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Distributed Generation: a Review on Current Energy Status, Grid-Interconnected PQ Issues, and Implementation Constraints of DG in Malaysia

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Distributed Generation: a Review on Current Energy Status, Grid-Interconnected PQ Issues, and Implementation Constraints of DG in Malaysia energies Review Distributed Generation: A Review on Current Energy Status, Grid-Interconnected PQ Issues, and Implementation Constraints of DG in Malaysia Jun Yin Lee 1,* , Renuga Verayiah 1, Kam Hoe Ong 1, Agileswari K. Ramasamy 1 and Marayati Binti Marsadek 2 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; [email protected] (R.V.); [email protected] (K.H.O.); [email protected] (A.K.R.) 2 Institute of Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 September 2020; Accepted: 20 November 2020; Published: 8 December 2020 Abstract: Electric supply is listed as one of the basic amenities of sustainable development in Malaysia. Under this key contributing factor, the sustainable development goal aims to ensure universal access to an affordable, clean, and reliable energy service. To support the generation capacity in years to come, distributed generation is conceptualized through stages upon its implementation in the power system network. However, the rapid establishment growth of distributed generation technology in Malaysia will invoke power quality problems in the current power system network. In order to prevent this, the current government is committed to embark on the development of renewable technologies with the assurance of maintaining the quality of power delivered to consumers. Therefore, this research paper will focus on the review of the energy prospect of both fossil fuel and renewable energy generation in Malaysia and other countries, followed by power quality issues and compensation device under a high renewable penetration distribution network. The issues and challenges of distributed generation are presented, with a comprehensive discussion and insightful recommendation on future work of the distributed generation. In accordance with the addressed highlights in this paper, it would serve as the criterion on upcoming revolution of distributed generation integrated along with the traditional network in Malaysia. Keywords: distribution network and distributed generation; fossil fuel and renewable generation; power quality disturbance and regulations; control strategies in PQ compensation device; challenges of DG in Malaysia; RE policy and initiatives 1. Introduction Relying on natural resources, such as fossil fuels, might not be a viable option in electricity generation [1,2]. The main reason for this is because fossil fuels will eventually face the brink of depletion in years to come. Under a large utilization on these resources, the contributing effects on the carbon footprint can be very alarming to the environment [3–5]. Therefore, alternative solutions, such as renewable sources (RESs), are introduced to support the surging demand of electricity and at the same time, to reduce the greenhouse gas effects caused by CO2 emission [6,7]. Cost reduction, bulking market demand, and an attractive rate of return on renewable technologies are also some of the reasons contributing to the subsequent factor upon realizing RE as one of the prominent generations in the grid [8,9]. In 2019, at least four countries (Denmark, Germany, Uruguay, and Iceland) met 30% of their electricity generation based on two prominent source of renewable energy, which are solar Energies 2020, 13, 6479; doi:10.3390/en13246479 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies EnergiesEnergies 20202020,, 1313,, 6479x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 ofof 4041 which are solar and wind [10]. By strategizing renewable policies and adapting to the trends of the andenergy wind market, [10]. Bythis strategizing would further renewable lead to policies an increase and adapting in high topenetration the trends ofof therenewable energy market,energy thistowards would electrifying further lead the toload an demand. increase inLooking high penetration at the current of renewable market in energyrenewable towards technology, electrifying solar theis list loaded as demand. one of the Looking cheapest at the renewable current marketsources in at renewable the moment. technology, This makes solar leading is listed countries as one of, such the cheapestas China renewable, venture sourcesfurther aton the the moment. feasibility This of makessolar leadingenergy countries,deployment such in asits China, grid venturesystem. furtherConsequently, on the feasibility solar electricity of solar could energy generate deployment at a lower in its gridcost compare system. Consequently,d to fossil fuels solar under electricity a high couldRE penetration generate atgrid a lower system cost [11] compared. to fossil