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Masterarbeit / Master´S Thesis MASTERARBEIT / MASTER´S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master´s Thesis „Beyond Late Josephinism: Josephinian Influences and the Commemoration of Emperor Joseph II in the Austrian Kulturkampf (1861-1874)“ verfasst von / submitted by Christos Aliprantis angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2015 / Vienna 2015 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 803 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Geschichte UG2002 degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Lothar Höbelt For my parents and brother 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ___________ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (4) PROLOGUE: I. The Academic Interest on Josephinism: Strenghtenes and Lacunas of the Existing Literature (6) II. Conceptual Issues, Aims, Temporal and Spatial Limits of the Current Study (10) CHAPTER 1: Josephinism and the Afterlife of Joseph II in the early Kulturkampf Era (1861-1863) I. The Afterlife of Joseph II and Josephinism in 1848: Liberal, Conservative and Cleri- cal Interpretations. (15) II. The Downfall of Ecclesiastical Josephinism in Neoabsolutism: the Concordat and the Suppressed pro-Josephinian Reaction against it. (19) III. 1861: The Dawn of a New Era and the Intensified Public Criticism against the Con- cordat. (23) IV. From the 1781 Patent of Tolerance to the 1861 Protestant Patent: The Perception of the Josephinian Policy of Confessional Tolerance. (24) V. History Wars and Josephinism: Political Pamphelts, Popular Apologists and Acade- mic Historiography on Joseph II (1862-1863). (27) CHAPTER 2: Josephinism and the Afterlife of Joseph II during the Struggle for the Confessional Legislation of May 1868 I. Nationalist, Liberal and Clerical Attitudes of Joseph II in 1866. (36) II. Joseph II and Josephinism in the Collective Imagination of 1867-1868 (A): The Liberal Version. (39) III. Joseph II and Josephinism in the Collective Imagination of 1867-1868 (B): The Clerical-Conservative Version. (41) IV. Historical Memory in the Parliament (A): References to Joseph II and Josephinism in the Debates for the May Laws in the House of Deputies (1867). (48) V. Historical Memory in the Parliament (B): References to Joseph II and Josephinism in the Debates for the May Laws in the House of Lords (1868). (55) 2 CHAPTER 3: Josephinism and the Afterlife of Joseph II during the Struggle for the Imperial Elementary School Law of 1869 I. Contemporary Perceptions of Educational Backwardness in Austria and the Need for Educational Reform (1866-1869). (68) II. The Josephinian Arcitects of the Imperial Elementary School Law: The Politician and Historian Adolph Beer. (70) III. Josephinian Influences in the Parliametary Debates on the Imperial Elementary School Law. (75) IV. The Perception and Consequences of the Imperial Elementary School Law and its Relation with Josephinism. (80) CHAPTER 4: Josephinism, the Afterlife of Joseph II and the Confessional Legisla- tion of 1874 I. The Abolition of the Concordat in 1870. (82) II. Josephinism and the Confessional Laws of 1874: pro-Josephinian motivations, signs of liberal anti-Josephinism and clerical, anti-Josephinian objections. (83) III. Josephinism and the Afterlife of Joseph II in the 1874 Debates of the House of De- puties. (90) IV. Josephinism and the Afterlife of Joseph II in the 1874 Debates of the House of Lords. (96) EPILOGUE: I. Conclusions: Nature and Characteristics of the Liberal and the Conservative Versions of Joseph II in the 1860s and 1870s. (99) II. The Development of Josephinism in the post-Kulturkampf Era (1874-1918): A Brief Overview. (102) III. Suggestions for Further Research on mid-19th century Josephinism: Local and European Dimensions. (104) BIBLIOGRAPHY: I. Primary Sources: A) Archival Sources, B) Printed Sources. (106) II. Secondary Literature. (111) ABSTRACT: English/German (122) 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ___________ This page is perhaps the nicest of all consisting a long thesis like this one. My rese- arch on the forms and manifestations of Josephinism and the commemoration of Joseph II in mid-19th century Austria needed indeed several months of meticulous scholarly work in Vienna, Athens and Budapest in order to be completed. For that result a great number of people are directly or indirectly responsible. First and foremost, my parents and brother, to whom this the-sis is dedicated, have supported by morally for all that period and tolerated my peculiarity to work on a topic almost completely foreign to the Greek-speaking audience. I hope that I managed to transfer them at least a tiny piece of my enthusiasm for the afterlife of Joseph II. Secondly, no respectable academic product can be born without the assistance and the guidance of experienced advisors, who gran- ted me valuable ideas and made me feel how is like being a part of a larger academic community. Firstly, my supervisor at the University of Vienna, Lothar Höbelt needs to be mentioned for the hours he devoted in reading and correcting