The Sydney Harbour YHA
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Case Study : The Sydney Harbour YHA The Rocks area The Rocks is the oldest district of Sydney and, arguably, one of its most important in terms of the city’s European settlement history. Dating back to the 1790s CE, The Rocks was a mainly convict area where they and their families built their homes. Archaeological evidence from what is now known as The Big Dig site suggests the convicts living here had a far better standard of living than their counterparts did back in Britain and Ireland. The Rocks grew rapidly and, by 1900, it was an area characterised by tightly-packed housing (see picture below) leased by the lower-skilled, working classes. The area was frequently referred to in official reports and sensationalised by journalists as a dirty slum. Today the area contains many buildings dating back to the early 19th century and includes several historical museums, including the Susannah Place Museum and The Rocks Discovery Museum. Because of its historical importance to Sydney, great care has been taken to preserve its buildings and the wider neighbourhood. Of course, Australia was occupied tens of thousands of years before European sailors started to circumnavigate, then land on its continent. In most instances ancient, indigenous populations do not leave heavy traces of their occupation and management of the landscape. However archaeological excavations nearby to The Rocks have, for example, revealed a camp fire dating to the 1400s CE, which evidenced many meals of snapper fish and rock oysters. © UTS:CAREERS with UTS FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND IT 14-Feb-14 1 From its earliest European settlement until relatively recently, The Rocks held a reputation as a dangerous place. Already regarded to be a hotbed for thievery, prostitution and disease, in 1910 there was an outbreak of the bubonic plague in Sydney. It was assumed that The Rocks would be hard hit though, as it happened, only three people died of plague there. As late as the 1960s some Sydneysiders thought the neighbourhood too violent to visit because of its rough, working class reputation. These days Sydneysiders avoid The Rocks not because they feel it is dangerous but because it is so clogged with tourists. Adjacent to busy Circular Quay ferry terminal and train station, there are numerous locations in The Rocks from where you can see both Sydney’s iconic structures – the Harbour Bridge and the Opera House. It is home to other major attractions too, such as the Sydney Theatre Company whose artistic directors recently included the well-known actor Cate Blanchett. The district is known by some in the Sydney tourism industry as The Golden Triangle and is sought after by hotel chains and high-end shops because, even in times of recession, businesses here can be very profitable. For most visitors, The Rocks seems to be one of the one must-see areas of the city, a situation enhanced by many of the huge, visiting cruise ships dropping off their affluent customers only a few metres away at the Overseas Passenger Terminal, close to the Museum of Contemporary Art. Development trends in the area suggest that, whilst The Rocks will continue to maintain its historical flavour, it will also continue its move upmarket – expensive hotels, restaurants and cultural venues replacing lowbrow tourist shops and run-down residences. The challenge for the city is to retain the distinctive roots and character of the Rocks, maintaining its unique diversity, while still allowing favourable and profitable development to take place. Hostelling and the YHA movement The Youth Hostels Association (YHA) is part of Hostelling International (HI), an international organisation which originated in Germany to provide affordable accommodation for students and young travellers. Globally, YHA is a not-for-profit organisation which reinvests its surplus in the maintenance and improvement of existing hostels, as well as the development of new ones. It is a member-based organisation which offers discounted rates for its members, currently three million worldwide, though non- members are also made welcome. Although, as mentioned, youth hostels have been around for over 100 years, they only started to become really popular with international travellers in the 1970s, thanks to affordable international air travel. Since then hostels have expanded all over the globe, generally as places where a young traveller or backpacker can find cheap, safe, shared accommodation. The YHA aims to encourage a sense of communal © UTS:CAREERS with UTS FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND IT 14-Feb-14 2 responsibility – for example, after doing your own cooking in the communal kitchens, you are expected to clean up afterwards, all of which helps keep costs down. Hostels are often concentrations of young, single travellers, something which can lead to a bad reputation with neighbours who can complain of loud, drunken, late-night parties. Because of this, they are sometimes not perceived