Academia Journal of Agricultural Research 6(6): 148-152, June 2018 DOI: 10.15413/ajar.2018.0127 ISSN: 2315-7739 ©2018 Academia Publishing
Research Paper
Drawing of seeds of baru seeds (Dipteryx alata Vog.)
Accepted date
ABSTRACT
The seed of baru, as well as other species of the same family, has a predominant characteristic dormancy due to tegumentary stiffness, with great resistance and impermeability, resulting in the delay of germination. Therefore, it is important to test them in order to enable the propagation of the species and, consequently, its production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the emergence of baru seeds submitted to dormancy-breaking methods. The experimental design was completely randomized with seven treatments and four replicates. The methods used were: fresh fruit, almonds removed from the fruit, scarification of the fruit, scarification of the almond, soaking the almond in cold water for 24 h, soaking the Antonio Matias Dutra1, Lucas da Silva fruit in cold water for 24 h and scarified almond for 24 h in cold water . Twenty Alves2, Matheus Vinicius Abadia fruits or seeds were used in each replicate, totaling 560 units. The analyzed Ventura3 and Joseanny Cardoso da variables were: emergency speed index and emergency percentage. The use of 4 Silva Pereira whole almonds and almonds soaked in water for 24 h were the most efficient
1Evangelical Faculty of Goianesia, methods to overcome dormancy in baru seeds, which reached an emergency Goianesia, Brazil percentage of 75%. However, the scarified almonds stood out with 81% of 2 State University of Goias, emergency, but the average did not differ statistically from treatments of whole Itapuranga, Brazil. almonds and almonds soaked in water for 24 h. The highest rates of emergence 3 Goiano Federal Institute, Rio Verde, Brazil. velocity were obtained using methods that involve the removal of fruit tegument: 4Evangelical Faculty of Goianesia, whole almond, scarified almond and almond soaked in water for 24 h. It is Goianesia, Brazil. recommended to use the whole almond method.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Key words: Dipteryx alata Vog.,germination, whole almond.
INTRODUCTION
The “barueiro”(Dipteryx alata Vog) is a tree that produces resistance, and can be used in the manufacture of mourões, fruit ("baru") and belongs to the family Leguminosae- and also in the naval and civil construction (Silva Junior, Papilionoideae, native to the "cerrado" (Lorenzi, 2002). 2012). It also serves as raw material for making papers for The species has the potential to be used in the organic and fast printing, wrapping and packaging (Andrade and functional food market (Martins, 2010), being excellent Carvalho, 1996), reforestation and recovery of degraded option for a healthy diet (Fernandes et al., 2010). In areas (Mizobata et al., 2017). addition, the use of the fruit sustainably contributes to the The leaves present great efficiency in the recovery of conservation of the biodiversity of the cerrado biome, nutrients in the soil, since the “barueiro” is a deciduous which can be valued as a product that contributes to the legume, having, therefore, great capacity to form litter conservation of nature (Sano et al., 2004). (Oliveira, 1999). For being a perennial tree with leafy The root system of the "barueiro" has fundamental canopy, it promotes shade for the cattle (Oliveira,1999). importance in the recovery of degraded areas, due to being In the food area, the pulp of the fruit can be consumed in pivotal, able to avoid erosions, losses of soil and of the form of flours, which can be used in mixtures for cakes nutrients (Vieira et al., 2010). The wood presents high and breads (Azevedo Júnior et al., 2015), and sweets and
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cakes (Almeida, 1987; Almeida,1998). The fruit also has water . Twenty fruits or seeds were used in each replicate, high fiber content (TOGASHI, 1993), rich in sugar, totaling 560 units. The sowing was carried out on potassium, copper and iron (Vallilo et al., 1990) and can be 10/12/2016. The seedling emergence was counted daily used for feed. until 50 days after sowing. The almond is widely used as a human food and is also In the imbibition treatments, distilled water was used much appreciated by animals. It has a large amount of food and the seeds remained submerged in the water for 24 h. resources, with great similarity of taste with peanuts after The chiseling of the fruits was carried out with the aid of a being roasted (Togashi, 1993). The oil is unsaturated and cutter for the extraction of the almond. After receiving the presents considerable levels of protein, calcium and treatments, the fruits and seeds