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Australians and Americans Talking

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Australians and Americans Talking Australians AND Americans Talking MICHAEL HAUGH DIVIDED BY A COMMON It is commonly thought that although we LANGUAGE? share a common language with Americans, just like Americans and British, there are The UniTed STaTeS haS had an enormous significant differences in the way in which influence on Australian society and our we communicate.2 We are, as the infamous relationship with the world. The US has quote goes, ‘divided by a common language’.3 been and continues to be one of Australia’s In some ways that should not be surprising. key trading partners.1 Australia has had an The US and Australia have very different enduring strategic military alliance with histories, and very different mixes of ethnic, the US, and the US is also a key source of linguistic and cultural backgrounds in their cultural influence through film and television, respective populations. However, it is also broadcast and social media, and the import true that at least some of us also share of other technological innovations over many common roots with respect to the use of the decades. Where the US goes, Australia (mostly) English language, even if categories such as follows, it seems. It would be fair to say that in ‘Anglo-Americans’ or ‘Anglo-Australians’ are recent years the influence of the US has been (necessarily) contested. And although we are challenged by the rise of China on the world not solely English-speaking societies—it is stage, and as Australia’s preeminent trading much more diverse than that in the case of partner. However, as I am a linguist, I am not both countries—English is for better or worse here to debate political and cultural influences the primary lingua franca in both societies, or or what might lie ahead. I will leave that to my at least the lingua franca that counts in terms erstwhile colleagues in political science and of social mobility. Given we share a common cultural studies—who, incidentally, seem to language that dominates in both societies, have their work cut out for them in this new then are we really so different? age of (social) media-driven politics. Instead, Popular and academic discourse alike I would like to touch upon a seemingly more would suggest we are. Australians are said intangible, but nevertheless important part to be ‘laid back’ and ‘irreverent’ and fond of of the relationship between Australia and the ‘taking the piss’ of themselves and others, US, namely, how we communicate and get for instance, while Americans are claimed to on with each other at an interpersonal level. be more ‘serious’ and to enjoy ‘talking about After all, economic and political relationships themselves’ in a (mostly) positive light.4 Such are ultimately built on relationships claims seem to resonate with the way in between people. MASTHEAD IMAGE: which we respectively talk about ourselves G. COSGROVE HUMANITIES AUSTRALIA 10 · 2019 21 that the participants do not know anything about the other person they are talking with means they inevitably rely on what they perceive to be relatively common or shared ways of getting to know someone.6 They are also relatively high stakes interactions because first impressions count for a lot in many cases (although thankfully not always). We thus proceeded to record initial interactions in which Australians and Americans were ▲ American and in discourses on national identity, and we no getting acquainted, as well as ones in which Australian flag doubt can all think of examples from our own Australians were meeting Australians for the handshake interactions in which we have seemingly found first time, along with initial encounters in IMAGE: THORSTEN SCMITT evidence to support them. However, on close which Americans were meeting Americans.7 ID: 1097994956, SHUTTERSTOCK.COM examination, while we do indeed sometimes What then did we find? What do (Anglo-) find such things are true to a point, they are Australians and (Anglo-)Americans do in not always true in the way we think. I thus these sorts of initial encounters? Research on embarked on a collaborative project with initial interactions to date has argued that they Professor Cliff Goddard and Professor Donal mostly involve people asking questions about Carbaugh, funded by the ARC, to investigate the other person and talking about themselves just that: are there really differences in the in order to find common topics.8 Naturally, ways in which Australians and Americans talk we also found these kinds of sequences in our and relate?5 data as well. But we also found participants do much more than just that in initial encounters. AUSTRALIANS AND AMERICANS GETTING ACQUAINTED In the following excerpt from a conversation between Connor, an American electrician in his One of the first questions we faced in our fifties, and Mary, an Australian student in her