Annotated Bibliography

Primary

Periodicals By Helen Zia. "Another American Racism: Violence Against Asians Goes Unnoticed." New ​ York Times (1923-Current File), Sep 12, 1991. ​ https://search.proquest.com/docview/108619018?accountid=184156. ​ The newspaper article demonstrates Helen Zia’s journalistic application to her advocacy for Asian American rights.

By JUDITH CUMMINGS Special to The New York Times. "Detroit Asian-Americans Protest Lenient Penalties for Murder." New York Times (1923-Current File), Apr 26, 1983. ​ ​ https://search.proquest.com/docview/122210297?accountid=184156. ​ This newspaper article describes the emergence of the Asian-Americans of Detroit protesting for a just sentence of the murderer of Vincent Chin.

"CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT.: PROVISIONS OF THE NEW LAW TO PROHIBIT CHINESE IMMIGRATION." Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922), Oct 19, 1888. ​ ​ https://search.proquest.com/docview/174222339?accountid=184156. ​ The periodical shows the development of racism towards Asian immigrants and Asian-Americans through the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Hutchinson, Darren L. "Model-Minority Myth is Unfair to Blacks." New York Times ​ (1923-Current File), Sep 21, 1997. ​ https://search.proquest.com/docview/109783997?accountid=184156. ​

The newspaper provides a different perspective on the Model Minority Myth through the lens of other marginalized groups in America.

Pettersen, William. "Success Story, Japanese-American Style." New York Times, January 9, ​ ​ 1966. Accessed April 7, 2020. http://inside.sfuhs.org/dept/history/US_History_reader/Chapter14/modelminority.pdf. ​

The newspaper was one of the first, original pieces that aided in developing and informing the Model Minority Myth to the public. It was interesting to read it first-hand and put myself in the shoes of someone reading it in 1966.

Risen, James. "One Found Guilty in the Slaying of Chinese Man in Detroit." Los Angeles Times ​ (1923-1995), Jun 29, 1984. ​ https://search.proquest.com/docview/153851224?accountid=184156. ​

The newspaper article illustrates a story about the murder of Vincent Chin and the justice delivered by the help of American Citizens for Justice.

"THE CHINESE TO POSSESS HAWAII." New York Times (1857-1922), Aug 05, 1886. ​ ​ https://search.proquest.com/docview/94452462?accountid=184156. ​

The newspaper illustrates a rise in immigration to America and American territory. "THE EXCLUSION ACT.: FULL TEXT OF THE OPINION RECENTLY RENDERED." Los ​ Angeles Times (1886-1922), Jul 28, 1889. ​ https://search.proquest.com/docview/163514244?accountid=184156. ​ The newspaper clipping provides context and reasoning behind the Chinese Exclusion Act though it excuses racist reasoning for the purpose of it.

Websites, E-sources

United States ET AL v. Woo Jan, 245 U.S. (6th Cir. Jan. 28, 1918). Accessed February 8, 2020. http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep245/usrep245552/ usrep245552.pdf.

The United States ET AL v. Woo Jan is a particular case because it was when the United States rejected a birth-right citizen from coming home. Woo Jan was a Chinese-American, born in America, who went to China for personal business. However, he was unable to come back to America as he was perceived to be an “alien.” The excerpt used for the website signifies the xenophobia America had in terms of immigration.

Yee, Paul. "Testimony: A Railroad Worker's Memoir." Paul Yee. Accessed April 8, 2020. ​ ​ https://www.paulyee.ca/superiorDetail.php?Testimony-A-Railway-Worker-s-Memoir-4. ​

The testimonies listed helped immensely in providing a personal perspective as an Asian laborer in the transcontinental railroad. It portrayed the harsh conditions that the workers had to face throughout the construction of one of the great products in American history.

Images

Hart, Alfred A. End of Track, on Humboldt Plains. 1860-1870. Photograph. ​ ​ Accessed March 26, 2020. https://www.loc.gov/resource/stereo.1s00618/.

The photograph gave insight into what the construction was like on the Transcontinental Railroad. The addition gave the “Asian Laborers” page more context.

Hart, Alfred A. Laborers, and Rocks, near Opening of Summit Tunnel. 1865-1869. ​ ​ Photograph. Accessed March 26, 2020. https://www.loc.gov/resource/ ​ stereo.1s00510/.

The photograph presents a visualization of the rough terrain Chinese laborers had to work with to achieve the Transcontinental Railroad, contextualizing the information on the “Asian Laborers” page.

Russell, Andrew J. Completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad at ​ Promontory Point, Utah. Photograph. Underwood Photo Archives. May 10, 1869. ​ Accessed February 8, 2020. http://images.macfluent.com/underwood/Thumbs/ ​ 8-RR-Cere-GoldenSpike.jpg.