were placed horizontally phosphorus (Takemoto et al., 2001). at 5 cm in 400 ml disposable cups containing Tropstrato The propagation of the species occurs through the HT plant substrate. Irrigation occurred daily to ensure that dispersion of seeds that is made naturally and also by the substrate remained moist and aerated, facilitating animals that feed on the fruit and defecate in other areas, germination. aiding the multiplication of the species (Araújo and The variables analyzed were: emergence speed index Haridasan, 1988). The seed of the “barueiro”, as well as of (number of fruits or germinated seeds) and percentage of other species of the same family, has a predominant emergence. The ESI is given by the formula (Maguire, characteristic dormancy due to tegumentary stiffness, with 1962): great resistance and impermeability, resulting in the delay of the germination (Perez, 2004). ESI = (G1/N1) + (G2/N2) + ... + (Gn/Nn) In order for the seed coat with physical numbness to be broken, several methods must be used to cause damage to At where; it. Once the physical barrier is broken, elements essential ESI = emergence speed index, to the germination process, such as water and oxygen, G1 , G2 , Gn = number of seedlings in the first, second and become available. Thus, the respiratory activity of the seed last count. begins, allowing the growth of the embryo by the energy N1 , N2 , Nn = number of days of sowing at the first, second supply (Figliolia et al., 1993). and last count. There are several methods that can be used to break physical numbness: mechanical scarification (Nascimento Data were submitted to analysis of variance using the F et al., 2009; Fowler and Bianchetti, 2000), immersion in test at 5% probability. The means were compared by the hot water (Tedesco et al., 2001; Alves et al., 2007), Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. immersion in sulfuric acid (Garcia et al., 2002; Sampaio et al., 2001), immersion in running water (Nassif and Perez, 1977), substrate moistened with KNO3(Carvalho and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Nakagawa, 2000; Queiroz et al., 2001), besides the use of combined methods. A significant effect of dormancy-breaking methods on Some methods are more effective for certain species. germination and emergence speed index was observed Therefore, it is important to test them in order to enable (Table 1). Thus, some methods were efficient in damaging the propagation of the species and, consequently, its or tearing the tegument, which allowed the entry of water production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the and oxygen and consequently, the promotion of the emergence of baru seeds submitted to dormancy-breaking emergence of “baru” seeds. methods. Whole fruits did not emerge during the evaluation period (Table 2). The use of whole almonds and almonds soaked in water for 24 h were the most efficient methods MATERIALS AND METHODS to overcome dormancy in “baru” seeds, which reached an emergency percentage of 75%. However, the scarified The seeds of “baru” were collected in the city of Goianésia - almonds stood out with 81% of emergency, but the GO and stored in buckets of 10 L. Soon after, the fruits average did not differ statistically from treatments of were packed in plastic bags. On the same day of collection, whole almonds and almonds soaked in water for 24 h. the seeds were submitted to methods of breaking Removal of the bark allowed the entry of water into the dormancy. seeds and consequently, the first process of germination, The experimental design was completely randomized which is imbibition (Souza, 2015). During seed with seven treatments and four replicates. The methods development, it goes through three phases: used were: fresh fruit, almonds removed from the fruit, embryogenesis, maturation and desiccation (Jiang and scarification of the fruit, scarification of the almond, Kermode, 1994). The latter is characterized by the soaking the almond in cold water for 24 h, soaking the fruit reduction of water content of the seed, which changes the in cold water for 24 h and scarified almond for 24 h in cold physical state of the cell membranes, from liquid
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Table 1: Analysis of variance of emergence variables and emergence speed index of “baru” (Dipterix alata Vog.) seeds submitted to dormancy breaking methods.
Middle square Source of variation Degree of freedom Emergency ESI Methods of breaking dormancy 6 5740.48** 4.89** Residue 21 106.25 0.22 Total 27 CV (%) 27.62 43.11
** significant at 5% probability.
Table 2: Emergency percentage and emergence speed index of “baru” (Dipterix alata Vog.) seeds submitted to dormancy-breaking methods.
