NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ANNUAL MEETING

The National Academy of Sciences held its 108th which the Academy Awards were presented. Among the Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C., on April 26-28, awards given was the first Benjamin Apthorp Gould 1971. To open the program, delivered a Prize. After the Academy's Annual Dinner on Tuesday commemorative address honoring the late Hugh L. evening, Edward E. David, Jr., Special Assistant to the Dryden. An outstanding feature of the first day's pro- President for Science and Technology, addressed the gram, the second Robertson Memorial Lecture, was assembled guests. The business sessions of the meeting presented by Paul Doty. On Monday evening the were extended to a day and a half. Three symposia and Academy dedicated its new auditorium in a program a program of contributed papers made up the scientific presided over by NAS President Philip Handler. sessions. Abstracts of the contributed papers are printed Detlev W. Bronk delivered the dedicatory address, after in this issue.

Presentation of Academy Awards

Benjamin Apthorp Gould Prize ELIZABETH ROEMER, University of Arizona The Gibbs Brothers Medal HENRY ADRIAN SCHADE, University of California, Berkeley U.S. Steel Foundation Award in Molecular Biology MASAYASU NOMURA, University of Wisconsin John J. Carty Medal JAMES DEWEY WATSON, Harvard University Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal RICHARD DALE ALEXANDER, University of Michigan J. Lawrence Smith Medal EDWARD ANDERS, University of Chicago Henry Draper Medal SUBRAHMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR, University of Chicago

Monday Morning In commemoration of Hugh L. Dryden, whose friends contributed generously to the funding of the new Auditorium ofthe National Academy ofSciences. FREDERICK SEITZ, , New York, New York: A Tribute to the Life and Work of Hugh L. Dryden. 1385 Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 1386 National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting

SYMPOSIUM ON ENERGY FOR THE FUTURE- PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

Chairman: HERBERT FRIEDMAN United States Naval Research Laboratory Washington, D.C.

EDWARD E. DAVID, JR., Office of Science and Technology, Executive Office of the President, Washington, D.C.: Federal Policy for Power Development.

MANSON BENEDICT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Fission Power.

RICHARD F. POST, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, California: Fusion Power.

ROLF ELIASSEN, Stanford University, Stanford, California: Power Generation and the Environment.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS BICENTENNIAL SYMPOSIUM

Chairman: KENNETH V. THIMANN University of California Santa Cruz, California

EUGENE RABINOWITCH, Center for the Study of Science and Society, State University of New York, Albany, New York: From Priestley to Robert Meyer: An Unfolding Discovery.

JAMES A. BASSHAM, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California: Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism.

RODERICK K. CLAYTON, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York: Physical Mechanisms in Photosynthesis: Past Elucidations and Apparent Problems.

DANIEL I. ARNON, University of California, Berkeley, California: The Light Reactions of Photosynthesis.

C. STACY FRENCH, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California: The Distribution and Action in Photosynthesis ofSeveral Forms of Chlorophyll.

JoHN H. RYTHER, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts: Photoywnthesis and Organic Production in the Biosphere. Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 National Academy of Sciences .Annual Meeting 1387 Monday Afternoon

ROBERTSON MEMORIAL LECTURE

Chairman: JESSE L. GREENSTEIN California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California

PAUL DoTY, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts The Community of Science and the Search for Peace

Wednesday Afternoon

SYMPOSIUM ON PLATE TECTONICS

Chairmen: CHARLES DRAKE, and WILLIAM R. DICKINSON

CHARLES DRAKE, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire: Plate Tectonics and Geodynamics.

LYNN R. SYKES, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York: Evidence for Present Movements from Seismology and Magnetics.

LEON KNOPOFF, University of California, Los Angeles, California: Geophysical Constraints on Geodynamical Models.

WILLIAM R. DICKINSON, Stanford University, Stanford, California: Rock Assemblages as Indicators of Plate Tectonic Regimes.

WARREN HAMILTON, United States Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado: Geological Relations Along Active Continental Margins.