The photograph supports the claim of unfair treatment towards Chinese laborers as after the completion of the railroad, they only took photographs of the white workers.

The Zia Family. 1957. Photograph. Asian American Dreams. Collection of Helen Zia. ​

The photograph of Helen Zia’s family illustrates a part of her childhood and features her siblings and parents.

Speech

"Helen Zia." In Asian American Reference Library, 2nd ed., edited by Helen Zia, Susan B. Gall, ​ ​ Irene Natividad, Deborah G. Baron, Deborah Gillan Straub, and Maura Malone. Detroit, MI: UXL, 2004. Gale In Context: U.S. History. Accessed February 15, 2020. ​ ​ https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/EJ2131500017/UHIC?u=va_s_002_0140&sid=UHIC&xid =e7d20239. ​ I found this database to be particularly helpful as this piece of information gave context to Helen Zia’s life and provided a transcript of a speech involving Zia recounting her childhood experience with racism and discrimination.

"Helen Zia's Speech Before the Gay Asian Pacific Alliance." In Gale Encyclopedia of ​ Multicultural America: Primary Documents, edited by Jeffrey Lehman. Detroit, MI: ​ ​ ​ Gale, 2000. Gale In Context: U.S. History(accessed February 16, 2020). ​ ​ https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/EJ2129100091/UHIC?u=va_s_002_0140&sid=UHIC&xid =74b09241. ​

This speech gave the context of Helen Zia’s perspective and fuel for activism for the LGBT community. She describes her personal experiences and advice to younger LGBT generations.

Audio, Video ———. "Opening Plenary: Facing the Future." Speech, August 27, 1992. Opening Plenary: Facing the Future. C-SPAN. First broadcast August 27, 1992. ​ ​ Hosted by AAJA.

This involves an iconic introduction where Helen Zia first comes out professionally to the public. In the speech, she discusses and addresses racially-biased journalism.

Secondary Sources

Websites, E-sources

"Helen Zia." In Encyclopedia of World Biography Online. Vol. 18. Detroit, MI: Gale, 1998. Gale ​ ​ ​ In Context: U.S. History. Accessed February 13, 2020. ​ https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631007170/UHIC?u=va_s_002_0140&sid=UHIC&xid =805adb3a. ​ This database provided an outline of Helen Zia’s life and career. It gave needed context and structural support to how to present Helen Zia for National History Day.

Little, Becky. "Trump's 'Chinese' Virus Is Part of a Long History of Blaming Other Countries for Disease." Time. Last modified March 20, 2020. Accessed March 30, 2020. ​ ​ https://time.com/5807376/virus-name-foreign-history/. ​

The article explains how disease causes people to look for blame which often is a marginalized group of people. The addition helped further the argument of traces of xenophobia in, not just, America but the world as well.

Liu, Marian. "The Coronavirus and the Long History of Using Diseases to Justify Xenophobia." Washington Post. Last modified February 14, 2020. Accessed March 30, 2020. ​ https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/02/14/coronavirus-long-history-blaming-th e-other-public-health-crises/. ​

The Washington Post article furthered the argument of how xenophobia and discrimination against Asian-Americans still exist in our society today. It uncovers the patterns of history of how people seek out a group of people to blame during a threat of disease.

Mathews, Dylan. "The Supreme Court Ended Proposition 8. Here's What That Means." Washington Post. Last modified June 26, 2013. Accessed April 10, 2020. ​ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/06/26/the-supreme-court-ended-r oposition-8-heres-what-that-means/.

The Perry v. Schwarzenegger court case was monumental to same-sex couples in California as it legalized same-sex marriage in the state. Helen Zia served as a witness in the court case, partaking in the grand event. McKinley, Jesse, and John Schwartz. "Court Rejects Same-Sex Marriage Ban in California." In New York Times. Last modified August 4, 2010. Accessed February 13, 2020. ​ https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/05/us/05prop.html. ​ This New York Times article describes the Perry v. Schwarzenegger Supreme Court case and Helen Zia’s involvement as a witness. While the National History Day website does not include it, the information was a helpful insight into how Helen Zia was active in the LGBT community.

"Model Minority." In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2nd ed., edited by ​ ​ William A. Darity, Jr., 220-222. Vol. 5. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. Gale In Context: U.S. History Accessed February 8, 2020. ​ https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3045301589/UHIC?u=va_s_002_0140&sid=UHIC&xi d=3c57e298. ​

The database presented very helpful information on how the Model Minority Myth developed and an analysis of the effects of the myth afterward to society.

