Science Matters (2)” of the Philip Buchen Files at the Gerald R
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PHILIP HANDLER August 13, 1917-December 29, 1981
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES P H I L I P H ANDLER 1917—1981 A Biographical Memoir by EMIL L. SMITH AND RO B ERT L. HILL Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1985 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. PHILIP HANDLER August 13, 1917-December 29, 1981 BY EMIL L. SMITH AND ROBERT L. HILL HILIP HANDLER was the eighteenth president of the PNational Academy of Sciences and served two consecu- tive six-year terms from 1969 to 1981. His tenure was marked by a rapid growth of the Academy and by a great expansion and reorganization of the work of the National Research Council. It was also a period of controversy and political turbulence in the nation, and the role of the Academy in public affairs increased considerably. The work and character of the Academy will likely long be influenced by the many changes that occurred in these years. Philip Handler was born in New York City on August 13, 1917, the first child and oldest son of Lena Heisen Handler and Jacob Handler. His mother, one often children, was the daughter of a chicken farmer in Norma, a town in southern New Jersey. The life of his father, who came from central Europe, represented an almost typical American success story of that immigrant generation, and served as an exam- ple to his family of the rewards that come from hard work, self-education, and determination. -
Jerome Wiesner Was a Creative Force at MIT for the Last Half Century
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES JEROME BERT WIESNER 1915–1994 A Biographical Memoir by LOUIS D. SMULLIN Biographical Memoirs, VOLUME 78 PUBLISHED 2000 BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. Copyright by Karsh, Ottawa JEROME BERT WIESNER May 30, 1915–October 21, 1994 BY LOUIS D. SMULLIN EROME WIESNER—JERRY to almost everybody—led an excit- J ing and productive life and, more than most, he made a difference. His career, the offices he held and the honors he received are spelled out in the MIT obituary notice at the time of his death. As interesting and impressive as is the list of offices and honors, even more interesting is his transformation from a young engineer just out of college to an “electronic warrior” during World War II, to a “cold warrior” during the early days of the “missile gap,” and finally to a leading spokesman for the nuclear test ban and a worker for nuclear disarmament. Jerry and his younger sister, Edna, were the children of Joseph and Ida Wiesner, each of whom had come to the United States at about the turn of the century. To escape having to take violin lessons, at age nineteen, Joseph had run away from his parents in Vienna in about 1892 and had shipped out to places as far away as Alaska and the California gold fields before landing in New York. (Edna remembers her father telling stories about meeting and drinking with Jack London in Alaska.) Ida had come from Romania to New York with her younger sister. She worked in the gar- ment industry and then as a housekeeper until she and 3 4 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS Joseph met and married in 1914. -
Feature Multiple Means to an End: a Reexamination of President Kennedy’S Decision to Go to the Moon by Stephen J
Feature Multiple Means to an End: A Reexamination of President Kennedy’s Decision to Go to the Moon By Stephen J. Garber On May 25, 1961, in his famously special “Urgent National Needs” speech to a joint session of Congress, President John E Kennedy made a dramatic call to send Americans to the Moon “before this decade is out.”’ After this resulted in the highly successful and publicized ApoZZo Program that indeed safely flew humans to the Moon from 1969-1972, historians and space aficio- nados have looked back at Kennedy’s decision in varying ways. Since 1970,2 most social scientists have believed that Kennedy made a single, rational, pragmatic choice to com- CHAT WITH THE AUTHOR pete with the Soviet Union in the arena of space exploration Please join us in a “chat session” with the au- as a way to achieve world prestige during the height of the thor of this article, Stephen J. Garber. In this “chat session,” you may ask Mr. Garber or the Quest Cold War. As such, the drama of space exploration served staff questions about this article, or other ques- simply as a means to an end, not as an goal for its own sake. tions about research and writing the history of Contrary to this approach, some space enthusiasts have spaceflight. The “chat” will be held on Thursday, argued in hindsight that Kennedy pushed the U.S. to explore December 9,7:00CDT. We particularly welcome boldly into space because he was a visionary who saw space Quest subscribers, but anyone may participate. -
National Academy of Sciences July 1, 1979 Officers