JOHN DEWEY, State University of New York, Albany, New York: Old Mountain Systems and Plate Tectonics. Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 1388 National Academy of Sciences Annual Meet'~l Wednesday Afternoon

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS

Hidden Momentum for Non-Steady-State Defined Using a New Mass-Moment Operator Theoremfor Dirac's Equation: K. K. THORNBER and W. SHOCKLEY

Shape of Random-Flight Chains: WALTER H. STOCKMAYER and KAREL SOLC (Read by title)

Inter-related Effects of pH, Light, and Potassium on the Bio-electric Potential of the Marine Alga Halicystis (Derbesia) Osterhoutii: LAWRENCE R. BLINKS (Read by title)

Efficient Transfection and Transformation of Escherichia coli Spheroplasts: ROLF BENZINGER, LARRY LAWHORNE, ROBERT HUSKEY, and INGRID KLEBER

Regulation of Cell Division and Cancer: A. SZENT-GY-RGYI, J. A. MCLAUGHLIN and L. G. EGYUD

Growth Inhibition by Keto-aldehydes: L. G. EGYUD and A. SZENT-GY-RGYI

Nutritive Value of Single Foods: ROGER J. WILLIAMS, JAMES D. HEFFLEY, and CHARLES W. BODE

Optimum Emphasis on the Individual and on its Group: JAY L. LUSH

Hardy-Weinberg Law Generalized to Estimate Hybrid Variance for Negro Populations and Reduce Racial Aspects of the Environment-Heredity Uncertainty: W. SHOCKLEY Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.A.) Washington, D.C., 26-28 April 1971

Efficient Transfection and difference (PD) across the protoplasm of Transtormation ofE8cherichia coli Halicystis by 3 or 4 mV; so also may mod- Spheroplasts erate light (100 mc), probably by raising the pH of the sea water just outside the The addition of 25 ,g/ml of protamine cell. sulfate to lysozyme-EDTA spheroplasts The effects are greater in the presence of Escherichia coli enhances transfection of increased potassium concentration. of lambda phage DNA 10,000-fold, to A 10-fold increase (from the 0.012 M 10-1 infective centers per DNA molecule; K+ of sea water to 0.12 M) causes a large kX-174 replicative form 300-fold, to an transient decrease of PD, followed in 10 efficiency of 5 X 10-2; fd replicative form or 15 min by a recovery to normal (70- 300-fold, to 10-6; and T7 300-fold, to 3 X 80 mV). On return of the cell to sea water, 10-7. Three native phage DNAs were not a transient increase of PD to some 100 infective at all in the absence of prot- mV occurs, followed by recovery to nor- amine sulfate but were infective in the mal values. However, 5 or 10 min later presence of protamine sulfate, with the there is usually a strong depression of PD following efficiencies: T4, 10-5; T5, 3 X (the "post-potassium dip") which may 10-6; and P22, 3 X 10-9. The effect of carry the PD to as low as 30 mV, with protamine sulfate is specific for double- very slow subsequent recovery. Both light stranded DNA. Preliminary experiments and high pH speed this recovery, proba- indicate that protamine sulfate forms bly by the same mechanism. complexes with inhibitory DNA released High pH reduces the initial potassium from lysed spheroplasts. transient from 50 or 60 mV to about 20 Applications of the assay show that mV, which may represent the true ionic prophage lambda DNA is highly infec- potassium effect. Acidity seems impli- tive, that heteroduplex lambda DNA cated in the large transient, for sea water molecules yield mixed clones from singly at pH 5.5 (by NaH2PO4) can also reduce infected spheroplasts, and that T5 DNA the PD to low values, succeeded by re- can function normally after entering the covery. It seems possible that 0.12 M K+ cell in one piece. Transformation of E. may cause increased external acidity, coli spheroplasts by resistance transfer perhaps by exchange of K+ and H+ ions agent and F' gal DNA was also achieved across the plasmalemma, or by later ex- in the presence of protamine sulfate. cretion of organic acid. Rolf Benzinger Lawrence R. Blinks Larry Lawhorne Hopkins Marine Station Robert Huskey Stanford University Ingrid Kleber Pacific Grove, California 93950 University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia 22903 Growth Inhibition ofKeto-aldehydes A series of derivatives of a-keto-alde- Interrelated Effects ofpH, Light, and hyde has been prepared and tested for Potassium on the Bioelectric Potential growth inhibition in vivo and in vitro. ofthe Marine Alga Halicystis They showed inhibition of various de- (Derbesia) osterhoutii grees. L. G. Egyud Within physiological pH limits, the A. Szent-Gyorgyi effects of H+ ions on bioelectric potential Institute for Muscle Research are often negligible. Thus high pH (e.g., Marine Biological Laboratory 9.5) may increase the normal potential Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 1389A Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 1390A National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting

Optimum Emphasis on the California Negro population; see T. E. Individual and on Its Group Reed, Science, 22 Aug 69) is determined from Reed's reported Caucasian pheno- Estimating an individual's future per- types that vary essentially as M2 for Gm formance (P) from a criteriaon (V) will and as M for the Duffy Fy gene systems. usually be more accurate if ,some atten- Expectation values for the averages tion is paid to the average (Zl) of the Vs (M) = 0.23 ± 0.01 and (M2) = 0.10 i of the n other members of its group. Sta- 0.03 predict a good fit for Reed's eleven tistically, the problem is whLat multiple observed phenotypes for the ABO, Fy, regression equation will predlict P most and Gm systems [x2 = 6.3; P(6 df) > accurately from V and Z. Irhe gain in 0.31. The small number, 21, of M2-Gm accuracy is zero only when rpz equals phenotypes produces the standard error (rpv)(rvz) exactly. The optimum empha- in (M2). The hybrid-variance generaliza- sis on Z depends mainly on tthe sign and tion of the Hardy-Weinberg Law with size of (r - t) where r is the intraclass V(M) = (M2) - (M)2 = 0.047 i 0.03 correlation between the indiividual per- thus eliminates the discordance of Reed's formances (the P's) of menibers of the three M-values: ABO 0.20 i 0.04; Fy same group and t is the intrac'lass correla- 0.22 + 0.01; Gm 0.273 i 0.037. A V(M) tion between the Vs of the group. The of 0.047 would result if about one Negro optimum emphasis on Z is pI Dsitive when baby in twenty had one Caucasian parent r > t. Then an individual gets3 extra credit (i.e., M increases 0.02 per generation) for being in a group with hiigh Z but is and assortative mating was correlated 0.6 penalized if it is in a group with low Z. for M. The standard deviation expected This is the usual (although n at universal) for M is comparable to but larger than situation in problems of plant and animal Reed's North-South difference of 0.11, breeding. The emphasis on 2 is negative so that the more and the less Caucasian when r < t, as is usual (although not halves of Oakland's Negro population universal) in the choices which must be probably differ by more than 0.2 in aver- made among human being,s. Negative age M, thus supporting the proposal of emphasis on Z is equivalentt to making W. Shockley (abstract in Proc. Nat. a limited use of a quota sys;tem. It cor- Acad. Sci. USA, Dec 70) that significant, rects for some things, extrasaeous to the measurable difference in M may exist P's, which affect the Vs of a group alike between the upper and lower academic but vary from one group to another. halves of Negro student bodies. The ma- Whether rnt is more or less than unity jority response to a recent questionnaire depends largely on the basis )f the group- by 23 presidents of predominantly Negro ing. colleges is that black students there are academically advantaged by attitudes Jay L. Lush towards racial differences; consequently, Iowa State University comparing racial mix differences with Ames, Iowa 50010 achievement differences might refine or reject the preliminary estimate that a one-point increase in average "genetic" IQ occurs for each 1% of Caucasian an- Hardy-Weinberg Law Gene ralized to cestry, with diminishing returns as 100 Estimate Hybrid Variance fror Negro IQ is reached. Populations and Reduce RaLcial Aspects ofthe Environment-Hereditty Uncertainty W. Shockley The variance V(M) of M (M = Cau- Stanford University casian fraction of ancestry of Oakland, Stanford, California 94305 Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 National Academy of Sciences Annual Meethig 1391 A

