ISSN 2456-7876

Archive of Life Science and Environment (Arch. Life Sci. & Env.) 3(1): 135-142 (2019)

EVALUATION OF MEXICAN BEETLE AS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PARTHINIUM HYSTEROPHORUS IN DEHRADUN DISTRICT, UTTARAKHAND

Nikhil S. Kahera Department of Zoology, Uttaranchal College of Science and Technology, (Dehradun-248001) Uttarakhand, India

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract: In the present study, the biology of Zygogramma bicolorata on Parthenium hysterophorus was studied in Dehradun district, Uttarakhand. The result showed that the Mexican beetles laid small, elongated, light yellow eggs on the surface leafs and lid the average incubation period were 4.40±1.68 to 7.93±2.63 and hatching period were 56.00±0.0 to 89.60±17.4 days and the longevity of egg 3.00±0.1 to 5.13±0.2 days. The average larval period of 1st instar (2.50±0.0 to 3.00±0.1), 2nd instar (3.14±0.0 to 2.82±0.1), 3rd instar (2.75±0.1 to 2.86±01,) and 4th in- star (3.29±0.1 to 3.00±0.0). A longevity adult male and female showed average mean is 44.29±0.0 to 178.43±0.0 and 52.43±0.0 to 192.71±0.0 days. Biological control of parthenium is environmentally safe and ecologically viable method. In the study sites, in Tuntuwla region, the population density of Z. bicolorata affected the plants at the rate of 87 %. In the present study, the combined effects of biological control agents reduced the density and vigor of P. hysterophorus weed and increased grass production. Keyword: Zygogramma bicolorata, Parthenium hysterophorus, biological control, Dehradun. Introduction Parthenium hysterophorus L, belong to family As- Rajasthan, low in Andaman & Nicobar, Arunachal teraceae locally known as “Congress Grass or Gajar Pradesh, Goa Kerala, Lakshadweep, Manipur, Ghans” is an international weed and one of the worst Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Pondicherry and weeds in all over the world because of its evasiveness, Sikkim and presenting a major problem in many states potential for spread and economic and environmental that have large areas of no cropped and pastures rain- impact is a weed of global significance occurring in fed land (Sushil kumar and Varsheny, 2010; Sushil Asia, Africa, Australia and the Pacific (Gaurav et al., kumar, 2012). 2017; Kaur et al., 2014, Dhileepan, 2009). Parthenium It was first observed in India by the East India causes severe human and animal health issues and its Company in its tea gardens at Calcutta. Dr. Brandis pollen causes several allergy reactions, dermatitis, hay elected parthenium in 1880 for the herbarium of FRI fever, asthma and also toxic to cattle (Adhikari and Dehraudn and published some important feature of Tiwari, 2004; Venkataiah et al., 2003; Towers and parthinium (Rao, 1956). Parthinum is herbaceous plant Rao, 1992). According to Rao 1956, parthenium weed grows to a height of 1 to 2 m, with the alternative was first reported in India in 1955 and now occurs leaves which are simple, grayish green, deeply lobed throughout the country and covered about 35 million and hairy. It bears cream coloured cluster of flower hectares of land (Sushilkumar and Varshney 2007). about 4 mm diameter at the top of each branch. Seed P. hysterophorus has also found in neighboring coun- germinate in a hasty manner after shower of rain and tries such as Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Ne- plant produces number of seeds, which are transported pal (Javaid et al., 2005; Jaisurya 2005; Rahman et al., by water, on vehicles and equipment or with 2008). In 1950, it was first introduced in India due to movement of animals (Uniyal et al., 2001). contaminated PL- 480 wheat imported from the United Biological control of parthenium is the most States of America. India has become one of the most cost-effective, environmentally safe and ecologically parthenium affected countries as compared to others viable method available. Biocontrol of parthenium was countries and this weed is occurring in all of her states first initiated in Australia in 1977. Since then, nine such as Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, species of insects and one fungal pathogen have been Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, introduced, of which at least six species of insects and Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh; medium in the pathogen are known to be established in the field Assam, Gujrat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Jammu (McFadyen, 1992; Dhileepan et al., 1996; Dhileepan &Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Odisha, West Bengal and and McFadyen, 1997). The leaf-feeding beetle

