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January-February 2003 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service One hundred years ago, President Theodore Roosevelt took a small step that launched the modern conservation movement. By executive order, he protected Pelican Island, Florida, as a bird sanctuary January/February 2003 Vol. XXVIII No. 1 to protect its dwindling bird life from the onslaught of plume hunters during what is now known as the Feather Wars. From that modest beginning, the National Wildlife Refuge System has grown to almost 95 million acres with refuges across all of the United States. Larger than the National Park System but not as well known, the Refuge System plays a vital role in conserv- ing our Nation’s biological diversity. In this edition of the Bulletin, we look at a few examples of how refuges help to protect and recover endangered species. U.S.U.S. FishFish && WildlifeWildlife ServiceService WASHINGTON D.C. OFFICE Washington, D.C. 20240 Steve Williams, Director Claire Cassel, Chief, Division of Partnerships and Outreach (703)358-2390 Gary Frazer, Assistant Director for Endangered Species Patrick Leonard, Chief, Division of Consultation, HCPs, Recovery, and State Grants Elizabeth H. Stevens, Deputy Assistant Director (703)358-2106 Chris L. Nolin, Chief, Division of Conservation and Classification (703)358-2105 Kathy Walker, Chief, Office of Program Support (703)358-2079 http://endangered.fws.gov/ REGION ONE Eastside Federal Complex, 911 N.E. 11th Ave, Portland OR 97232 California, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Anne Badgley, Regional Director (503)231-6118 Washington, American Samoa, Commonwealth http://pacific.fws.gov/ of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam and the Pacific Trust Territories REGION TWO P.O. Box 1306, Albuquerque, NM 87103 Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas H. Dale Hall, Regional Director (505)248-6282 http://southwest.fws.gov/ REGION THREE Federal Bldg., Ft. Snelling, Twin Cities MN 55111 Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, William Hartwig, Regional Director (612)715-5301 Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin http://midwest.fws.gov/ REGION FOUR 1875 Century Blvd., Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 30345 Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Georgia, Kentucky, Sam Hamilton, Regional Director (404)679-7086 Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, http://southeast.fws.gov/ Tennessee, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands REGION FIVE 300 Westgate Center Drive, Hadley, MA 01035 Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Mamie Parker, Regional Director (413)253-8300 Massachusetts, New Hampshire, http://northeast.fws.gov/ New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia REGION SIX P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Center, Denver CO 80225 Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Ralph O. Morgenweck, Regional Director (303)236-7920 Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming http://mountain-prairie.fws.gov/ REGION SEVEN 1011 E. Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK 99503 Alaska Dave Allen, Regional Director (907)786-3542 http://alaska.fws.gov/ IN THIS ISSUE 4 A Century of Conservation 9 Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge 12 Refuges Are a Flight Path to Recovery Telephone: (703)358-2390 Contributors Fax: (703)358-1735 Dan Ashe Steve Hensley E-mail: [email protected] Barbara Maxfield Claudia Frosch 14 An Amphibious Assault Lauri S. Munroe Heidi Hanlon Editor Cheri M. Ehrhardt Amanda L. Avery Michael Bender Linda Laack Philip A. Frank 18 Community Helps Save Laguna Associate Editor Barry W. Stieglitz Susan D. Jewell Jay Slack Atascosa’s Wildlife Roel R. Lopez Layout Erin Kulynycz Dennis & Sackett Design, Inc. Cathy Henry Nancee Hunter 20 The Key Deer: Back From the Brink Subscriptions Manager Michelle Babione Germaine Kargbo Hailey B. Hartman 22 Research on Fox Squirrel Reaps On the Cover Rewards A variety of bird species are protected at Pelican Island NWR, the cornerstone of the 24 Refuge for an Ice Age Survivor National Wildlife Refuge System. Photo by George Gentry/USFWS 27 “Habitats” Featured on Geography Opposite page Action! The Yukon Delta NWR in Alaska is important nesting habitat for the listed Steller’s and spectacled 28 Bringing Tiger Beetles Together eiders, as well as many other migratory birds. USFWS photo 30 Share the Beach: Teamwork for Turtles 32 The Treasures of the Ozark Plateau The Endangered Species Bulletin welcomes manuscripts on a wide range of topics related to endangered species. We are particularly interested in news about recovery, habitat conserva- tion plans, and cooperative ventures. Please contact the Editor before preparing a manuscript. We cannot guarantee publication. 34 The Dynamic Dunes The Fish and Wildlife Service distributes the Bulletin primarily to Federal and State agencies, and official contacts of the Endangered Species Program. It also is reprinted by the University of Michigan as part of its own publication, the Endangered Species UPDATE. To subscribe, write 36 This Partnership is for the Birds! the Endangered Species UPDATE, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1115; or call (734) 763-3243. 