Shape ofRandom-Flight Chains energy and momentum with an "other" nonquantum system S., the combined to- Defining the "shape" of a random- tal systems ST being "closed" in the sense flight chain molecule by its ellipsoid of of special relativity. Using the concept of inertia, we have observed the distribu- mass-moment, we demonstrate that an tion of the three orthogonal components, "intersystem consistency" maintains the L1 < L2 < L3, of the radius of gyration conservation laws of ST when Se is a Dirac for five- and six-choice Monte-Carlo ran- electron. The mass-moment (L) of a sys- dom walks on a simple cubic lattice. Re- tem (rT) or of a subsystem (V. or ro) is sults for chains with 50 and 100 steps are defined as the integral over the system or similar, and show that the average chain subsystem of the mass density weighted is far from spherically symmetric; for ex- by the position r of the mass element. ample, the second moments are in the Thus for ST, rT = MTLT, where MT is the ratios (L12 ):(L22):(L32) = 1:2.7:11.7. Cer- mass of ST and rT is the center of mass of tain combinations of moments are also ST. Since MAT = 0, =I = MTTT=GT,_ evaluated analytically and confirm the the total momentum of ST. Due to the in- Monte Carlo results. terchange of mass (energy) between Se and SO we must write r = + reo and Walter H. Stockmayer g 1o = GO + Poe, where Po is the moment Karel Solc of the mass passing from SO to Se, and Dartmouth College Hanover, Neu' Hampshire 03755 Eoe is that from Se to SO. To ensure that PT = Po + Pe = Go + Ge = GT, a con- stant of the motion, toe must equal - Feo. Regulation of Growth and Cancer We show quite generally that this is satis- fied for a Dirac electron. If one assumes that cancer is due to a For the Dirac electron we take re = deranged regulation then the first ques- (y), where -y is our new mass-moment tion is: what is the nature of the normal operator. Using the mass operator u regulation? We have shown earlier that (H - qsp)/c2 (As = qca*E/c2), we define inhibitory substances may stabilize the =(is + !M)/2. The kinetic momentum resting state. Methods have been worked may be written r = p - qA/c = - out for the preparation and estimation of Sit Lrb + 7h, bodily-motion plus hidden these substances which, in all probability, momentum. -reo is calculated from the are keto-aldehydes which inhibit cell di- expectation value of Wh = X - y, and vision by interacting with -SH groups toe by analysis of the interaction fields that are essential for proliferation. in S. is calculated from -f rJ.F/c2dV, the expectation value of -rqa.E/c2 = Albert Szent-Gyorgyi -Vi. Intersystem consistency follows. Jane A. McLaughlin The classical correspondence of this anal- Laszlo G. Egyujd ysis elucidates the general theorem that Institute for Muscle Research the force on matter Marine Biological Laboratory produced by changes Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 in its magnetization can be represented by the magnetic dual of the Lorentz force acting on magnetic charges. Hidden Momentum for Nonsteady- State Defined Using a New Mass-Moment Operator Theorem K. K. Thornber for Dirac's Equation W. Shockley Consider a Dirac electron as a subsys- Bell Telephone Laboratories tem Se which interacts by exchanging Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021 1392A National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting

Nutritive Value of Single Foods excellent development. "Enriched" breakfast cereals and bread are extremely deficient by comparison. Detailed results In an earlier study we found that while are presented. commercial "enriched" bread alone These experiments suggest that com- would not support the life of weanling mon food materials often belong in one of rats in a 90-day test, enrichment could two categories: (1) those composed of the be updated at low cost, with the result tissues of plants and animals, which that rats consuming the improved bread contain a wide assortment of essential alone lived and grew seven times as fast. nutrients, and (2) those which are pre- Recognized experts commented, stress- dominantly the energy stores of plants ing that bread is not to be eaten alone and animals and contribute mostly cal- and that other single foods are like bread ories. White flour and white rice are ex- in that they too are deficient and must be treme examples of the second category consumed in combination; "the experi- and current enrichment (1941 vintage) ments you performed would have given does not accomplish its purpose. the same or similar results if you had Single "tissue" foods support life and begun with milk, eggs, meat, or any other growth under our conditions whereas food." "storage" foods do not. No record of comparable experiments were found; accordingly, we have fed Roger J. Williams groups of weanling rats individual foods: James D. Heffley milk, meat, eggs, and several other foods, Charles W. Bode including "enriched" breakfast cereals. Clayton Foundation Biochemical Institute Several common foods when fed singly University of Texas not only supported life but often induced Austin, Texas 78712 Downloaded by guest on September 28, 2021