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Kahera / Arch. Life Sci. & Env. 3(1): 135-142 (2019) Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Number of adults at each time interval suggested that Chrysomelidae) is the most prominent agent and it was the beetle underwent four overlapping generations first introduced to Australia from Mexico in 1980 from June to August with an average of almost twenty (McFadyen and McClay, 1981) and subsequently to days for completion Of each generation Kulkarni and India in 1984 (Jayanth, 1987). In India, Z. bicolorata Kulkarni (2000) observed the P. hysterophorus plants became abundant within three years after introduction, in twenty locations in North Karnataka for presence of resulting in a significant reduction in P. hysterophorus Z. bicolorata during August 1999 and found dense density in local areas (Jayanth and Bali, 1994a; population of beetles in Dharwad (10 beetles/plant), Jayanth and Visalakshy, 1996a). In Australia, evidence followed by Bijapur (5.6 beetles/plant) and Raichur of Z. bicolorata activity in the field was first noticed in (3.2 beetles/ plant) (Pandey et al., 1999). 1990 (Dhileepan and McFadyen, 1997). Outbreaks of In the present study we observe the life cycle of Mexi- Z. bicolorata resulting in complete defoliation of small can beetle in controlled environment and the impact of patches of P. hysterophorus were reported from within Mexican beetle on P. hysterophorus selected areas. an area of 200 km2 in central Queensland during 1993. Since then, due to both natural spread by the beetle and Materials and Methods deliberate introductions by farmers, the area with Study Insect: Z. bicolorata, referred as parthenium Z. bicolorata defoliation has increased to around beetle or Mexican beetle native to Mexico. Z. bicol- 12,000 km2, covering more than 50 properties (Gaurav orata is a small beetle with a brown head and having et al., 2017). brown to yellow graduated pronotum. The elongated The beetle got established in and around the released drak brown stripes are present in yellow elytra marked site and showed considerable potential in suppressing (Figure 1). the weed in subsequent 5 years. However, optimistic reports regarding the spectacular suppression of this weed by the beetle were tempered by the observation of beetle attack on sunflower in a few locations, which led to the establishment of the P. hysterophorus. Fact Finding Committee by Indian Council of Agricultural Research to look into the matter. After through the investigation the committee declared that it safe for the sunflower and recommended it’s further releases for suppression of this weed, thereby leading to an end to the raging controversy. This coupled with the promis- ing bio-control potential of this beetle as evidenced by the present and past successes, gave a new momentum to the existing bio-control efforts in the country. Tak- ing into consideration the widespread success of this beetle in other parts of the country, it was introduced Figure 1: Zygogramma bicolorata in Jammu during 1992. In India, the weed was first pointed out in Puna Study Area: The Doon valley is in the form of an (Maharashtra) by Professor Paranjape, 1951, but the irregular parallelogram. It is enclosed by the Shivalik father of Indian Botany record of this species earliest hills and the outer parts of the Himalayan ranges. The in India (Roxburg, 1814). Ever since the weed became deposits of the Doon Valley, having their origin a menace around the globe including India, efforts Himalayan comprise of heavy boulders of gravels, have been made to manage the weed coated with thin covering of soil, which naturally employing different methods (Kaur et al., 2014). exhibits frequent outcrops of its rocky subsoil. The city Chemical treatment was tried to control is situated in the middle of the valley at the altitude of P. hysterophorus plants and observed that they kill 636m. It is enclosed by the Shivalik hills and the outer only existing population at the selected sites parts of the Himalayan ranges. It occupies an area of (Sushilkumar, 2005; Sushilkumar, 2012). There are about 1200 Sq. Km. and between 77035’ and 7802’ E many herbicides have been tested against longitude and 29057’ and 3102’ N latitude. P. hysterophorus in cropped and non-cropped condi- tion (Mishra and Bhan, 1996; Brar and Walia, 1991; Selected Sites: Dehradun where the parthinium Sushilkumar, 2012). population is very dense and the study sites are Tuntu- Z. bicolorata was made for biological control of wala, Jakhan, Nagal, Sahastrdhara, Vijay Colony, P. hysterophorus, and insect the established readily Sewela khurd, Raipur, Anarwala, Garhi Cantt, after the releases were initiated in India in 1984. Since Ganghora, Maldaveta. then, it has spread over an area of more than 200,000