quest to better understand Australian and mid-twenties, Mary has previously been talking American communication styles was to about how she has worked in her family’s consider what kind of data would ensure we dental clinic over the study breaks. Connor’s were comparing like with like. While talk in question here orients to the possibility that workplaces and other professional settings working in a ‘proper’ job has meant Mary has is clearly an important site for studying how been able to move out of home.9 Australians and Americans talk and interact, a whole range of factors can influence how ( 1 ) we talk in such settings, including the specific Conner: Do you st- do you still live at home or? ‘cultures’ we find developing in different Mary: No I don’t. I’ve been out of home for workplaces, and the histories of interactions about six years now, we have with different people. Our primary Connor: Mhm. aim was to try and compare Australian and Mary: five to six years. American ways of interacting and relating, Connor: You don’t look that old (laughs) not the inevitable influence of a host of other factors. We therefore settled on a particular Mary: (laughs) genre of talk that is arguably both a rich site Mary’s response is taken as an opportunity for cultural comparisons and also rather high for a quip by Connor and shared laughter, stakes, namely initial encounters in which and subsequently further joking and laughter participants who have not previously met are in that interaction. In our data this kind of getting acquainted for the first time (or what conversational humour was not uncommon. linguists like to call initial interactions). Such Both Australians and Americans frequently interactions are culturally rich, because the fact joked, and perhaps surprisingly, also sometimes 22 HUMANITIES AUSTRALIA 10 · 2019 teased each other in these initial encounters.10 about themselves, at least in comparison to the They even (jokingly) flirted with each other in a Australians in our dataset. few cases, although not, I hasten to add, in the Consider the following conversation interaction above.11 between two Americans, John and Elizabeth, Australians and Americans also engaged who are in their early twenties. Just prior to in other forms of talk besides talking about this excerpt, they have been talking about themselves or asking about the other person. riding really large rollercoasters in theme parks They talked about troubles, complained around the US.16 12 and offered advice, made offers and issued (2) invitations,13 criticised and disagreed with 14 John: It sounds so insane. I’m definitely, I’m a the other person, and even sometimes kind of adrenaline junky, so I’d be so stoked 15 took offence, albeit somewhat delicately. to do that, but I dun//no I haven’t. Given both Australians and Americans do all Elizabeth: //But you ski. these things (and probably more) in initial I’ve never skied. encounters, what then, if anything, is different John: Exactly yeah. I //ski that’s like the closest in how they talk in such settings? Elizabeth: //I wanna try that. John: thing I get to my kicks. You know skiing ◄ Is fun, but uh yeah there’s no snow Australian– American in Florida so //(laughs) conversation Elizabeth: //No. IMAGE: I’ve only ever lived in Florida, so G. COSGROVE I’ve never lived where there’s been snow. In the course of talking about rollercoasters and skiing, and subsequently beaches in the US and Australia, both John and Elizabeth repeatedly respond to prior self-disclosures from the other participant (e.g. ‘I’m an adrenaline junky’) with self-disclosures of their own (e.g. ‘I’ve never skied’). In doing so, IT’S ALL IN HOW YOU RESPOND they ‘personalise’ their contributions with When comparing initial encounters between respect to their own background experiences. Australians and Americans one thing that As argued by Donal Carbaugh, ‘Americans we consistently struck was that it is not so believe that one should express one’s self, much in what participants do, but in how with very few constraints being placed they respond to prior talk, that we see different upon that expressiveness … Such speaking patterns of talk emerge. Here I will outline often elaborates one’s personal experiences, just two of these patterns: responses to ‘self- thoughts, and feelings.’17 disclosures’ (that is, talking about yourself), Australians, on the other hand, were found and responses to ‘self-deprecations’ (that is, to more frequently ask questions that prompt putting yourself down). self-disclosures from the other person or prompt them to expand upon talk about Self-disclosures themselves. Notably, when such questions were While it may come as a surprise (to Australians not forthcoming, the person not asking enough at least), we did not find that Americans talk questions was sometimes implicitly, or even about themselves more than Australians in explicitly, sanctioned.
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