as being family-friendly, or suitable for older travellers. To combat such a negative impression, a number of hostels have taken measures such as enforced lock-outs at midnight, or have introduced family rooms in areas away from shared dormitories. The Sydney Harbour YHA and the Big Dig The Sydney Harbour YHA Hostel – such accommodations are commonly referred to simply as ‘a YHA’ – opened in 2009, one hundred years since HI was founded. Although it is the only true, budget accommodation available in the immediate vicinity of The Rocks, the Sydney Harbour YHA sets its prices above what other hostels in Sydney typically charge. Thus the YHA attracts a client base which, within the industry, is sometimes referred to as flashpackers – backpackers willing to pay extra for a higher-quality experience. It has excellent facilities including wi-fi, large communal lounge and kitchen areas, as well as organised activities both within the hostel and to sites of interest in Sydney. Its main attraction is the rooftop terrace which offers a panoramic view across Sydney Harbour, including Circular Quay, the Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge (see picture above). Interestingly, the present YHA building sits directly above of an archaeological site which, since excavations began in 1994, became known as The Big Dig. This large, open-air excavation (see picture below) uncovered over 30 homes dating from 1795 to 1901. Artefacts discovered at this site have provided a valuable insight into the lives of those who lived in The Rocks during that period. Before construction of the hostel, the archaeological dig was open for public viewing from Cumberland and Gloucester Streets – contributing to ongoing public interest in the value of site. © UTS:CAREERS with UTS FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND IT 14-Feb-14 3 Tendering for the site In 2006, the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority (SHFA) opened the site for development by calling for tender proposals. Given the prime location and potential for harbour views, the competition was intense. Interestingly, the YHA hostel proposal was awarded the tender ahead of other, high-end hotel and developer-driven, exclusive residential proposals. The architectural firm who drafted the YHA’s proposal, Tzannes Associates, worked closely with archaeologists and historians from The Big Dig and from SHFA in order to ensure its proposal carefully addressed the particular needs and concerns. Specifically, it was successful because it showed great sensitivity to the unique history of the site and an imaginative architectural approach to overcoming the site’s conservation challenges. As will be seen below, the ideas proposed for site sustainability closely mirrored the views of Sydney City Council, the local government council with responsibility for The Rocks area. What’s more, the bid displayed a genuine enthusiasm for educating visitors about the Rocks more broadly; this it has achieved via publicly opening the historic laneways and through the creation of The Big Dig Archaeology Education Centre – a facility supported by Sydney Harbour YHA to introduce the general public to the historical significance of The Big Dig site and surrounding area. Major architectural and construction challenges The main challenge faced by the architects was SHFA’s desire that archaeological excavation, or as much of it as possible, remain visible and accessible to the public. In addition there was the requirement that, as much as possible, the delicate remains of the site be left untouched by the construction process. The solution was to build most of the YHA building on stilts. This allowed 85 per cent of the original excavation site to be publicly visible, as well as reducing the risk that any damage would be caused. With this innovative solution came incredible design and construction obstacles. Because the stilts needed to be placed in very specific and sensitive locations across the excavation site, the YHA building needed mostly to be manufactured and assembled off-site. Only later was it lowered in sections onto the stilts, via simultaneous use of two cranes. This decision also meant that the weight of the building nedeed to be © UTS:CAREERS with UTS FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND IT 14-Feb-14 4 strictly limited, so as not to overburden the stilts. In turn this meant limiting the amount of concrete which could be used, resulting in the decision to proceed with an all-steel construction framework. Building the steel framework off-site also meant that damage caused by vibration and jarring could be mitigated. In order to reduce the risk of damage from chemical leaks or falling objects during construction, a catchment platform was built directly over the archaeological dig. Obviously this was not the cheapest way for a developer to construct a building however, once again, such measures clearly demonstrated that the tender winners understood the historical value of the site was more important than solely minimising costs.