136

Kahera / Arch. Life Sci. & Env. 3(1): 135-142 (2019) The larva or grub passed through the five instars gen- erally, but occasionally 4th instar changed into pupa. Results and Discussion nd In the present study, we divided the whole area in The duration of 1st instar (2.50±0.0 to 3.00±0.1), 2 instar (3.14±0.0 to 2.82±0.1), 3rd instar (2.75±0.1 to study sites for the observation of impact of Mexican th beetle on parthenium grass and for the observation of 2.86±01) and 4 instar (3.29±0.1 to 3.00±0.0). Adults life cycle of Mexican beetle for this we setup control as well as larva preferred hiding in dark places and environment in our lab garden where we grow the always tried to avoid light source. The beetles gener- parthinum plants. And observe them for study of life ally preferred to feed from the edges of the parthenium cycle of Mexican beetle for the study of life cycle of leaves especially from inner curve of leaves. Feeding Mexican beetle, and we have taken four flowers pots portion was found to be in half circle. Further, it was for each selected sites and planted eggs on parthinum also observed that both the larvae and beetles normally plant that have been established in four different produce black colored excreta, past researcher also flower pots after when the plant grow properly we reported in their papers but when disturbed, they pro- have introduced a matting pair of Mexican beetle only duced creamy white coloured thick fluid from their in three pots and observed very carefully different anus. Perhaps this may be one kind of defensive stages of development of Mexican beetle (Figure 2). mechanism present in the insect (Pawar et al., 2013). However, the duration of life cycle of Z. bicolorata The mean average period of pupal stage of Z. bicol- from egg to adult stages observed in study sites is orata showed 12.29±0.0 to 8.48±0.3. Parthenium has shown in Table 1 and the % affection by Z. bicolatara tremendous effect to grow and acclimatize fast in any in P. hysterophorus showed in Table 2. environment. However, Parthenium completes our life Adults hibernate, whereas pupae underwent diapause -cycle within 3 to 4 months and it shows three to four within the soil from the month of March. The mating generations in a year which helps in quick spreading process lasted for about 4 to 5 hours. This behaviour and generation of adverse impacts on the surrounding collaborates with the report of Manjunath (2010). The vegetation (Kohli et al., 2006). Parthenium seeds are beetles were capable of repeated mating during their mainly dispersed through water currents, animals and life- span. The females mate with males at least for 3 the movement of vehicles, machinery, livestock and to 4 times during their pre-oviposition period. After grain. Parthenium weed has a short life cycle, grow approaching the female, the male beetle climbs and very quickly and survive or grow under different habi- rests on back of the female. Further, it was also ob- tats. Most of the long distance spread is through vehi- served that a majority of the eggs were laid during cles, farm machinery and flooding. The weed produces third to fifth week of oviposition period. This variation enormous number of seeds which are very small and might be due to differences in the longevity of females, can survive as seed bank in soil for years (Dogra et al., studied in different ecological conditions. 2011). These some characteristics help to parthenium Behaviour of larvae as well as adults of Mexican weed dispersal up-to long distances and result in their beetle, Z. bicolorata Pallister studied in controlled rapid spread in the invaded areas. Causes of rapid environment revealed that the females deposited their growth of parthenium causes high reproductive poten- eggs either singly or in clusters mostly on under tial, fast growth rate, no animal graze the parthenium surface of leaves of P. hysterophorus L. However, grass. oviposition was also observed on upper surface of There are several methods is used for the control of leaves, occasionally on stems, leaf petioles and even parthinium like physical effort and it is most cost flower buds. In past similar observation has been effective method for control. In Dehradun it this type made by Aherkar et al. (1992) and Jayanth and Bali of control are use in a huge amount by the government (1993a). In the present study, the biological parameters people and local farmer the farmer remove the from the study sites showed 4.40±0.83 to 7.93±2.63 parthinium plant many times with handpicking method range of incubation period of Z. bicolorata and the and some time they fired them but this method is not range of hatching % of egg are 56.00±0.0 to 93.20±4.1 full control the parthenium their buried spores are and the longevity of egg 3.00±0.1 to 5.13±0.2 days. present in the deep in soil and after few days it grows The newly hatched grub initially feed on the leaf area again. adjoining to the oviposition site and then migrated to Many chemicals have been tried for control the terminal and axillary buds. Later on the larvae (Sushilkumar, 2005; Sushilkumar, 2012) observed that moved onto the leaf blades as they grew. Younger lar- the chemical treatment can only kill existing popula- vae preferred to feed on tender leaves, whereas older tion at the given sites but cannot prevent the entry of larvae on matured leaves. The younger larva starts the seeds coming on treated side from neighboring feeding from the leaf margin and moves inwards. Full- places. There are many herbicides have been tested grown larvae frequently bend their abdominal tip dur- against Parthenium in cropped and non-cropped condi- ing resting time. Similar behaviour was recorded by tion (Mishra and Bhan, 1996; Brar and Walia, 1991; Jayanth and Bali (1993b). Sushilkumar, 2012). For complete vegetation manage- 137