38 Hard Work Brings Results at Printed with vegetable-based ink on recycled and recyclable paper. If you do not keep Chincoteague back issues, please recycle the paper, pass them along to an interested person, or donate them to a local school or library. A Century of Conservation by Dan Ashe Throughout 2003, the National Wildlife Refuge System celebrates 100 years of extraordinary growth and achievement. A century has passed since President Theodore Roosevelt established the first refuge at Pelican Island, Florida, sparking the American wildlife conservation movement. For those of us who work for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, there could hardly be a more significant or gratifying anniversary. The National Wildlife Refuge System hard, behind-the-scenes work. has been called America’s best-kept These partnerships have helped turn secret. During this centennial year, we species such as the California condor In honor of the 100th anniversary of will change that and, by spreading the (Gymnogyps californianus), Mexican the National Wildlife Refuge System, word, help it become recognized for wolf (Canis lupus baileyi), and black- the U.S. Postal Service has issued a commemorative stamp. what it truly is, one of America’s greatest footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) from national treasures and a resounding almost certain extinction toward the road success in wildlife conservation. to recovery. They have also helped save Of all the incredible things that our dozens of important but less “charis- wildlife refuges are and do, one of the matic” species, such as the southwest proudest is our far-reaching and historic willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii efforts in protecting and recovering extimus) and the American burying endangered and threatened species. beetle (Nicrophorus americanus). It’s easy to forget that the Endangered Species Act, which is widely regarded as the world’s most powerful wildlife conservation law, gives the Fish and Wildlife Service a responsibility of almost overwhelming scope, urgency and complexity: restoring our nation’s imperiled animal and plant species to a secure status and conserving the ecosystems upon which all of them, and all of us, depend. The Service and the Refuge System have responded to this challenge by forging a variety of strategic partnerships with zoos and aquaria, private landown- ers, nonprofit organizations, interested Right: Cabeza Prieta NWR provides individuals, and state and local govern- crucial habitat for the endangered ments. The results have been immensely Sonoran pronghorn. successful and involved a great deal of Photo by John and Karen Hollingsworth 4 ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO. 1 This centennial celebration gives us Florida Audubon Society, convinced Left: Pelican Island’s first guardian, an opportunity to reflect on the power Florida to pass legislation to protect Paul Kroegel, with one of his charges. USFWS photo of individuals to change society. It also nongame birds. Audubon also hired leads us to ask some fundamental three wildlife wardens in Florida to stop Above: A team of biologists relocates questions: Why does America need a market hunting. One was Paul Kroegel, a Aleutian Canada geese on Buldir system of conservation lands? Why do German immigrant and boat builder who Island, part of the Alaska Maritime we need federal laws to protect wildlife? had settled in Sebastian, Florida, in 1881. NWR. This refuge and others were instrumental in the species’ recovery. How did all of this come about? He made his home on a ridge looking USFWS photo In the late 1800s, Americans began out at Pelican Island, the last rookery for waking to the fact that our wildlife brown pelicans on the east coast of resources were in trouble. Years of Florida and took an interest in protecting unchecked exploitation saw many the birds. Kroegel is the only warden species we consider common today, like who survived the Feather Wars. The deer and turkey, dwindling. The bison other two were murdered. and the passenger pigeon were nearing Kroegel became acquainted with extinction. In Florida, populations of Frank Chapman, a member of the pelicans, egrets, spoonbills, and other American Ornithological Union and the water birds were suffering from pressure curator at the American Museum of by commercial market hunters. Bird National History in New York, and plumes, which were used to adorn demonstrated to Chapman the plight of women’s hats and other items in the the pelicans and other birds. It was fashion industry, were worth more than Chapman who convinced President gold. Conservationists, including hunters Theodore Roosevelt that the federal and anglers, became alarmed by this government needed to take action. wholesale commercial slaughter of birds, On March 14, 1903, without fanfare, and faced market hunters in what has President Roosevelt signed an executive become known as “The Feather Wars.” order establishing Pelican Island as a In 1901, conservationists, led by the federal bird reservation, the precursor to American Ornithological Society and the a designation of a National Wildlife ENDANGERED SPECIES BULLETIN JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2003 VOLUME XXVIII NO.
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