my draft chapters. Al- so the names of Peter Becker and Thomas Winkelbauer should by no means be missing from this list as they were always eager to discuss my ideas and the progress of my work without being obliged to do so. Thirtly, a huge thanks is owned to several other historians of Central Europe in Austria and elsewhere, who were willing to engage in fruitful discussions with me, despite their heavy curriculum: Nancy Wingfield, Pieter Judson, Jonathan Kwan, Lawrence Cole, Lorenz Mikoletzky, Robert Evans, Abigail Green, Christopher Clark, John Boyer, Alison Frank-Johnson, Deborah Coen, Larry Wolff, Laszlo Kontler, Scott Berg and Madalina Veres. My industrious editor Chris Turner-Neal had consistently corrected the linguistic and stylish errors of the initial text. Without his contribution the result would be for sure imperfect. A great deal of gratitude goes also to the audiences of the conferences I presented the early parts of my work, in Vienna, Sarajevo, Olomouc and Torun, who through their questions helped my clarify my own arguments and ideas. Equal praise it necessary for the crews of the Vienna University Library, the Austrian National Library, the General Administrative Archive in Vienna and the CEU Library in Budapest that supplied me with all the mate- rial, sources and literature it was essential for my research. Without these resources, the conduct of the current research would be surely impossible. Last but certainly not least, one should never forget the material circumstances, within which the research is taking place. On that field the extremely generous funds and scholarships of the State Scho- larships Foundation of Greece, the “Alexander S. Onassis” Public Benefit Foundation and the Foundation for Education and European Culture enabled me to live, study and advance academically and personally in Vienna without the stress of every-day survi- val. There can be no doubt that without their support I would not have managed to study for two years at the Master’s program of Austrian history at the University of Vienna and subsequently this thesis might have never existed. To all the above mentioned per- sons and institutions, I express once more my most sincere gratitude along with the hope that the final result will eventually satisfy them. Christos N. Aliprantis Budapest, November 2015 4 PROLOGUE ___________ I. “[Concerning the reign of Joseph II] for the entire subsequent period up to our time, the evolution of Austria was captured in his [i.e. Joseph II’s] traces and constituted an inexhaustible ferment in the lives of the Austrian people and forced all the parties to look back at it [i.e. the era of Joseph II], to resume it [and] to carry on in one or the other direction, because the interests of freedom and of absolutism found in the Josephinian view their representation.”1 In the above words, the leading art historian Anton Springer2 described in 1863 the tremendous impact of the historical memory of the Austrian enlightened despot Joseph II (1741-1790, r.1765/80-1790)3 in the formation of the political and intellectual landscape of the mid-19th century Habsburg Empire. During his ten-year sole ruler- ship, Joseph II, inspired by the principles and motives of Enlightened Absolutism4 and aspiring to maximize the productivity of and “rationalize” his patrimonial lands, attem- pted daring and far-reaching reforms within the Monarchy5. These ambitious plans par- ticularly concerned the centralization of the administration throughout the Monarchy (including Hungary)6, the creation of an efficient imperial bureaucracy7, the enactment of religious tolerance for the non-Catholic Habsburg subjects8 and the subordination of the Catholic Church to State control9. Additionally, he took bold steps towards the abo- 1 Quoted in Anton Springer, Geschichte Österreichs seit dem Jahre 1809, 2 Vols. (Leipzig, 1863), Vol. 1, 23. See also Franz Leander Fillafer, “Rivalisierende Aufklärungen: Die Kontinuität und Historisierung des josephinischen Reformabsolutismus in der Habsburgermonarchie” in: Wolfgang Hardtwig (ed.), Die Aufklärung und ihre Weltwirkung (Göttingen, 2010), 123-169, 149 for a commentary on Springer’s view. 2 On Springer, see “Springer, Anton”, in: Neue Deutsche Biographie, Vol.24 (Berlin, 2010), 757-759 and particularly on his political beliefs, see Johann Weichinger, „Anton Springer als Historiker und seine po- litische Haltung“, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Vienna, 1955. 3There are many erudite biographies of Joseph II. See exaustingly Paul von Mitrofanov, Joseph II.: Seine politische und kulturelle Tätigkeit, 2 Vols. (Vienna, 1910); Derek E. Beales, Joseph II, Vol.1: In the Sha- dow of Maria Theresa, 1741-1780 (Cambridge, 1987); idem, Joseph II: Vol.2: Against the World, 1780- 1790 (Cambridge, 2009); François Fejtö, Joseph II.:Un Habsbourg revolutionnaire; Portrait d;un despo- te eclaire. Ed. corr. et complétée (Paris, 2004 [1953]); briefly Lorenz Mikoletzky, Kaiser Joseph II.: He- rrscher zwischen den Zeiten, 2nd edition (Göttingen, 1990); T.C.W.
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