ment including parthenium, glyphosate (1 to 1.5 kg/ha) Life table studies revealed that high infertility of eggs is recommended. Diquat 0.5 kg/ha in 500 litre spray (48 to 70%) followed by death in pupal stage (~16 to effectively controlled parthenium at all growth stages 21%) are the key mortality factors. Since 1993, an (Dhanraj and Mitra, 1976). Indigenous tachinid larval parasitoid seems to have Both are expensive and not safe for environment, and adopted Z. bicolorata as its host. It was found to cause they are unable to complete control of parthinum so up to 51.6% mortality of grubs during September to the researcher search out deferent biological methods November, thereby significantly reducing its carry- to prevent the population of parthinium at this series over population. they find out the natural feeder of parthinum and it is The dead pupae and pre-pupae (~2-17%) of maxican beetle, so they introduce them. Z. bicolorata Z. bocolorata were found infected by the green adults measure 5–6 mm in length, and both adults and muscardine fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae larvae feed on parthenium leaves (McFadyen and (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Jayanth and Bali 1994b, McClay, 1981). Adults lay the eggs either singly or in Jayanth and Visalakshy 1996b). Z. bicolorata is a groups on the leaves, flower heads, stem surfaces and prolific breeder and during the six months of its active on terminal and axillary buds (Jayanth, 1987). The phase, it has been found to build up an enormous emerging larvae feed voraciously on young leaves and population and disperse. Since both grubs and adults the fully-grown larvae burrow into the soil to pupate; heavily defoliate parthenium, it has been found to exert the pupal stage lasts two weeks (McFadyen and considerable pressure on the growth and flowering of McClay, 1981; Jayanth, 1987). The whole life cycle the weed (Jayanth and Bali, 1993b). However, its takes 6–8 weeks and there may be up to 4 generations/ prolonged inactivity for the remaining six months year, depending on rainfall and food avail ability greatly limits its efficacy as a biological control agent. (McFadyen, 1992). The longevity adult male and female showed average P. hysterophorus showed more sporadic phase of mean is 44.29±0.0 to 178.43±0.0 and 52.43±0.0 to growth in the summer and rainy season but was also 192.71±0.0 days. The whole life cycle takes 6–8 weeks with stunted height. In the later months, up-to and there may be up to 4 generations/year, depending February, it remained under dormant conditions. Here, on rainfall and food availability (McFadyen, 1992). In P. hysterophorus completed its two life cycles in one autumn (April–May) due to shorter days and cooler year, that is, from March to June and other one from temperatures, adult beetles diapauses in the soil. July to November. So, first life cycle was completed in In Tuntuwla region the parthineum population is very 4 and the second one in 5 months. Biological studies dense and the population density is 2.4 plants in 1 me- carried out with Z. bicolorata in Bangalore revealed ter square of area, 1000 meter square area about 2400. that the beetle completed its development from egg to However, this area is fully exposed by the parthinum adult in 22 to 32 days, with the egg, larval and pupal beetles in 2100 plants, and they affect the plant. The periods lasting from 4 to 6, l0 to 14 and 8 to 12 days, Population density of Z. bicolorata affected the plants respectively. Newly hatched larvae initially feed on at the rate of 87 %. Similarly, in Nagal region, the terminal and axillary buds, but later devour the leaves Population density of Z. bicolorata affected the plants as they grow.The full-grown grubs burrow the soil and at the rate of 87 %. However, in Maldevta and Vijay pupate within the chambers created by them. Adults colony region the parthineum population is very low, feed and oviposit on parthenium leaves. The reproduc- and they affected the plants at the rate of 59 and 57 % tive capacity of Z. bicolorata is very high with its fe- respectively. In autumn (April–May) due to shorter cundity being up to 3,368 (mean 2581), but only 30 to days and cooler temperatures, adult beetles diapause in 52% eggs hatched (Jayanth and Bali, 1993b) which is a the soil. The diapausing adults emerge in spring big limitation. A beetle laid about 45 eggs/day or 300/ (September–November) in response to rainfall, in- week. Oviposition continued for about 28 weeks, but creased temperature and longer days. Adult beetles can maximum egg-laying occurred between 8th and 11th live up to 2 years and usually spend around 6 months week after emergence. Sex ratio was heavily in favour diapausing in the soil during autumn and winter of 70% females and only 30% males. Males lived (McFadyen, 1992). And they are control the growth of longer (122 to 271 days) than females (109 to 198 the parthinum during our study area. days). The active feeding period of grubs and adults lasted only for about six months from May to October. Conclusion Later, adults underwent long diapause within the soil Various chemicals control the weeds effectively in for more than six months from November to May, time, the continuous use of the same causes the emerging with the onset of monsoon. Laboratory pollution hazards in our eco-systems. Therefore, weed studies indicated that soil moisture played an important management strategy needs to be shifted towards non ole in pupation and adult emergence of Z. bicolorata chemical methods. Managing weeds using biological and long dry spells can affect their population build up means is less expensive, permanent and free of under field conditions (Jayanth and Bali, 1995). pollution. Parthenium is mainly a weed of waste and 138