fuels under a high RE penetration grid system [11]. Presently,Presently, the Malaysian government government has has looked looked into into the the promising promising growth growth of RE of REto sustain to sustain the thedemand demand of electricity of electricity in inthe the future future [12] [12. ].On On this this matter, matter, this this leads leads to to the the concept of integratingintegrating renewablerenewable energyenergy (RE)(RE) sourcessources withinwithin thethe distributiondistribution network.network. In this approach,approach, the powerpower losseslosses betweenbetween generation and load can bebe reduced,reduced, decreasingdecreasing fossilfossil fuelfuel consumptionconsumption economicallyeconomically inin additionaddition toto promoting promoting green green energy energy [8,13 ].[8,13] In consideration. In consideration of implementing of implementing the concept the of distributedconcept of generationdistributed (DG),generation policies (DG), have policies been introducedhave been introduced to encourage to encourage industries industries and public and in adoptingpublic in REadopting generation RE generation [14–16]. Numerous[14–16]. Numerous initiatives initiatives and incentives and incentives on installation on installation and operational and operational costs, pricingcosts, pricing tariffs, tariffs, tender program,tender program and research, and research grants have grants been have proposed been proposed to empower to empower the RE strategies the RE towardsstrategies sustainable towards sustainable development development goals (SDG) goals in the (SDG) energy in sectorthe energy [12,17 ,18sector]. This [12,17,18] substantially. This subsidizessubstantially the subsidize larger needss the of larger fossil fuelneeds generation, of fossil whichfuel generation can be lowered, which or compensatedcan be lowered by REor technologycompensated within by RE the technology distribution within network, the distribution which is shown network in Figure, which1. is As shown for now, in thereFigure are 1. manyAs for mininow, hydrothere powerare many generators, mini hydro roof-top, power and generators, smaller-scaled roof-top solar, and farms, smaller and-scaled biomass solar generators farms, and are interconnectedbiomass generators within are the interconnected distributed networkwithin the to distributed support the network load demand to support by utilizing the load a demand greener energyby utilizing to preserve a greener the energy environment to preserve [2,7,19 the,20 environment]. [2,7,19,20]. Distributed Generation (DG) Mini-Hydro Solar Farm Biomass Commercial Roof-Solar Source Residential Industrial FigureFigure 1.1.A A representation representation of distribution of distribution grid- interconnectedgrid- interconnected with renewable with renewable sources and sources distribution and loadsdistribution [21]. loads [21]. However,However, therethere areare limitationslimitations thatthat contributecontribute toto thethe ineineffectivenessffectiveness ofof DGDG inin providingproviding supportsupport toto the grid grid system system [22 [22––24]24].. Through Through integration integration of of RES RES into into the the grid grid system, system, power power quality quality issues issues are arepresumably presumably higher higher as ascompared compared to tothe the traditional traditional grid grid system. system. To To maintain maintain the the stability stability of thethe integratedintegrated grid system with RES, power quality standards are constantly revised to maintainmaintain the qualityquality ofof powerpower delivereddelivered toto thethe consumer.consumer. Both solar and wind renewables are an example of RES thatthat are heavily aaffectedffected by the changes within its surrounding surroundingss and environment environment,, which compromise thethe eeffectivenessffectiveness ofof thetheRE RE generation generation [ 24[24]].. From From an an inconsistent inconsistent generation generation of of RE, RE, this this would would lead lead to to a disorganizeda disorganized power power dispatch dispatch from from the the primary primary source source (fossil (fossil fuel fuel generation)generation) towardstowards thethe consumer loadsloads [[24,25]24,25].. Traditionally,Traditionally, whenwhen therethere isis aa highhigh penetrationpenetration inin RE,RE, curtailmentcurtailment wouldwould bebe thethe bestbest practicepractice toto limitlimit the generation on the RE supply to the grid [26,27] [26,27].. However, However, performing curtailment inin orderorder toto limitlimit thethe RERE generationgeneration isis notnot economicallyeconomically beneficialbeneficial asas itit willwill notnot fullyfully maximizemaximize thethe potentialpotential ofof thethe RERE generationgeneration [[23]23].. BesidesBesides this,this, withwith suddensudden unpredictableunpredictable intermittencyintermittency
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