Tungol, J.R. "LGBT History Month Icon of the Day: Helen Zia." Huffington Post. Last modified ​ ​ February 2, 2016. Accessed April 4, 2020. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/lgbt-history-month-icon-helen-zia_n_2017127. ​

The short biography provided by the Huffington Post highlighted Helen Zia’s contributions and efforts toward the LGBT community. It was helpful to see the LGBT activist side of Helen Zia instead of the Asian-American one.

Wu, Frank H. "Why Vincent Chin Matters." In New York Times. Last modified June 22, 2012. ​ ​ Accessed February 9, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/23/opinion/ ​ why-vincent-chin-matters.html.

This article helped with contextualizing the situation of the Vincent Chin case. It was important for the project to understand the gravity of the case as it was the first Asian-American civil rights court case.

Images

Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People. Photograph. Goodreads. ​ ​ ​ https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/126006.Asian_American_Dreams. ​

The book cover for Asian American Dreams presents one of the most successful pieces of ​ ​ writing from Helen Zia, providing a personal example of her own experiences while outlining the history of Asian-Americans during her time.

"Helen Zia." In Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America: Primary Documents, edited by ​ ​ ​ ​ Jeffrey Lehman. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2000. Gale In Context: U.S. History. Accessed ​ ​ February 22, 2020. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/EJ2210061639/UHIC?u=va_s_002_0140&sid=UHIC&xid =4b38581c.

The photograph shows a younger Helen Zia. Having different photographs throughout the different eras of their life presents the person more humanely than not.

Helen Zia Holding a Pen and a Notepad. Photograph. Santa Barbara Independent. ​ ​ Accessed March 26, 2020. https://www.independent.com/events/ ​ from-minority-to-majority-invisible-to-envisioning-by-helen-zia/.

The photograph featured on the website is the photo used on the homepage of the National History Day project website. The photograph captures her humility and shows her in an optimistic light.

Helen Zia Speaking at a Talk. Photograph. Bowdoin Orient. Accessed April 7, 2020. ​ ​ https://bowdoinorient.com/2017/04/07/helen-zia-discusses-activism-journalism-coalitions -across-identity-groups/.

The photograph depicts Helen Zia speaking at an event. She was invited in honor of the Asian-Pacific Heritage Month.

Last Boat Out of Shanghai. Photograph. Goodreads. ​ ​ ​ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/40061595-last-boat-out-of-shanghai

The book cover for Last Boat Out of Shanghai proves Helen Zia’s continuous work in ​ ​ sharing unheard voices.

"Lily Chin, the mother of Vincent Chin, breaks down outside of the courtroom." In Asian ​ American Reference Library, 2nd ed., edited by Helen Zia, Susan B. Gall, Irene ​ Natividad, Deborah G. Baron, Deborah Gillan Straub, and Maura Malone. Detroit, MI: UXL, 2004. Gale In Context: U.S. History Accessed February 9, 2020. ​ ​ https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/EJ2210062839/UHIC?u=va_s_002_0140&sid=UHIC&xid =374c9d1f. ​

The Vincent Chin case and this photograph featuring his mother mourning his death gave the project its humanity. The media, today, desensitizes our perception of grief and loss, but the photograph conveyed the gravity of the situation.

Meetings and Conventions. Photograph. Meetings and Conventions. ​ ​ ​ https://www.meetings-conventions.com/

The logo of the magazine that Helen Zia worked for, helping her build her journalism portfolio and advancing her career.

Mortis, Joe. Photograph of Vincent Chin. In New York Times. Accessed February 9, 2020. ​ ​ https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/23/opinion/Why-vincent-chin-matters.html. ​

The New York Times used the photograph of Vincent Chin from the Associated Press. The media often focuses on the murderers or the perpetrator of each case. For the project, it was important to make sure that it was about Vincent Chin and what he represented for the Asian-American community.

My Country Versus Me. Photograph. Goodreads. ​ ​ ​ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/126009.My_Country_Versus_Me

The book cover for My Country Versus Me shows the range of Helen Zia and her passion ​ ​ for wanting to share a global story.

Nast, Thomas. "Pacific Chivalry." Cartoon. Illustrating Chinese Exclusion. Last modified ​ ​ February 25, 2014. Accessed February 15, 2020. https://thomasnastcartoons.com/2014/02/25/pacific-chivalry-7/. ​

The Thomas Nast cartoon illustrated how Americans of European descent treated Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans in a dramatic style. It portrays the radicalized hate and dismay for Asian immigrants.

Notable Asian Americans. Photograph. Google Books. ​ ​ ​ https://books.google.com/books/about/Notable_Asian_Americans.html?id=hI_iWTpKNg 8C. ​

The book cover of Notable Asian Americans, establishing a part of Helen Zia’s writing ​ ​ career to highlight the accomplishments of Asian Americans.