Kahera / Arch. Life Sci. & Env. 3(1): 135-142 (2019) fallow land, hence biological control is the most viable method. The combined effects of biological economical and practical way to keep the weed under control agents reduced the density and vigor of check. Biological control of parthenium is the most parthenium weed and increased grass production. cost-effective, environmentally safe and ecologically

Figure 2a. Mating Figure 2b. Egg

Figure 2e. Adult Figure 2c. Larvae

Figure 2d. Pupae

Figure 2. Life cycle of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata 139

Table 2: Rate of affection by Z. bicolatara in

P. hysterophorus.

73.29±0.0 75.14±0.0 89.86±0.0 52.43±0.0

82.31±0.0 No. of

129.43±0.0 129.43±0.0 192.71±0.0 114.14±0.0 102.00±0.0 118.00±0.0 Ault Female Ault Total no. Rate of

plants af-

Study Sites of plants affection fected in 1 in 1 km (%)

km

49.00±0.0 56.57±0.0 67.43±0.0 44.29±0.0 91.14±0.0

53.57±0.0 Tuntuwal 2400 2100 87

112.86±0.0 112.86±0.0 159.29±0.0 156.28±0.0 178.43±0.0

Adult Adult Male

± SD)±

Jakhan 2400 1520 63

Nangal 2600 2250 86

Pupae

8.29±0.0 8.48±0.3 9.60±1.6 9.84±1.4

8.81±0.3 Sahastradhara 2800 2260 80

10.54±1.8 10.69±1.6 11.24±1.4 12.29±0.0 10.28±1.6 11.17±1.8

Vijay Colony 2000 1150 57

Sewala Khurd 2400 1950 81

4 4 Instar

3.00±0.0 3.29±0.0 3.06±0.1 3.23±0.1 3.17±0.1 3.23±0.1 3.06±0.1 3.04±0.1 3.14±0.1 3.11±0.1

3.20±0.1 Raipur 2400 1950 81

Garhi Cantt 2700 1800 66 under laboratory condition (Mean (Mean condition under laboratory

Ghangora 2900 2350 81

2.820.1

3 3 Instar

2.82±0.1 2.75±0.1 2.78±0.1 2.75±0.1 2.78±0.1 2.77±0.1 2.80±0.1 2.77±0.1

2.79±±0.1 2.79±±0.1

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