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VU Research Portal VU Research Portal Orogenesis and Subduction in Analogue Models Luth, S.W. 2011 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Luth, S. W. (2011). Orogenesis and Subduction in Analogue Models: Expressions of lateral subduction polarity change below the Alps. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 03. Oct. 2021 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Orogenesis and Subduction in Analogue Models Expressions of lateral subduction polarity change below the Alps ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. L.M. Bouter, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de faculteit der Aard- en Levenswetenschappen op vrijdag 23 september 2011 om 13.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Stefan Wietse Luth geboren te Amsterdam promotor: prof.dr. S.A.P.L. Cloetingh copromotoren: dr. E. Willingshofer prof.dr. D. Sokoutis The territory Up here in the white country any tree for a totem any rock for an altar discover! this ground is suicidal annihiliates everything but the most essential poet - your kingdom Kenneth White The research presented in this thesis was carried out at: Department of Structural geology and Tectonics Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1085 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands Financial support was provided by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Reading committee: prof.dr. C. Faccenna prof.dr. B. Fügenschuh prof.dr. T. Gerya prof.dr. R. Wortel dr. C. Rosenberg ISBN/EAN 9789461081902 This is NSG publication Nr. 2011.09.23 Title: Orogenesis and Subduction in Analogue Models. Expressions of lateral subduction polarity change below the Alps. (PhD thesis, VU University Amsterdam) Translated title: Gebergtevorming en Subductie in Analoge Experimenten. Kenmerken van laterale subductie polariteitwissel in de Alpen. (Academisch proefschrift, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) Printed by Gildeprint Drukkerijen, Enschede Cover: WSW-ward view from Walten on St. Martin (Italy), combined with a top-view image of a lithosphere-scale analogue experiment. Contents Acknowledgements ix Samenvatting xi Summary xv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Subduction polarity change beneath the Alps 2 1.2 Scope of the thesis 3 1.2.1 Analogue modelling 4 1.2.2 Alpine field study and crustal-scale analogue modelling 4 1.3 Thesis outline 4 2. Mapping of the post-collisional cooling history of the Eastern Alps 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Geological setting 8 2.3 Metamorphism in the Eastern Alps 10 2.3.1 Austroalpine Units 10 2.3.2 Penninic Units 12 2.4 Data Compilation 13 2.5 Construction of the cooling maps 13 2.6 Assumptions, uncertainties and simplifications 14 2.7 Cooling maps 15 2.7.1 375 °C Isochrone map 15 2.7.3 110 °C Isochrone map 18 2.8 Temperature maps 22 2.9 Discussion 22 2.9.1 General conditions at the onset of post-metamorphic cooling 22 2.9.2 The thermal Tauern Window 23 2.9.3 Cooling trends 23 2.9.4 Temporal variations of post-metamorphic cooling 25 2.9.5 Cooling rates 25 2.9.6 Dome forming mechanisms for the Tauern Window 26 2.9.7 From regional to orogen-scale exhumation and cooling 27 2.10 Conclusions 27 v vi CONTENTS 3. Analogue modelling of continental collision: Influence of plate coupling on mantle lithosphere subduction, crustal deformation and surface topography 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Modelling of subduction and collision: a concise summary 32 3.3 Experimental design 32 3.3.1 Analogue materials and model set-up 32 3.3.2 Scaling 34 3.3.3 Modelling assumptions and simplifications 34 3.4 Plate contacts in nature and models 36 3.5 Modelling results 38 3.5.1 Experiment with a vertical plate boundary 38 3.5.2 Experiments with an inclined plate boundary 38 3.5.3 Experiments with an inclined plate boundary and a weak lower crust 42 3.6 Interpretation and comparison between the experimental results 44 3.6.1 Plate boundary deformation and orogenic wedge formation 44 3.6.2 Deformation of the plate interior: Influence of plate boundary on crust-mantle decoupling 46 3.6.3 Basin formation 47 3.7 Discussion 48 3.7.1 The role of plate interface