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Impact of Distribution-Connected Large-Scale Wind Turbines on Transmission System Stability During Large Disturbances

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Impact of Distribution-Connected Large-Scale Wind Turbines on Transmission System Stability During Large Disturbances Impact of Distribution- Connected Large-Scale Wind Turbines on Transmission System Stability during Large Disturbances Preprint Y. Zhang, A. Allen, and B.-M. Hodge National Renewable Energy Laboratory To be presented at the IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting National Harbor, Maryland July 27–31, 2014 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Conference Paper NREL/CP-5D00-60910 February 2014 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC (Alliance), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Accordingly, the US Government and Alliance retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.aspx Cover Photos: (left to right) photo by Pat Corkery, NREL 16416, photo from SunEdison, NREL 17423, photo by Pat Corkery, NREL 16560, photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL 17613, photo by Dean Armstrong, NREL 17436, photo by Pat Corkery, NREL 17721. Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 10% post consumer waste. Impact of Distribution-Connected Large-Scale Wind Turbines on Transmission System Stability during Large Disturbances Yingchen Zhang, Member, IEEE, Alicia Allen, Member, IEEE, and Bri-Mathias Hodge, Member, IEEE Installing such large wind turbines on distribution feeders require interconnection studies to ensure that power quality Abstract—Many favorable wind resources are located in rural and reliability are not impacted. There have been quite a few areas that do not have direct access to the high-voltage investigations on distributed-generation’s impact on transmission systems. Therefore, it is practical and cost-effective distribution feeder power quality [3-4]. In previous work, the to seek the installation of utility-scale, megawatt-level wind authors also examined the impact of distributed wind power on turbine generators on distribution feeders. Common study for feeder bus voltages as a function of wind power production interconnection of distributed generation typically focuses on and the electrical distance of wind turbine sites from stability impacts within the distribution feeder itself, such as the impact on feeder voltages. Efforts to investigate the impact of distribution substations [5]. This work focuses on the dynamic transmission events on distributed wind generation, as well as the impacts of distributed wind power at the transmission level. impact of distributed wind generation at high penetration level on This is particularly relevant to bulk power system operators transmission stability, are much needed. who are interested in the impact of IEEE 1547 standards [6] at This study models a power system with both the bulk higher penetrations of distributed renewable energy. These transmission grid as well as distribution feeders. Megawatt-level standards specify the actions distributed generators should take wind turbine generators are connected to distribution feeders. to protect themselves through disconnections in response to Transmission disturbances are simulated to analyze their impacts abnormal frequency and voltage conditions. However, with on distributed wind generators. This study also investigates the large amounts of distributed generation, the simultaneous reaction from all the distributed generation to a single transmission disturbance when the wind penetration is high, disconnection of these generators during a contingency event which could have a great impact on system stability. could exacerbate voltage or frequency issues. The impact of distributed generation at high penetrations of renewable energy Index Terms—distributed generation, wind turbine generator, cannot be neglected, thus the transmission grid may need wind energy support from the distributed resources to maintain stability after certain disturbances. Distribution-connected generators I. INTRODUCTION are increasing world-wide. There is quite a bit of interest in IND power installations are growing rapidly worldwide, looking into the impact from a legislative point of view [7]. There has been some study on the economic and commercial with total global installed capacity exceeding 318 GW W impacts of interconnecting distributed generation on a at the end of 2013 [1]. In the United States alone, there are transmission system [8]. Probabilistic methods have been now more than 60 GW of installed capacity as of the third applied to determine the security impact from distributed quarter of 2013 [2]. However, the vast majority of these U.S. generation on distribution and transmission systems [9] [10]. installations are in large wind power plants that required Transmission planning considering distributed generation was building additional transmission lines to reach the best also studied [11]. This study will take a fresh look at the resources. These required transmission build-outs come with interactions between the distributed generation and additional costs and are often delayed because of political transmission system in terms of stability impacts. difficulties in the siting process. Installing megawatt-scale Section II describes the components of the test system wind turbines on existing distribution networks can help model. The investigation of a transmission fault’s impact on increase the amount of energy supplied by wind without the distributed wind is made in Section III. The analysis on a associated transmission build-outs. transmission disturbance with high wind penetration is made in Section IV. Conclusions are drawn in Section V. II. TEST SYSTEM MODEL This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC36-08-GO28308 with the National Renewable Energy The purpose of this study is to investigate the stability issue Laboratory. on both transmission and distribution systems when megawatt- Y. Zhang, A. Allen, and B-M. Hodge are with are with National scale wind turbine generators (WTGs) are installed on Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA. 1 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. distribution feeders. Thus, a transmission system with a distribution feeder connection needs to be modeled in a dynamic simulation environment. For this purpose, the 23-bus, 5 6-generator test system provided by the Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E) tool [12] is utilized. The Transmission system diagram is shown in Fig. 1. This test system mainly consists of 230-kV and 500-kV lines. 1 4 6 7 This system has a total load of 3,200 MW. Since the system has such few buses, the loading and generation levels are apparently an aggregation compared with a real-world system Fig. 2. Distribution feeder from IEEE 16-bus distribution system (e.g., the Western Interconnection of North America has TABLE 2. FACT SHEET FOR THE DISTRIBUTION FEEDER approximately a 100-GW load and 20,000 buses [13]). If several megawatt-scale WTGs were connected to some Section Section End Bus End Bus distribution feeders embedded in such a system, their impact Resistance Reactance Load Load on the entire grid would be essentially negligible. Therefore, Section (p.u.) (p.u.) (MW) (MVar) the test system needs to be modified to a smaller scale to make 1-4 0.075 0.1 2 1.6 the small amount of distributed wind generation become 4-5 0.08 0.11 4.6 1.5 visible. The total load and generation in the modified system are displayed in Table 1. Part of the reactive load is served by 4-6 0.09 0.18 1.5 0.4 shunt capacitors installed in the system. 6-7 0.04 0.04 1.5 0.5 The WTG models used are the Western Electricity Coordinating Council standard models [15] [16] for Type 4 turbines. Type 4 generators are full-power-converter generators that have power electronic controls that allow for power factor and voltage control at the terminals. This model was chosen because most new megawatt-scale wind turbines installed in the United States are either Type 3 (doubly-fed asynchronous) or Type 4 generators. Type 1 and Type 2 generators, known as fixed-speed and variable-slip WTGs, are much less common at this scale and do not have the ability to provide decoupled real and reactive power control.
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