One Way or Another: Asian American Art Now. Photograph. Asia Society. ​ ​ ​ http://sites.asiasociety.org/arts/onewayoranother/index.html. ​

The book cover of One Way or Another: Asian American Art Now, representing Helen ​ ​ Zia’s work as a writer.

Pughe, John S. "How John May Dodge the Exclusion Act." Cartoon. Library of ​ Congress. Last modified July 12, 1905. Accessed March 26, 2020. ​ https://www.loc.gov/resource/ppmsca.25972/.

This cartoon contextualizes how America saw Asian, particularly East Asian immigrants: Cheapskates, disguising themselves as Westerners to slip into American borders. It painted and encouraged an ugly picture of Asian immigration. Sanchez, Marcio Jose. Helen Zia Marrying, Now Wife, Lia Shigemura. Photograph. In New York ​ Times. June 18, 2008. Accessed February 13, 2020. ​ https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/us/17cnd-marriage.html. ​ The project needed to feature the matrimony of Helen Zia and her wife, because it would have not done her life and career justice if it was not included in it. The photograph represents why same-sex marriage representation matters and how it represents Helen Zia embracing her sexuality as an Asian-American woman.

Travel Weekly. Photograph. Twitter. ​ ​ ​ https://twitter.com/travelweekly/status/910446041618624512. ​

A magazine cover from the company Helen Zia worked for as she established her career in activism and journalism.

"Yellow Peril." Cartoon. The Society Pages. Last modified June 20, 2014. ​ ​ Accessed February 5, 2020. https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2014/06/20/old-yellow-peril-anti-chinese-posters/. ​

The inclusion of the “Yellow Peril” was crucial to portraying the depiction of Asian immigrants in the media during the late 1800s because it features nearly all of the stereotypes part of the “Yellow Peril.” The stereotypes that Asian immigrants, particularly men, were kidnappers of American women, barbaric, and greedy.

Audio, Video

"Asians Facing Discrimination, Violence amid Coronavirus Outbreak." Video. ABC News. ​ ​ March 13, 2020. Accessed April 11, 2020. https://abcnews.go.com/US/video/asians-facing-discrimination-violence-amid-coronaviru s-outbreak-69571519.

This live broadcast conducted interviews with Asian-Americans that had experienced racism due to the COVID-19 outbreak.

"Helen Zia." Video file. YouTube. Posted by Rick Quan, September 23, 2013. ​ ​ Accessed February 22, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-gcBk2ixxY.

This video features Helen Zia recounting landmark events of her life, discussing her childhood, activist days, life as a journalist, and her marriage. The video was useful as it delivered information in a convenient fashion and gave enough background for the audience to understand.

NBC Asian America, Jubilee Project, and Wallace H. Coulter Foundation. "Voices: Who Is Vincent Chin?" Video file. NBC News. May 10, 2016. ​ ​ Accessed February 16, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/video/voices-who-is-vincent-chin-681994819882.

The video clip aided in illustrating the significance of the Vincent Chin case. His case was a monumental one for Asian-Americans, allowing the Asian-Americans featured on camera to tell his story and use their voice in activism.

Stockton, Alexander. "Coronavirus Racism Infected My High School." Video. New York Times. ​ March 14, 2020. Accessed April 2, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/opinion/Racism-coronavirus-asians.html. ​

The video provides a personal story from an Asian-American student of how she faced racist remarks because of the coronavirus outbreak, illustrating how xenophobia still persists in American society.

"Why Do We Call Asian Americans the Model Minority?" Video. YouTube. Posted by AJ+, October 8, 2017. Accessed April 6, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrDbvSSbxk8.

The video presents important historical background information as well as an interview with a distinguished Asian American professor about the myth and the purpose of it. It was one of the first sources I watched personally to learn more about the Model Minority Myth, helping me piece together the bigger picture of Asian American racism.

Print

Ambrose, Stephen. Nothing like It in the World. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2000. ​ ​ The book gave an interesting insight into the laborers who worked on the transcontinental railroad, allowing me to pull a quote about a prominent figure from the industry.

Lee, Erika. The Making of Asian America. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2015. ​ ​ This book came of great help for the project as it provided an abundance of background knowledge. The photographs and excerpts provide perspective on the Japanese internment and what it looked like. Contextualizing history is immensely important especially in cases of racism where it is systematic and relies on time to mold itself into society. Earlier history such as the Gold Rush and the emergence of immigration was described as well.

Zia, Helen. Asian American Dreams. New York, USA: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000 ​ ​ Helen Zia’s book was an amazing resource to work with as it gave a personal insight into her life and her analysis of activist movements. Photographs and excerpts were used to illustrate the Asian-American community, the Vincent Chin Case, and her struggles with her LGBT identity. Zia also gave a walk through some historic events and activist events that went on during her life.