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Shihuahuaco» Dipteryx Ferrea (Ducke) Ducke EN LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA, MEDIANTE MARCADORES MICROSATÉLITES

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Shihuahuaco» Dipteryx Ferrea (Ducke) Ducke EN LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA, MEDIANTE MARCADORES MICROSATÉLITES Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana EVALUACIÓN DE LA VARIABILIDAD GENÉTICA DE «shihuahuaco» Dipteryx ferrea (Ducke) Ducke EN LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA, MEDIANTE MARCADORES MICROSATÉLITES , David ALDANA , 1 2 , 1 Rossana DIAZ SORIA , Eurídice 2N. HONORIO CORONADO 2 , Dennis DEL CASTILLO TORRES1 , Gabriel HIDALGO PIZANGO1 1 Carlos ANGULO CHAVEZ1 , Eduardo MEJÍA DE3 LOAYZA , Diana CASTRO-RUIZ1 Mayra FLORES1 Instituto SILVA de, Jean-FrançoisInvestigaciones de la RENNOAmazonía Peruana, Carmen (IIAP), GARCÍA-DÁVILALaboratorio de Biología y Genética Molecular (LBGM), Carretera Iquitos-Nauta km 4.5, San Juan Bautista, Iquitos, Perú. Correo electrónico: [email protected] 2 Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Programa de investigación en manejo integral del bosque y servicios ambientales (PROBOSQUES), Av. Abelardo Quiñonez km 2.5, San Juan Bautista, Iquitos, Perú. 3 Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), UR-DIADE, Montpellier, Francia. RESUMEN Se evaluó la variabilidad genética del shihuahuaco, Dipteryx ferrea, en siete poblaciones naturales en la Amazonía peruana mediante el análisis de nueve loci microsatélites. Los resultados muestran una alta diversidad genética evidenciada alélica,en el elevado respectivamente). polimorfismo El (total análisis alelos de =componentes 135, media de principales alelos por muestra locus = 15una ± fuerte6 alelos) superposición y riqueza alélica entre (Macuya las poblaciones, = 11 e Iñapari que sumado = 8, máxima a los reducidosy mínima riquezavalores elevada semejanza genética entre las poblaciones. El dendrograma elaborado ende basedistancia a la genéticadistancia interpoblacionalgenética de Shared (valores Allele, entre muestra 0.07 quea 0.10), las poblaciones revela una se encuentran conformando tres agrupaciones genéticas principales, la primera constituida por Manu e Iñapari (grupo A, bootstrap = 91%), la segunda por Contamana y Macuya (grupo B, 60%), y la tercera por Tamaya, Santa Clara e Inuya (grupo C, 100%). El análisis de correlación mostró que existe una correlación encontradapositiva entre en la esta distancia especie geográfica puede ser y distancia atribuida genética al sistema entre de las reproducción poblaciones analizadas (r = 0.62, p < 0.005). La elevada similitud genética entre poblaciones alógama (polinización cruzada) que presenta el shihuahuaco, a sus polinizadores Vol. 28 (1) 2019. 53-64 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24841/fa.v28i1.475 53 Evaluación de la variabilidad genética de «shihuahuaco» dipteryx ferrea en la amazonía peruana, mediante marcadores microsatélites (murciélagos, abejas) y dispersores (guacamayos, águilas, pecaríes, etc.) que pueden desplazarse grandes distancias geográficas facilitando el flujo de genes entre las poblaciones. Factores históricos como la actividad tectónica de la zona de estudio también influyeron en las relaciones genéticas observadas entre las poblaciones, distinguiendo grupos genéticos hermanos como A y B que cubren degran Ucayali. parte de la distribución geográfica de la especie y un grupo diferenciado (grupo C) ubicado en una zona de formación más reciente en el departamento PALABRAS CLAVES: flujo de genes, estructuración poblacional, poliploide, polimorfismo. EVALUATION OF THE GENETIC VARIABILITY OF «shihuahuaco» Dipteryx ferrea (Ducke) Ducke IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON, USING MICROSATELITES MARKERS ABSTRACT We studied the genetic variability of Dipteryx ferrea shihuahuaco in seven natural loci populations from the Peruvian Amazon using nine microsatellite . The results showed a high genetic diversity shown by the high polymorphism (total alleles = of135, principal mean alleles components per locus showed= 15 ± 6 alleles)a strong and overlap allelic richness among (Macuyathe populations, = 11 and Iñapari = 8, maximum and minimum allelic richness, respectively). The analysis basedwhich onadded the geneticto the low distance values of of Shared interpopulation Allele showed genetic populations distance clustered (from 0.07 in to 0.10), reveals a high genetic similarity among populations. The dendrogram three main groups, the first formed by Manu and Iñapari populations (group analysisA, bootstrap showed = 91%), that there the secondis a positive by Contamana correlation and between Macuya geographic (group B,distance 60%), and the third by Tamaya, Santa Clara e Inuya (group C, 100%). The correlation genetic similarity among populations found in this species can be attributed to and genetic distance among pairs of populations (r = 0.62, p<0.005). The high the allogamous reproduction system (cross-pollination) of Shihuahuaco, to its pollinators (bats, bees) and dispersers (macaws, eagles, peccaries, etc.) that thecan genetictravel longrelationships distances, observed which facilitates among the the populations, gene flow distinguishing among populations. closely Historical factors such as the tectonic activity of the study area also influenced recentrelated developed genetic groups area insuch the as department A and B that of cover Ucayali. a large part of the geographical distribution of the species and a differentiated group (group C) located in a more KEYWORDS: gene flow, population structure, polyploid, polymorphism. Vol. 28 (1) 2019. 