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FEEDING the FUTURE How Innovation and Shifting Consumer Preferences Can Help Feed a Growing Planet

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FEEDING the FUTURE How Innovation and Shifting Consumer Preferences Can Help Feed a Growing Planet FEEDING THE FUTURE How Innovation and Shifting Consumer Preferences Can Help Feed a Growing Planet Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions November 2018 Citi is one of the world’s largest financial institutions, operating in all major established and emerging markets. Across these world markets, our employees conduct an ongoing multi-disciplinary conversation — accessing information, analyzing data, developing insights, and formulating advice. As our premier thought leadership product, Citi GPS is designed to help our readers navigate the global economy’s most demanding challenges and to anticipate future themes and trends in a fast-changing and interconnected world. Citi GPS accesses the best elements of our global conversation and harvests the thought leadership of a wide range of senior professionals across our firm. This is not a research report and does not constitute advice on investments or a solicitations to buy or sell any financial instruments. For more information on Citi GPS, please visit our website at www.citi.com/citigps. Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions November 2018 Elizabeth Curmi Ying Qin Global Thematic Analyst Global Thematic Team +44-20-7986-6818 | [email protected] +44-20-7986-8325 | [email protected] Aakash Doshi Thomas P Wrigglesworth Senior Commodities Strategist Europe Chemicals & Basic Materials Analyst +1-212-723-3872 | [email protected] +44-20-7986-4252 | [email protected] Gregory R Badishkanian Cedric Besnard U.S. Leisure, Restaurants & Health Europe Food Manufacturing, Lifestyles Analyst Household & Personal Care Analyst +1-212-816-2720 | +33-1-7075-5276 | [email protected] [email protected] Nick Coulter Jamshed Dadabhoy Europe Food Retail Analyst Asia Auto & Transportation Analyst +44-20-7500-7266 | [email protected] +65-6657-1146 | [email protected] David Driscoll, CFA Daniel Jester U.S. Food Manufacturing Analyst U.S. Chemicals Analyst +1-212-816-0440 | [email protected] +1-415-951-1832 | [email protected] P.J. Juvekar Nobuyoshi Miura U.S. Chemicals & Agriculture Analyst Japan Food, Beverage, Tobacco & Personal Care Analyst +1-212-816-3097 | [email protected] +81-3-6776-4623 | [email protected] Graeme McDonald Alexander Robarts Japan Machinery & Shipbuilding Analyst LatAm Consumer Staples Analyst +81-3-6776-4614 | [email protected] +1-212-816-6910 | [email protected] Cesar Rojas Timothy Thein, CFA Global Economist U.S. Machinery Analyst +1-212-816-1426 | [email protected] +1-212-816-6706 | [email protected] Xiaopo Wei, CFA Patrick Yau, CFA Head of Singapore Head of Asia Pac Consumer Research and Malaysia Research +852-2501-2472 | [email protected] +65-6657-1168 | [email protected] November 2018 Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions 3 FEEDING THE FUTURE How Innovation and Shifting Consumer Preferences Can Help Feed a Growing Planet Kathleen Boyle, CFA It’s a simple question: Will we be able to feed everyone if the population of the Managing Editor, Citi GPS planet rises from about 7 billion people today to 9-10 billion in 2050? If you are a student of Thomas Malthus and buy into his Essay on the Principles of Population, then you believe this type of population increase will result in famine and poverty. The good news is that when Malthus published his famous paper in 1798 the global population was only 800 million and despite an almost nine-fold increase in population, his predictions luckily have not been realized. Advances in agriculture, food manufacturing, and food distribution together have increased the efficiency of the global food industry to supply an ever-growing population. But if we look at today’s global food industry, we find that it is unsustainable for future demand in its current format. For the industry to keep up with a 60-70% increase in food demand over the next 30 years, it can’t continue to operate in a ‘business as usual’ mode. What’s wrong? Three main issues plague the global food industry: sustainability, waste, and nutrition. On the sustainability front, agriculture today consumes 70% of surface and groundwater and uses 50% of habitable land while the entire food industry is responsible for up to one-third of human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. Globally, around 1.3 billion tonnes of food — almost one-third of all food produced — gets lost or wasted every year. Malnutrition — in the form of hunger and undernourishment, obesity or micronutrient deficiencies —affects almost 40% of the global population and the impacts on public health and economic development now cost the global economy almost $3.5 trillion per year. Is there a simple answer? No, not