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Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 13(5) 2014, 187-196 ROOTING OF A TRUMPET CREEPER (Campsis radicans (L.) Seem.) MICROSHOOTS IN PRESENCE OF AUXINS Marzena Parzymies, Marek Dąbski, Magdalena Pogorzelec, Danuta Kozak, Wojciech Durlak, Margot Dudkiewicz University of Life Sciences in Lublin Abstract. A trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans) is an attractive vine propagated vegeta- tively through cuttings. So far, there is very little available data on propagation of this beautiful species in tissue culture. There was a research conducted in order to estimate the possibility to obtain rooted Campsis radicans plants that had been cultivated in tissue cul- ture. The plant material were shoots obtained by multiplication on Murashige and Skoog [1962] (MS) medium which were put in fresh media supplemented with auxins: IAA (in- doleacetic acid), IBA (indolebutyric acid) or NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid). The shoots were rooted in vitro or transplanted into soil (peat + perlite 1 : 1 w/v). It was noted that Campsis radicans is a very difficult plant to root in tissue culture. No rooting was ob- tained in vitro. Use of a stimulating passage with a hormone free medium or the ones con- taining IAA or IBA in concentrations of 2.5–5 mgādm-3 and rooting shoots directly in soil allowed to obtain 100% of well rooted plants. Key words: roots, micropropagation, tissue culture, stimulating passage INTRODUCTION A trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans (L.) Seem.) is an exceptionally attractive vine. Its main decoration are colour, shape and profusion of flowers. Elegant and very distinct combination of red colour of flowers and green leaves makes each trellis or wall, which are covered with trumpet creeper, look original. In the natural stands it is found in the United States, in the area from Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas [Dohse and Elston 2009]. It climbs up to 10–20 meters high. Leaves are opposite, 15–38 cm long, compose of 7–11 leaflets [Dirr 2009]. Flowers are monoecious, large, 6–9 cm long and 3–5 cm in diameter, orange-red, scarlet inside, clustered in corymbs with 4–15 flowers. In natural habitat it blooms from June till September [Bertin 1982, USDA 2004]. In Europe, a trumpet creeper, is regarded as an attractive ornamental vine often planted in private Corresponding author: Marzena Parzymies, Department of Ornamental Plants and Landscape Architecture, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, GáĊboka 28, Lublin, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] 188 M. Parzymies, M. Dąbski, M. Pogorzelec, D. Kozak, W. Durlak, M. Dudkiewicz gardens. For many years it was cultivated only in botanic gardens and arboreta, but nowadays it is available from many nurseries [Polish Nurserymen Association]. It is used as a cover for fences, arbors, walls or large trellises and as a groundcover. What is interesting, this perennial vine, is considered as a weed in the midwestern and south- eastern United States, where it is commonly found [Edwards and Oliver 2004, Beeler et al. 2012]. Campsis radicans contains flavonoids that show free radical scavenging ac- tivity [Hashem 2007]. In natural habitat it is pollinated by hummingbirds, but in Poland they are substituted by honybees [Koáodziejska-Degórska and Zych 2006]. Campsis radicans is known to be generally self-incompatible, although in specific conditions pollination with self pollen may occur [Bertin et al. 1989]. Usually less than 10% of flowers produce mature seeds [Bertin 1982]. In climate conditions of Poland it rarely sets seeds what limits a generative reproduction [Koáodziejska-Degórska and Zych 2006]. It may be propagated also vegetatively by stem cuttings [Ban 2011, USDA 2004] or by rootstocks [Edwards and Oliver 2004]. There is very little information on in vitro propagation of Campsis radicans [Wei et al. 2007, in Chinese with English abstract] and there are a few articles on micropropaga- tion of plants belonging to the Bignoniaceae family. In the previous experiments the best method to initiate a tissue culture of Campsis radicans was estimated and the conditions for in vitro propagation of shoots were also evaluated [Dąbski et al. 2014]. The further step of micropropagation is rooting of microshoots. Auxins are the most important stimulator of roots initiation in tissue culture. Many authors studied the effi- ciency of these growth regulators on rooting microshoots. Lu [2002] studied the influ- ence of auxins on rooting of Morus latifolia ‘Poilet’ in vitro. He noted that the shoots rooted spontaneously in 57% and the addition of auxins to the media increased the root- ing percentage and a number of roots. Gabryszewska and Warabieda [1992] studied rooting of Syringa vulgaris in tissue culture in presence of auxins IAA, IBA and NAA. All auxins used positively influenced rooting of shoots. The best rhizogenesis was