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES JULY 1, 1979 OFFICERS Term expires President-PHILIP HANDLER June 30, 1981 Vice-President-SAUNDERS MAC LANE June 30, 1981 Home Secretary-BRYCE CRAWFORD,JR. June 30, 1983 Foreign Secretary-THOMAS F. MALONE June 30, 1982 Treasurer-E. R. PIORE June 30, 1980 Executive Officer Comptroller Robert M. White David Williams COUNCIL Abelson, Philip H. (1981) Markert,C. L. (1980) Berg, Paul (1982) Nierenberg,William A. (1982) Berliner, Robert W. (1981) Piore, E. R. (1980) Bing, R. H. (1980) Ranney, H. M. (1980) Crawford,Bryce, Jr. (1983) Simon, Herbert A. (1981) Friedman, Herbert (1982) Solow, R. M. (1980) Handler, Philip (1981) Thomas, Lewis (1982) Mac Lane, Saunders (1981) Townes, Charles H. (1981) Malone, Thomas F. (1982) Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021 SECTIONS The Academyis divided into the followingSections, to which membersare assigned at their own choice: (11) Mathematics (31) Engineering (12) Astronomy (32) Applied Biology (13) Physics (33) Applied Physical and (14) Chemistry Mathematical Sciences (15) Geology (41) Medical Genetics Hema- (16) Geophysics tology, and Oncology (21) Biochemistry (42) Medical Physiology, En- (22) Cellularand Develop- docrinology,and Me- mental Biology tabolism (23) Physiological and Phar- (43) Medical Microbiology macologicalSciences and Immunology (24) Neurobiology (51) Anthropology (25) Botany (52) Psychology (26) Genetics (53) Social and Political Sci- (27) Population Biology, Evo- ences lution, and Ecology (54) Economic Sciences In the alphabetical list of members,the numbersin parentheses, followingyear of election, indicate the respective Class and Section of the member. CLASSES The members of Sections are grouped in the following Classes: I. Physical and Mathematical Sciences (Sections 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16). -
Project Apollo: Americans to the Moon John M
Chapter Two Project Apollo: Americans to the Moon John M. Logsdon Project Apollo, the remarkable U.S. space effort that sent 12 astronauts to the surface of Earth’s Moon between July 1969 and December 1972, has been extensively chronicled and analyzed.1 This essay will not attempt to add to this extensive body of literature. Its ambition is much more modest: to provide a coherent narrative within which to place the various documents included in this compendium. In this narrative, key decisions along the path to the Moon will be given particular attention. 1. Roger Launius, in his essay “Interpreting the Moon Landings: Project Apollo and the Historians,” History and Technology, Vol. 22, No. 3 (September 2006): 225–55, has provided a com prehensive and thoughtful overview of many of the books written about Apollo. The bibliography accompanying this essay includes almost every book-length study of Apollo and also lists a number of articles and essays interpreting the feat. Among the books Launius singles out for particular attention are: John M. Logsdon, The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970); Walter A. McDougall, . the Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (New York: Basic Books, 1985); Vernon Van Dyke, Pride and Power: the Rationale of the Space Program (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1964); W. Henry Lambright, Powering Apollo: James E. Webb of NASA (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); Roger E. Bilstein, Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles, NASA SP-4206 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1980); Edgar M. -
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Memorial Tributes: Volume 8 JEROME BERT WIESNER 290 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 8 JEROME BERT WIESNER 291 Jerome Bert Wiesner 1915-1994 By Paul E. Gray In or out of public positions, he never stopped caring or working for the country's good. He never thought it was not his problem . [He] performed the office of public citizen better than any contemporary I know. Anthony Lewis The New York Times October 28, 1994 Jerome B. Wiesner—engineer, educator, adviser to presidents and the young, passionate advocate for peace, and public citizen—died on October 21, 1994, at his home in Watertown, Massachusetts, at the age of seventy-nine. Throughout his life, he applied his intellect and wisdom and energy to improve the many institutions with which he was involved, to ameliorate the problems clouding the future of humankind, and to make the world a better, safer, more humane home to all its citizens. Jerry was born in Detroit, Michigan, on May 30, 1915—the son of a shopkeeper—and grew up in nearby Dearborn, where he attended the public schools. He attended the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, where he earned bachelor of science degrees in electrical engineering and mathematics in 1937, the master of science degree in electrical engineering in 1938, and the doctor of philosophy degree in electrical engineering in 1950. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 8 JEROME BERT WIESNER 292 He began his professional career in 1937 as associate director of the University of Michigan broadcasting service, and in 1940 moved to the Acoustical Record Library of the Library of Congress, where he served as chief engineer. -
Neri Oxman Material Ecology