simple. But the first step towards a solution is to understand the problem ahead of us — identify the need for more sustainable agriculture, more efficient manufacturing and distribution, and consistent delivery of nutritious food. In the report that follows, we look at ways the industry can use innovation and technology to become more sustainable. In farming, using big data and digital agriculture such as the use of sensors, field monitoring, and aerial imaging as well as new technology in farm equipment and aeroponics can increase sustainability and decrease the amount of land required for food production. New seed technology, feed additives, alternative proteins and biofortification also help increase nutrition. Expanding agriculture in the Southern Hemisphere is also an opportunity as improving yield gaps leads to better sustainability. On the consumer front, a shift towards health and wellness is driving food manufacturers to alter their portfolios to deliver more nutritious, indulgent, safe, and sustainable products. Consumers are also changing the way they shop for food and are becoming more conscious of where their food comes from, leading to increased supply-chain transparency. Can we get there? We think so, but it will require (1) easier access to financing; (2) the removal of distortions in the agriculture and food market; (3) vertical integration across the supply chain; (4) easier and faster access to the market for innovation and technology; (5) better data and information; and (6) better healthier products and a change in diets to continue to prove Malthus wrong. © 2018 Citigroup Feeding a Growing Population THE GLOBAL FOOD INDUSTRY IS PLAGUED BY ISSUES OF SUSTAINABILITY, WASTE, AND NUTRITION WHILE THE DEMAND FOR FOOD IS INCREASING. Agriculture is Food-related 77% of agricultural ~1.3 billion Malnutrition The global responsible for emissions account land is used tonnes of food costs the global population is 70% of global for up to one-third for livestock gets lost or economy expected to freshwater of human-caused production, which wasted per year $3.5 trillion reach 9.7 billion withdrawals greenhouse gas supply only 17% — enough to feed each year by 2050 from emissions of global calories 2 billion people 7.3 billion today Meeting 2050 food increase increase in demand under increase in irrigation greenhouse current industry 65% 67% in land 87% water gas emissions practices results in: Source: Springmann et al. (2018) THE BIGGEST OPPORTUNITY TO EXPAND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IS IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE, WHERE UNLOCKING PRODUCTIVITY GAINS AND INCREASING CROP PRODUCTION PER HECTARE OF PLANTED AREA IS KEY. Global Corn Yields (metric ton/hectare) 12 10 08 06 04 02 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 World USA Brazil Argentina Sub-Saharan Africa Source: USDA, Citi Research © 2018 Citigroup INNOVATION AND INVESTMENT CAN HELP TO ADDRESS THE THREE MAIN CHALLENGES OF TODAY’S FOOD INDUSTRY IN FEEDING THE POPULATION OF THE FUTURE Waste Sustainability Nutrition Shelf-life extension Biological and Microbial Personalized nutrition Supply chain technology solutions Biofortification Upcycling of food waste Enzyme-based solution to Production of healthier reduce GHG Secondary marketplaces products Alternative feed and proteins Precision Ag/Analytics Natural ingredients Algae-based Fish Oil Digital Land Mapping Functional foods Precision Ag/Analytics Adaptive Irrigation Algae-based Fish Oil Digital Land Mapping Vertical Farming Food Additives Adaptive Irrigation Livestock Monitoring Gene Editing Vertical Farming Food Additives Better Data and Sensors Livestock Monitoring Gene Editing Gene Editing Better Data and Sensors Better Data and Sensors HOW DO WE MAKE THIS HAPPEN? WE HIGHLIGHT SIX STEPS Access to finance Easier and faster access to market for technology and innovation Vertical integration across the supply chain Removal of distortions to food trade Healthier products and diet change Better information and data 6 Citi GPS: Global Perspectives & Solutions November 2018 Contents Introduction 7 The Global Food Industry is Complex 9 Challenges Facing the Food Industry 15 Food Demand is Increasing 30 Opportunity Knocks for the Southern Hemisphere Feed/Grain Farmer 42 Opportunities from a Sector Perspective: Regional Analysis 56 Inputs - Doing More with Less: Innovation in Seeds, Chemicals, Fertilizers, and Animal Nutrition 59 Machinery & Equipment 72 The World of Food Multinationals 83 How Can Food Economics Coexist with the Search for Care? 83 European Food Multinationals: The Evolution of an Industry Narrative 84 U.S. Food: Perspectives on the Wellbeing Agenda 94 Food Manufacturing Evolution: LatAm 100 Food & Health – Japan 102 Infant Milk: China 105 European Food Retailers 107 Progressively Embedding Sustainability Practices into their Operating Models 107 Making it
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