ob- served when IBA or IAA in concentration of 8 mgādm-3 were added to the media. NAA caused callusing of the shoots bases. Komalavalli and Rao [2000] observed that shoots of Gymnema sylvestre formed the most roots on the media containing IBA, while in presence of NAA or IAA shoots formed callus without roots. Microshoots of Chaenomeles japonica also formed more and longer roots in presence of IBA in com- parison to NAA [Bach et al. 1996]. IBA was used to promote rooting of many ornamen- tal plants. Shoots of Sesbania sesban were rooted on the media containing IBA in dif- ferent concentrations [Jha et al. 2003/4]. The most rooted plants were observed when IBA in concentration of 3 mgādm-3 was added to the medium. However, the IBA in concentration of 2 mgādm-3 was chosen as more successful due to better plants quality and lesser callussing. Ault [2002] obtained the most rooted shoots of Hymenoxys acau- lis on the MS media with addition of 0.1 mg IBAādm-3 (90%). This auxin used in low concentrations (0.02–0.5 mgādm-3) was also used to root Prunus armeniaca [Balla and Vertesy 2001], Alnus acuminata [Enrico et al. 2005], Hagenia abyssinica [Feyissa et al. 2005] and Aristolochia indica [Manjula et al. 1997]. IBA in higher concentrations (1–5 mgādm-3) positively influenced rhizogenesis of Ficus religiosa [Desphpande et al. 1998], Myrtus communis [Parra and Amo Marco 1996], Polygonum aubertii [Dąbski _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Acta Sci. Pol. Rooting of a trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans (L.) Seem.) microshoots... 189 and Kozak 1998]. NAA is less commonly used to root in vitro plants, as it often causes callussing of the shoots bases. Such reaction was observed by Babu et al [2000]. How- ever, Lu [2005] noted that addition of NAA to the medium increased rooting of Vitis thunbergii. Similarly in studies of Molinar et al. [1996] NAA in concentration of 1 mgādm-3 was chosen as the best auxin for rooting Berberis trifoliata. Martin [2003] reported that NAA used in low concentrations had a positive effect on rooting of Rotula aquatica. Shoots of the woody plants, which are usually difficult to propagate in tissue culture, may form roots at high concentrations of auxins. 97% shoots of Cercis cana- densis formed roots in presence of 10 mg IBAādm-3 [Distabanjong and Geneve 1997]. IBA in concentration of 25 mgādm-3 was used to root shoots of Acacia catechu in vitro [Wilhelm 1999] and the same auxin in concentration of 45 mgādm-3 was used to pro- mote rooting of Photinia fraseri microshoots [Malagon et al. 1997]. The egzogenous auxins do not always have a positive influence on rooting of mi- croshoots in vitro. Rooting of Forsythia koreana ‘Suwon Gold’ was better on the me- dium without growth regulators than in presence of 0.5 mg IBAādm-3 [Kyung-Ku Shim and Yoo-Mi Ha 1997]. Shoots of Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium pahalae were put on the media containing IBA or NAA in different concentrations. There were no roots observed in any combination used, although 40% or shoots formed roots later on the medium without growth regulators [Shibli and Smith 1996]. Auxins used in different concentrations and length during in vitro rooting may also influence subsequent growth of plants in ex vitro conditions. Different types of auxins used in different concentrations influenced accllimatization and surviving of Viburnum odoratissimum plants ex vitro. Earlier use of IBA increased the number of plants that survived in soil in comparison to NAA [Schoene and Yeager 2005]. Shoots of Quercus robur were cultivated in the media with addition of IBA for 7 days and then put in the media without growth regulators, what had a positive influence on rooting, giving 84% of rooted plants in shorter time and with less callus [Puddephat et al. 1999]. Sansberro et al. [1999] in order to root shoots of Ilex paraguariensis put them on the media with 1.5 mg IBAādm-3 for 10 days and then transplanted them into the media without growth regulators. The stimulative passage may be also used directly before planting shoots into soil. Palacios et al. [2002] induced rooting of Lonicera tatarica shoots on the media containing IBA and after 10–15 days planted them in soil. Bogetti et al. [2001] studied rooting of shoots of Anacardium occidentale in presence of auxins IAA, IBA and NAA. They observed differences depending on the period of auxins used (24 hours, 5 days and 30 days). The best results were obtained when IBA in concentration of 20 mgādm-3 was used for 5 days. The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of auxins on rooting of Campsis radicans ‘Flamenco’ shoots in tissue culture and their subsequent growth in soil. MATERIAL AND METHODS The presented study was carried out in the Laboratory of the Department of Orna- mental Plants and Landscape Architecture of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Hortorum Cultus 13(5) 2014 190 M.

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