Methods of breaking dormancy Germination (%) ESI Whole fruit 0.0 c 0.0 b Whole almond 75.0 a 2.3 a Scarified fruit 21.3 b 0.3 b Scarified almond 81.3 a 2.2 a Almond soaked in water for 24 h 75.0 a 2.3 a Fruit soaked in water for 24 h 1.3 c 0.1 b Scarified almonds soaked in water for 24 h 7.5 c 0.4 b
Means followed by the same letter do not differ by Scott-Nott test at 5% probability. crystalline to gel (Crowe et al., 1992). As soon as the seed spectabilis (DC) Irwin et Barn.) (Souza et al., 2008). Some is exposed to water and absorbed, as was the case of seeds precautions should be taken regarding the intensity and whose tegument was removed, the membranes return to form of application of treatments to overcome dormancy the initial state, called liquid crystalline (Blackman et al., based on mechanical scarification, so that the lesions do 1992). Thereafter, the metabolic processes are reactivated not cause a reduction in seed vigor and an increase in and the seed begins to absorb oxygen. Enzymes related to infection rates due to fungi and bacteria, abnormality of respiration are also reactivated and breathing begins, thus seedlings and seed mortality (Franke and Baseggio, 1998). enabling the embryo to develop and as such, it is possible The emergency speed index(ESI) informs the average to verify the emergence of the seedling. number of emerged seeds per day, therefore, higher It was observed that fruits soaked in water for 24 h and indexes show that the seed stays for less time in the soil scarified almonds soaked in water for 24 h are not viable exposed to pathogens and that it has greater vigor. In treatments, as they did not provide a good percentage of relation to this index, the highest values were obtained emergence. Despite the scarification of the fruits, the when using methods with removal of the integument of endocarp continued to be a barrier to germination, since it the fruit: whole almonds, scarified almonds and almonds was slow and low. This result has also been demonstrated soaked in water for 24 h. by Sano et al. (2004). In a study carried out by Smiderle and Souza (2003), the The fact that the method of breakdown of scarified germination speed index(IVG) was found to be higher in almonds impregnated in water for 24 h has not been “paricarana” seeds (Bowdichia virgilioides) mechanically efficient in the promotion of germination is interesting, scarified to the detriment of other treatments. In seeds of because when this treatment was used, without the need “acácia negra”, Roversi et al. (2002) verified that for scarification, the emergence was promoted efficiently. mechanically scarified seeds with sandpaper no.80 in For the seedlings producer, it is one less step to be carried relation to the treatment with immersion in water for 24 h, out, which results in time and labor savings. resulted in greater (IVG), differently than that observed in Scarification of fruit as a method of breaking dormancy present research. did not result in good percentages of emergence. Contrary results were found in similar studies performed with “chichá” seeds (Sterculia foetida L.) (Santos et al., 2004), CONCLUSIONS “mulungu” (Erythrina velutina Willd.) (Silva et al., 2009), “de olho de dragão” or“falso paubrasil” (Adenanthera The imbibition and scarification of baru seeds are not pavonina L.) (Rodrigues et al., 2009) and“aleluia” (Senna efficient methods of breaking dormancy. The removal of
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the tegument from the seeds of baru contributes to high Colares P, Serrano de Medeiros M (2009). Superação da dormência em percentages of germination. It is recommended to use the sementes de faveira (Parkia platycephala Benth). Revista Árvore. 33(1): 35-45. whole almond method. Nassif SML, Perez SCJGA (1997). Germinação de sementes de amendoim- do-campo (Pterogyne nitens Tul.): influência dos tratamentos para superar a dormência e profundidade de semeadura. Revista Brasileira REFERENCES de Sementes. 19(2): 171-178. Oliveira ME (1999). Influência de árvores das espécies nativas Dipteryxalata Vog. e Caryocarbrasiliense Camp. no sistema solo-planta Almeida SP, Proença CEB, Sano SM, Ribeiro JF (1998). Cerrado: Espécies em pastagem de Brachiariadecumbens Stapf no cerrado.178 f. Tese vegetais úteis. Planaltina, EMBRAPA-CPAC. (Doutorado) – Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF. Almeida SP, Silva JA, Ribeiro JF (1987). Aproveitamento alimentar de Perez SCJGA (2004). Envoltório. In: FERREIRA, A. G.; BORGUETTI,F.(ed.) especies nativas dos cerrados: araticum, baru, cagaita e Germinação do básico ao aplicado. Porto Alegre: Artmed. jatoba. Embrapa Cerrados-Documentos (INFOTECA-E). Queiroz TFN, Freitas RA, Dias DCFS, Alvarenga EM (2001). Superação da Alves EU, Cardoso EDA, Bruno RDLA, Alves AU, Alves AU, Galindo EA, dormência em sementes de pimenta-malagueta (Capsicum frutescens Braga Junior JM (2007). Overcoming dormancy of Caesalpinia L.). Revista Brasileira de Sementes, Londrina. 23(2): 309-312. pyramidalis Tul. Revista Árvore. 31(3): 405-415. Ribeiro JF (2011). O cerrado em pé como técnica para o estabelecimento Andrade AD, Carvalho CD (1996). Produção de celulose e de papel Kraft de uso sustentável e conservação para o bioma Cerrado. Disponível da madeira de baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.). Floresta e ambiente, Rio de em: Janeiro. (3): 28-35.
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