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BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE Vztah Prezidenta a Vlády V Oblasti

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BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE Vztah Prezidenta a Vlády V Oblasti VYSOKÁ ŠKOLA CEVRO INSTITUT BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE Vztah prezidenta a vlády v oblasti zahraniční politiky České republiky Jakub Král Praha 2014 VYSOKÁ ŠKOLA CEVRO INSTITUT Katedra politologie a mezinárodních vztahů BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE Vztah prezidenta a vlády v oblasti zahraniční politiky České republiky Autor: Jakub Král Studijní program: Politologie Studijní obor: Politologie a mezinárodní vztahy Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Miloš Brunclík Ph.D. Praha 2014 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci “Vztah prezidenta a vlády v oblasti zahraniční politiky ČR” zpracoval samostatně. Veškeré prameny a zdroje informací, které jsem použil k sepsání této práce, byly řádně citovány a jsou uvedeny v seznamu použitých pramenů a literatury. V Praze dne 25. dubna 2014 Jakub Král Poděkování Rád bych poděkoval vedoucímu své bakalářské práce PhDr. Miloši Brunclíkovi Ph.D. za cenné rady a věcné připomínky, které mi pomohly tuto práci zkompletovat. Děkuji všem pedagogům Vysoké školy CEVRO Institut za cenné znalosti, které mi v průběhu studia předávali. Můj dík patří rodině za důvěru, motivaci a přátelům (Mgr. Lucii Voborníkové) za podporu. Obsah 1 Úvod .......................................................................................................................... 9 2 Teoretická část ......................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Postavení výkonné moci v rámci systému ČR ................................................. 11 2.2 Postavení prezidenta v rámci systému ČR ....................................................... 12 2.3 Pravomoci prezidenta republiky v oblasti zahraniční politiky ......................... 17 2.4 Postavení vlády v ústavním systému ČR ......................................................... 22 2.5 Vztah prezidenta k parlamentní většině ........................................................... 26 3 Empirická část ......................................................................................................... 28 3.1 Prezident republiky Václav Havel ................................................................... 28 3.1.1 Vlády Václava Klause .............................................................................. 29 3.1.2 Vláda Josefa Tošovského .......................................................................... 33 3.1.3 Vláda Miloše Zemana ............................................................................... 35 3.1.4 Vláda Vladimíra Špidly ............................................................................ 37 3.2 Prezident republiky Václav Klaus .................................................................... 39 3.2.1 Vláda Vladimíra Špidly ............................................................................ 40 3.2.2 Vláda Stanislava Grosse ........................................................................... 42 3.2.3 Vláda Jiřího Paroubka ............................................................................... 44 3.2.4 Vláda Mirka Topolánka ............................................................................ 47 3.2.5 Vláda Jana Fischera .................................................................................. 49 3.2.6 Vláda Petra Nečase ................................................................................... 50 3.3 Prezident republiky Miloš Zeman .................................................................... 53 3.3.1 Vláda Petra Nečase ................................................................................... 54 3.3.2 Vláda Jiřího Rusnoka ................................................................................ 57 3.3.3 Vláda Bohuslava Sobotky ......................................................................... 59 4 Závěr ........................................................................................................................ 65 5 Seznam použitých zdrojů ........................................................................................ 68 Resumé This bachelor thesis focuses on the role President of the Czech Republic and the government. The role is examined mainly in the area of the foreign policy and the interaction between these two institutions in this area. The work is divided into two parts. The theoretical part focuses generally on the position of the domestic functioning and their powers in the foreign policy. It deals with factors that strengthen or weaken the real position of the president (not only) in foreign policy. This part deals with issues such as the direct election of the head of state and the impacts this chase has on the president´s constitutional legitimacy. The second (empirical) part analyses the intercommunity of first free president of the independent Czech Republic: Vaclav Havel, Vaclav Klaus and Milos Zeman with the government (Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs). The aim of this thesis is to determine whether these presidents and governments were able to find the consensus about foreign policy issues or whether there were disputes between these issues. This thesis is trying to interpret and determine causes of these issues. 