53-64 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24841/fa.v28i1.475 54 Evaluación de la variabilidad genética de «shihuahuaco» dipteryx ferrea en la amazonía peruana, mediante marcadores microsatélites INTRODUCCIÓN et al mayormente aspectos deet alsu taxonomía, ecología la biodiversidad terrestre y cumplen un papel quey distribución nos dan (Reyneluna visión macroscópica., 2003; Quispe, valiosa 2009; vitalLos bosquesen la regulación amazónicos de los albergan sistemas el ecológicos 25% de deCollevatti, la situación 2013; Putzelde la especie., 2011; en Romo,la Amazonía 2005.) et al parámetros poblacionales como la variabilidad regionales y mundiales2 (Putzel ., 2010). peruana. Pero todavía poco se conoce sobre otros EstosMás de bosques 650 000 presentan km (>12%) un progresivo de la superficie deterioro, de ser evaluados por análisis morfológicos), que causadobosques amazónicosprincipalmente se encuentrapor el crecimientoen el Perú. nosgenética permita o el flujotener de una genes visión (los más cuales precisa no pueden sobre las características moleculares y el estado de conservación de las especies de Dipteryx en esta demográfico, la explotación forestal, la expansión et al de las actividadeset al agropecuarias ety allos daños Actualmente los marcadores moleculares directosLa presión causados de tala por ha la ocasionado tala y la extracción la reducción de sonamplia herramientas región geográfica fuertemente (Soares utilizadas., 2008). para demadera las poblaciones(Soares ., naturales2012; Vinzon de las .,especies 2009). obtener información base para el manejo y forestales valiosas, así como la ruptura de la continuidad del hábitat por fragmentación, comercialmente, debido a que nos permite evaluar lo que podría causar estructuración genética noconservación sólo la estructura de especies poblacional, arbóreas sino exploradastambién el et al et entre las poblaciones poret reducciónal del flujo alflujo de genes, asíet como al determinar elet estadoal de genético entre ellas (Borgues ., 2008; Azevedoconservación et al genética de las especieset al (Vinzon fuertementeDe Lucas, 2008; incrementadas, Soares el mercado., 2008). forestalEn los ., 2009; Lemes ., 2003; Tarazi ., 2009; últimos años las actividades forestales se vieron los marcadores., 2007; microsatélites Reátegui son., 2010). los Entremás utilizadoslas clases deen marcadores estudios poblacionales, moleculares existentes,debido a sobrepresentó las unespecies aumento forestales en los fuevolúmenes selectiva, de pues las su alta tasa de mutación dentro de las especies, seexportaciones concentró en anuales unas pocas en un especies 180%. maderablesLa presión de alto valor comercial, tal es el caso del cedro, que permite establecer diferencias entre las et al poblacioneses decir son de muy una variablesmisma especie, (polimórficos), además que lo Dipteryxla caoba, y el shihuahuaco (Putzel ., 2010). demandaEsta última por se losrefiere mercados a especies internacionales del género estudiopueden serutilizó detectados los pormarcadores PCR (Azofeifa-Delgado, moleculares en Norte (Fabaceae), América, Europa que presenta y sobre una todo creciente China. 2006; Demarchi, 2009). En ese sentido el presente Esto debido principalmente a la densidad de para generar información sobre la variabilidad su madera y resistencia a la putrefacción que genéticamicrosatélites de lao SSRespecie (Simple de Sequenceshihuahuaco Repeats) más la hace ideal para construcciones de muebles Dipteryx et al ferrea Sumado a su valor comercial, el shihuahuco posee lacomercializada Amazonía peruana. en el Perú,De esta como manera lo es buscamos unadecorativos gran importancia al aire libre ecológica (Putzel como fuente., 2010). de llenar (Ducke)los vacíos Ducke, de información en poblaciones necesarios naturales para de alimentación y sitios de anidación de muchas la elaboración de futuros planes de conservación especies. Los reportes en la literatura abordan y manejo sostenido de la especie. Vol. 28 (1) 2019. 53-64 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24841/fa.v28i1.475 55 Evaluación de la variabilidad genética de «shihuahuaco» dipteryx ferrea en la amazonía peruana, mediante marcadores microsatélites MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS la muestra tipo y la ocurrencia de la especie en ÁREA DE COLECTA DEL MATERIAL BIOLÓGICO el Perú (artículo en preparación). Se colectaron individuos
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