ANTONELLI THE NERI OXMAN CALLS HER DESIGN APPROACH MATERIAL ECOLOGY— A PROCESS THAT DRAWS ON THE STRUCTURAL, SYSTEMIC, AND AESTHETIC WISDOM OF NATURE, DISTILLED AND DEPLOYED THROUGH COMPUTATION AND DIGITAL FABRICATION. THROUGHOUT HER TWENTY- ECOLOGY MATERIAL NERI OXMAN NERI OXMAN YEAR CAREER, SHE HAS BEEN A PIONEER OF NEW MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES, AND A CATALYST FOR DYNAMIC INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATIONS. WITH THE MEDIATED MATTER MATERIAL GROUP, HER RESEARCH TEAM AT THE MIT MEDIA LAB, OXMAN HAS PURSUED RIGOROUS AND DARING EXPERIMENTATION THAT IS GROUNDED IN SCIENCE, PROPELLED BY VISIONARY THINKING, AND DISTINGUISHED BY FORMAL ELEGANCE. ECOLOGY PUBLISHED TO ACCOMPANY A MONOGRAPHIC EXHIBITION OF OXMAN’S WORK AT THE MUSEUM OF MODERN ART, NEW YORK, NERI OXMAN: MATERIAL ECOLOGY FEATURES ESSAYS BY PAOLA ANTONELLI AND CATALOGUE HADAS A. STEINER. ITS DESIGN, BY IRMA BOOM, PAYS HOMAGE TO STEWART BRAND’S LEGENDARY WHOLE EARTH CATALOG, WHICH CELEBRATED AND PROVIDED RESOURCES FOR A NEW ERA OF AWARENESS IN THE LATE 1960S. THIS VOLUME, IN TURN, HERALDS A NEW ERA OF ECOLOGICAL AWARENESS—ONE IN WHICH THE GENIUS OF NATURE CAN BE HARNESSED, AS OXMAN IS DOING, TO CREATE TOOLS FOR A BETTER FUTURE. Moma Neri Oxman Cover.indd 1-3 9.01.2020 14:24 THE NERI OXMAN MATERIAL ECOLOGY CATALOGUE PAOLA ANTONELLI WITH ANNA BURCKHARDT THE MUSEUM OF MODERN ART, NEW YORK × Silk Pavilion I Imaginary Beings: Doppelgänger Published in conjunction with the exhibition Published by Neri Oxman: Material Ecology, at The Museum of The Museum of Modern Art, New York Modern Art, New York, February 22–May 25, 2020. 11 West 53 Street CONTENTS Organized by Paola Antonelli, Senior Curator, New York, New York 10019 Department of Architecture and Design, www.moma.org and Director, Research and Development; and Anna Burckhardt, Curatorial Assistant, © 2020 The Museum of Modern Art, New York 9 FOREWORD Department of Architecture and Design Certain illustrations are covered by claims to copyright cited on page 177. -
Members of Groups Central to the Scientists' Debates About Rdna
International Dimensions of Ethics Education in Science and Engineering Case Study Series: Asilomar Conference on Laboratory Precautions Appendix C: Members of Groups Central to the Scientists’ Debates about rDNA Research 1973-76 M.J. Peterson Version 1, June 2010 Signers of Singer-Söll Letter 1973 Maxine Singer Dieter Söll Signers of Berg Letter 1974 Paul Berg David Baltimore Herbert Boyer Stanley Cohen Ronald Davis David S. Hogness Daniel Nathans Richard O. Roblin III James Watson Sherman Weissman Norton D. Zinder Organizing Committee for the Asilomar Conference David Baltimore Paul Berg Sydney Brenner Richard O. Roblin III Maxine Singer This case was created by the International Dimensions of Ethics Education in Science and Engineering (IDEESE) Project at the University of Massachusetts Amherst with support from the National Science Foundation under grant number 0734887. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. More information about the IDEESE and copies of its modules can be found at http://www.umass.edu/sts/ethics. This case should be cited as: M.J. Peterson. 2010. “Asilomar Conference on Laboratory Precautions When Conducting Recombinant DNA Research.” International Dimensions of Ethics Education in Science and Engineering. Available www.umass.edu/sts/ethics. © 2010 IDEESE Project Appendix C Working Groups for the Asilomar Conference Plasmids Richard Novick (Chair) Royston C. Clowes (Institute for Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Dallas) Stanley N. Cohen Roy Curtiss III Stanley Falkow Eukaryotes Donald Brown (Chair) Sydney Brenner Robert H. Burris (Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin) Dana Carroll (Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution, Baltimore) Ronald W. -
Seeds of Discovery: Chapters in the Economic History of Innovation Within NASA
Seeds of Discovery: Chapters in the Economic History of Innovation within NASA Edited by Roger D. Launius and Howard E. McCurdy 2015 MASTER FILE AS OF Friday, January 15, 2016 Draft Rev. 20151122sj Seeds of Discovery (Launius & McCurdy eds.) – ToC Link p. 1 of 306 Table of Contents Seeds of Discovery: Chapters in the Economic History of Innovation within NASA .............................. 1 Introduction: Partnerships for Innovation ................................................................................................ 7 A Characterization of Innovation ........................................................................................................... 7 The Innovation Process .......................................................................................................................... 9 The Conventional Model ....................................................................................................................... 10 Exploration without Innovation ........................................................................................................... 12 NASA Attempts to Innovate .................................................................................................................. 16 Pockets of Innovation............................................................................................................................ 20 Things to Come ...................................................................................................................................... 23 -