7 Resumé Tato bakalářská práce se soustředí na postavení prezidenta a vlády v oblasti zahraniční politiky České republiky a vzájemnou interakci obou institucí v této oblasti. Práce je rozdělena do dvou částí. Teoretická část je zaměřena obecně na postavení prezidenta České republiky a vlády České republiky v rámci vnitrostátního fungování a na jejich pravomoci v zahraniční politice. Zabývá se faktory, které reálné postavení prezidenta (nejen) v otázce zahraniční politiky posilují či oslabují. Tato část se například zabývá problematikou přímé volby hlavy státu a dopady této ústavní změny na prezidentovu legitimitu. V empirické části se analyzuji koexistenci třech dosavadních prezidentů samostatného státu České republiky: Václava Havla, Václava Klause a Miloše Zemana s jednotlivými vládami (premiéry a ministry zahraničních věcí). Cílem práce je zjistit, zda prezidenti a vlády byly schopny v zahraničněpolitických otázkách nalézt konsensus nebo mezi nimi docházelo ke sporům, jež se pokouším interpretovat a určit jejich příčiny. 8 1 Úvod Zahraniční politika České republiky je poměrně komplikovanou oblastí. Proces tvorby zahraniční politiky vychází z ústavněprávního rámce, ale také z rámce praktické politiky, jímž se zabývá politologie. K tomu, aby zahraniční politika státu dosahovala žádoucí úrovně a konzistence, musí být jednotliví aktéři schopni nalézat konsensus, současně však dosahovat akceschopnosti. Z hlediska ústavních aktérů vychází zahraniční politika z působení Prezidenta České republiky (dále jen „prezident“) a Vlády České republiky (dále jen „vlády“). Nezanedbatelnou roli v procesu tvorby zahraniční politiky hraje také Parlament ČR (dále jen „parlament“). Tato práce se bude zabývat působením obou klíčových aktérů výkonné moci. Jejich vzájemná interakce v rámci vnitřního systému se odráží na mezinárodní úroveň. V českém prostředí dochází mezi těmito dvěma aktéry ke konfliktům, a to mimo jiné v oblasti zahraniční politiky. Konflikty aktérů výkonné moci v otázce zahraniční politiky jsou dány různými faktory. Klíčovým východiskem je ústava, která definuje rámec jejich formálních kompetencí. Ústava je ovšem napsána velice obecně a jednotliví aktéři jí různě interpretují. Dalším důležitým faktorem je to, z jakého politického spektra pochází prezident a předseda vlády a jaké jsou jejich postoje v zahraničních otázkách. Tuto “hru” o dominantní pozici při formulování zahraniční politiky ČR nově ovlivňuje zákon č. 71/2012 Sb. v plném znění, který upravuje volbu prezidenta. Faktory, které ovlivňují vztah mezi nejsilnějšími složkami exekutivy, nebudeme řešit izolovaně, ale komplexně. Cílem této práce je zmapovat nejdůležitější konflikty mezi vládou a prezidentem v oblasti zahraniční politiky, zjistit příčiny těchto konfliktů a analyzovat, jaký dopad má na tuto problematiku změna nepřímé volby prezidenta republiky (volby parlamentem) na volbu přímou (volbu lidem). Z toho vyplývají dvě výzkumné otázky této práce: Proč dochází v oblasti zahraniční politiky ke konfliktům mezi prezidentem a vládou? Jaký vliv měla přímá volba na vystupování prezidenta v zahraniční politice? Jak již bylo naznačeno výše, mezi hlavní faktory, které nám pomohou osvětlit příčiny konfliktů, patří:1) poměrně obecně formulovaný text ústavy, který umožňuje její rozdílné interpretace jak ze strany prezidenta, tak ze strany vlády, 2) klíčové postoje prezidenta a vlády v oblasti zahraniční politiky a to, do jaké míry se tyto postoje odlišují 9 či shodují, 3) obecný vztah prezidenta a vlády z hlediska jejich stranické příslušnosti či příslušnosti k širšímu politickému táboru. Tyto konflikty může umocňovat přímá volba prezidenta a je možné předpokládat, že vztah mezi prezidentem Zemanem a vládami ČR po roce 2013 budou v otázce (nejen) zahraniční politiky konfliktnější. Naopak, potenciál konfliktů může být omezován, jestliže se vláda a (přímo volený) prezident shodují v základních směrech české zahraniční politiky. První část je zaměřena obecně na postavení prezidenta, vlády v rámci vnitřního systému České republiky a jejich vzájemného vztahu v oblasti zahraniční politiky. Ústavu ČR lze považovat za základní kámen teoretické části práce. Je nicméně důležité uvědomit si, že se text ústavy může odlišovat od historických zvyklostí a politické praxe. Ústavní realita a způsob výkonu ústavních kompetencí jasně ukazují, že je důležité zkoumat, jak jednotliví aktéři nakládají se svými pravomocemi.
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