central London. Wimbledon’s 40% 9. Proximity AT WIMBLEDON Station, located in the area's 3. Urban Form and will enable an additional 20% 270,000 people to get to center, is a key interchange between National Rail services, 0% London during peak hours. Its London Trams and London implementation is considered Underground District line services. 8. Property Value 4. Public amenities essential for fixing the housing The current rail station, existing Centre Court Shopping center crisis and for ensuring the and surrounding areas are future economic vitality of planned for redevelopment to 7. Business Employment Greater London. accommodate the new rail and 5. Safety & Security the increased traffic. 6. Prosperity Transport for London (TfL) and Network Rail, Crossrail 2’s project owners, sought design options to CURRENT BENCHMARK upgrade Wimbledon Station and redevelop the area affected by the anticipated 8-year construction period. CallisonRTKL looked into environment, social placemaking, the West End and further north, alternative solutions to building economic development and with up to 30 Crossrail 2 trains the Crossrail 2 infrastructure at transportation quality. From the per hour. Wimbledon, while keeping the assessment, the investments Applying the MODe approach at town center commercially vibrant were identified that would Wimbledon has shaped a bigger during construction. most effectively initiate urban and better future for the city. The design team viewed the station regeneration, stimulate economic The phased station design and as an urban connector and wanted growth and improve mobility. masterplan illustrate a way not to integrate the transit-hub into The plans for Wimbledon Station only to retain, but to improve the existing Centre Court Shopping involve redeveloping parts of commercial viability and sense center. Their goal is to create Wimbledon town center, including of place. MODe principles and a transit, shopping and dining the Centre Court Shopping Center, strategies are now being evaluated destination that will form the new office and residential buildings. for application at other Crossrail heart of Wimbledon’s town center, It is anticipated that the mixed- 2 station sites, bringing greater improving customer experience use integrated development will socioeconomic benefits to more for both transit and non-transit also support local businesses and districts throughout London. customers. fuel economic growth, by adding MODe principles were used to more jobs and housing to the area. design the integrated hub and Station capacity will increase by up identify opportunities and areas of to 3,000 more passengers during focus. More than 40 measurable peak hours, and journey times metrics were captured and will be reduced by more than 30 analyzed, encompassing urban percent for passengers heading to

28 29 The NSW Government is planning reputation of the transit-hub, iconic for a quantum leap in demand structures and well-known stations for Central’s role as a major rail throughout the world. interchange between the new MODex is a result of global Sydney Metro, the new Central collaboration between Arcadis Business District (CBD) and South and CallisonRTKL (a Design East Light Rail, as well as existing Consultancy of Arcadis). We suburban, intercity and interstate worked closely to develop train services. The plans involve the benchmark and made transforming Australia's busiest improvements to the analysis train station into a state-of-the- based on our years of combined art, future-proof transport node. experience. CASE STUDY Central Station is intended to be METHODOLOGY a catalyst in revitalization of the Even though most indicators surrounding precinct with a variety of the MODex are based on of uses. Design-led principles and The Index originates from theoretical concepts and scientific SYDNEY CENTRAL guidelines are promoted to ensure Arcadis’ original approach to literature, the benchmark itself is not scientific. MODex contains the creation of a vibrant precinct transit-related developments that is well connected with the both quantitative and qualitative Central Station. known as Mobility Oriented measures. Qualitative measures STATION are quantified where possible To learn from other station Development (MODe). by adapting proven theoretical redevelopments, the NSW Incorporating insights and frameworks. In cases where data “Central is the key gateway to Sydney and Since 1855 and the opening Government analyzed global feedback from the first report was not available, we made use transit-hub examples like Kings we want to unlock its potential” of the first passenger rail line of the expert judgement of our Cross / St. Pancras in London published in 2015, Arcadis in New South Wales (NSW), specialists and consultants in and Antwerp Central Station in refined the benchmark process Andrew Constance urban and transportation planning, Central Station has been part Belgium, to examine customer NSW Minister for Transport and Infrastructure and updated transit-stations economy and sustainability. For experience, transport planning, of Sydney's story. The station benchmarked. This provides a the quantitative parameters, which engineering, commercial has a special place in the city, mainly included socio-economic opportunities, sustainability, broader view of the world and and real estate data, we made use evolving and growing with social benefits and urban design. captures changes in mobility of the available sets of data. the city it serves. Currently, oriented developments. As a In contrast to other global more than 270,000 people result, it would be inaccurate to benchmarks, where data is mainly use Central, the largest train compare benchmark rankings conducted on country or city level, station in NSW, daily. Over the MODex demands data on district to the first report. and neighborhood level or even next two decades, that figure is lower. Quantitative data at this expected to reach 450,000. Criteria used to select which transit-hubs to feature in this level is not always available in report include factors such as every country, and when it is, often heightened interest by local the data is based on its own local governments to improve mobility, guidelines and regulations. or conversely, a lack of awareness in mobility oriented developments,

SOURCES We have examined the following types of data sources, not limited to: • International databases (GDP, average income & property prices) • Statistical year books of cities and municipalities • Transportation schemes • Google Maps • Site observation. Depending on the indicator, the maximum score is based on two different aspects: • Maximum points that can be achieved with a normative checklist • Calibration of the maximum score based on the case with the highest performance.

30 31 About Arcadis Related Reports Arcadis is the leading global Design & Consultancy firm for natural and built assets. Applying our deep market sector insights and collective design, consultancy, engineering, project and management services we work in partnership with our clients to deliver exceptional and sustainable Infrastructure Asset Global Sustainable Sustainable Investment Management Built Asset outcomes throughout the lifecycle Cities Index Cities Mobility Index Revolution Performance Index of their natural and built assets. Index We are 27,000 people, active in over 70 countries that generate €3.2 billion in revenues. We support UN-Habitat with knowledge and expertise to improve quality of life in rapidly growing cities around Contact Us the world. Arcadis Bas Bollinge Stephen Taylor Global Lead City Executive - Sydney Global Cities Program To learn more about MODe visit: T +31 627 060 414 T +61 (0) 2 8907 9084 http://mode.arcadis.com Vernon Daal Principal Consultant Pru Sanderson @ArcadisGlobal Business and Project Advisory Regional City Executive T +61 (0) 3 8623 2643 Melbourne Arcadis Australia Pacific T +61 (0) 3 8623 4109 Sharon Mawhinney Arcadis Infrastructure Advisory Lead Dr Louisa Carter T +61 (0) 2 8907 8282 City Executive South East Queensland www.arcadis.com/au Kevin Brake T +61 (0) 7 3337 0895 Technical Director Regeneration T +61 (0) 2 8907 9179 Arcadis. Improving Quality of Life