rheology on continental collision 48 3.7.2 Temporal changes of plate coupling 48 3.7.3 The effect of lower crustal rheology on crust-mantle (de)coupling 49 3.8 Comparison between experiments and natural analogues 50 3.8.1 Pyrenees 50 3.8.2 Examples from the Caucasus, Colombian Cordillera, Sierra Pampeanas, and the Alps 52 3.9 Conclusions 54 4. Plate decoupling and wedge formation 57 4.2 Modelling of orogenic wedges 58 4.3 Model design and scaling 59 4.4 Modelling results 62 4.4.1 Experiment with “very weak” limited lower crust 62 4.4.2 Experiments with an entire weak lower crust of the lower plate 64 4.4.3 Experiments with weak mantle lithosphere 66 4.5 Comparison and interpretation of experimental results 70 4.5.1 Topography development 70 4.5.2 Wedge classification 72 4.5.3 Expressions of plate (de)coupling 74 4.5.4 Degree of plate coupling and intra-plate deformation 75 4.5.5 Plate decoupling and wedge formation 76 CONTENTS vii 4.5.6 The role of the mantle lithosphere rheology on plate (de)coupling and wedge formation 77 4.6 Orogenic wedges in models and nature 78 4.7 Natural Analogues 79 4.7.1 The Central Alps 79 4.7.2 The Eastern Alps 82 4.8 Conclusions 85 5. Surface expressions of the subduction polarity change in the Alps: Inferences from analogue modelling 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Experimental design 90 5.3 Modelling results 92 5.3.1 Decoupled subduction domains 92 5.3.2 Coupled subduction domains 93 5.3.3 Oblique subduction 98 5.3.4 Weak lower crust in upper- and lower plates 99 5.3.5 Weak lower crust in lower plates 99 5.4 Short summary and comparison of modelling results 106 5.5 Interferences between deforming layers 107 5.6 Comparison with natural analogues 109 5.6.1 Deep Alpine structure 109 5.6.2 Alpine Neogene Evolution: Central Alps versus Eastern Alps 113 5.6.3 Consistency between model results and Alps 119 5.6.4 Another natural analogue: New Zealand 121 6. Kinematic analysis of the Passeier- and Jaufen faults: Linking the Giudicarie and Brenner lines? 125 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 Geological setting 127 6.2.1 The Adriatic Indenter and Giudicarie line 127 6.2.2 The Jaufen-Passeier fault region 130 6.3.1 Ductile fabrics 132 6.3.2 Brittle fabrics and paleostress analysis 132 6.3.3 Summary of field results 142 6.4 Crustal modelling of the Jaufen– Passeier region 143 6.4.1 Experimental set-up 143 6.4.3 Summarized model results 149 6.5 Discussion 150 6.5.1 Indentation and associated strain partitioning 150 6.5.2 Link between the Giudicarie, Passeier, Jaufen and Brenner lines 152 6.6 Conclusions 154 7. Synthesis 157 7.1 Exhumation history of the Eastern Alps 158 7.2 Crust-mantle decoupling and crustal wedge formation 158 7.3 Implications of a changing subduction polarity on crustal architecture and vertical motions 160 7.4 Kinematic analysis of the Jaufen/Passeier lines 160 7.5 Implications on the tectonic evolution of the Alps 160 7.6 Outlook 161 References 163 Acknowledgements This scientific achievement would have been impossible without the help and support of my nearest and dearest. Javier, what a privilege to have you both as friend and collegue! Many thanks for all the funny and great moments we shared between rocks, puttie, and papers. I will definitely miss the moments we hoisted beautiful models out of the freezer. I should mention the fact that many of the pictures shown in this thesis have that fancy look because of your input. Many thanks also to the Teclab assistants, Inge, Nynke, and Arno, for creating a professional work environment, and of course for all your help and kindness, which allowed me om ook nog eens gezellig Nederlands te kunnen praten tussen al die VU-allochtonen. Arno samen met Jozua en Marten, reuze bedankt voor jullie bijdragen aan de grote hoeveelheid metingen in het Passeier dal. Marten, tevens ben ik je dankbare kamergenoot, niet allerminst omtrent je bruikbare velduitwerkingen en behulpzaamheid, maar ook voor je sociale verdiepingen. Succes nog verder! Ernst and Dimitrios, my supervisors. I thank you for making all this possible, but also for your never-ending enthusiasm and trust in me. Your doors were always open for a discussion, or just a laugh.
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