Invoking the Experts: Theantiballistic Missile Debate
58 Advising or Legitimizing1 dated April 3, 1970: "lt would be unfortunate to leave the impremon that the [Garwin CHAPTER 5 teport) was 'highly crltical' of the SST program.'' [ Reprinted in Congressional Record 111 (1971): 32125.) DuBridge's letter stated further that the Garwin Report was prepared at President Nixon's request and would not be released; the quoted Statement was evidently intended to deceive Reuss as to the report's actual conclusions. 1. NBC radio interview with Rep. Reuss, reprinted in Congre11ional Record 115 (1969): 34743. Invoking the Experts : 8. Congreuional Record 115 (1969): 32599-32613. 9. lbid., p. 32606. 10. lbid., p. 32608. 11. Ibid., p. 3 261 o. The Antiballistic Missile 12. lbid., p. 32607. 13. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations, Department of Transportation and Related Agencie1 Approprilltions for 1971, Part 3, April 23, 1970, pp. 980-994. Debate 14. Quoted in Saturday Review, August 15, 1970. lS. The suit was füed by the American Civil Ll"berties Union on behalf of Gary A. Soucie, executive director of the Friends of the Earth, and W. lloyd Tupling, Washington representative of the Siena Club. Peter L Koff of Boston was the volunteer attomey. 16. Letter from Edward E. David, Jr., PJesldent Nixon's science advisor, to Peter L Koff, August 17, 1971. 17. Subcommittee on Physical Effects, NAS-NRC Committee on SST-Sonic Boom, Report on Physical Effectl of the Sonlc Boom (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. February 1968). 18. New Y«k Time1, March S, 1968. (This story was run in early editions but removed De. -
Charles E. Bugg
Memoir Charles E. Bugg Preface I am a crystallographer. Although my career has allowed me to enjoy a variety of stimulating ventures in science, technology and business, crystallography has always been the foundation of these activities. Crystallography is an incredible scientific discipline that has directly impacted many areas of chemistry, phys ics and biology. The importance of this field was formally recognized recently by the United Nations, who declared 2014 as the Year of Crystallography. The tremendous impact of crystallography is exemplified by the fact that 27 Nobel Prizes have now been awarded for scientific achievements directly related to, or involving use of, crys tallographic methods and techniques. No other specific scientist discipline has produced such a large number of Nobel Prizes. I have had the joy of interacting closely with several of these Nobel Laureates over the course of my career. I doubt if any other career choice would have pro vided me with such stimulation. In 2014, the Year of Crystallography, I was invited by the American Crystallographic Association (ACA) to write my Memoir, which would be archived in the ACA website that covers the history of crystallography. I ended up going overboard, and including much more detail than will ever be of interest to my crystallographic colleagues, thinking that my grandchildren might someday want to read about the wonderful life that our family was allowed to share through the world of crystallography. Fortunate ly for my crystallography colleagues, the editors of the ACA abstracted relevant sections of my Memoir for publi cation in their quarterly newsletter, "ACA Reflexions", and I have attached the resulting article to my Memoir. -
The Uses and Limitations of Science Advisors 39 CHAPTER 3 Relationships with Other Powerful Institutions
The Uses and Limitations of Science Advisors 39 CHAPTER 3 relationships with other powerful institutions. All of these arrangements constrain the options and the information available within the bureaucracy. Thus are bom bureaucratic procedures and bureaucratic truth. Leading govemment officials are usually eventually forced to respond to nonbureaucratic perceptions of reality-by the newspapers, by Congress, or by The Uses and Limitations the courts. But an astute leader will want to know in advance the likely responses to his actions, and he will not wish to be overly constrained by bureaucratic precedent. In order to obtain a candid response on these matters, of Science Advisors he must obviously turn to people whose own positions are sufficiently secure and independent that they will not be much influeneed by the reception their advice is accorded. Hence the need for outside advisors. This need is particularly acute in highly technical areas, where govemment officials often cannot entirely trust their own judgment and where the outside advisors may have a considerably broader expertise thar1 regular govemment employees. Besides helping to prevent the govemment from cutting itself off from reality, the science advisory system has sometimes also acted as an excellent The Need for Science Advice conduit for new ideas and infonnation-both within the govemment and between the govemment and the scientific community. This has been made AJthougb the vast majority of govemment scientific advisors are conc:me~ ~ith possible partly because of the way science advising was organized and partly relatively small decisions (such as the choice of materials to be used m_ military because of the nature of the scientists themselves.