Russia's Influence in Bulgaria

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Russia's Influence in Bulgaria DR DIMITAR BECHEV RUSSIA’S INFLUENCE IN BULGARIA DEFENCE, FOREIGN POLICY AND SECURITY NEW DIRECTION The Foundation for European Reform is a Brussels-based free market, euro-realist think- tank and publisher, established in 2010 under the patronage of Baroness Thatcher. We have satellite offices in London and Warsaw. New Direction - The Foundation for European Reform is registered in Belgium as a non-for-profit organisation (ASBL) and is partly funded by the European Parliament. www.europeanreform.org Registered Office: Rue d’Arlon 40, Brussels 1000, Belgium. Director General: Naweed Khan. The European Parliament and New Direction assume no responsibility for the opinions Follow us @europeanreform expressed in this publication. Sole liability rests with the author. FOREWARD RUSSIA’S his report by New Direction comes in a very However, energy is only one of many ways in which Russia important moment in time, especially in light of interferes in Bulgarian domestic political and economical T recent developments taking place in Ukraine, in life. It has increased its role in the Bulgarian banking INFLUENCE Syria, as well as in different European countries. Using system and real estate market, with most recent purchase its old divide et impera tactics, Russia is challenging the of almost 64000 houses by Russian citizens in Varna and IN BULGARIA unity among EU Member States by taking full advantage Burgas. With regard to (dis)information, Russia exerts a of different factors, including economic links or support firm influence by generously funding Bulgarian media’s - Dr DIMITAR BECHEV from political parties which have especially strong ties with both at local and national level. Moscow (like Ataka in Bulgaria). It is time we look closer at TOMASZ PORĘBA MEP Putin’s game, big part of which is a conflict in the East of One could argue that one of the main pillars of the Ukraine and react before it is too late. common market is the opportunity to invest abroad, is a Member of the which usually has nothing to do with geopolitics. However, European Parliament and If Ukrainian conflict teaches us something, it is that Russia the case presented by Dr. Bechev proves otherwise. For President of New Direction has recently diverted much of its resources and focus instance when talking about Western sanctions against – The Foundation for from mobilising hard power in protecting its interests to Russia, the reluctance of Bulgaria can be explained by European Reform. soft power, including funding media outlets and political its tight economic links with Russia and the pro-Kremlin parties. Ataka party. When part of Bulgarian politicians started a debate on defence and security, which has shown the true The Bulgarian case study presented here by Dr. Dimitar extent of Russian interference in Bulgaria, pro-Kremlin Bechev precisely identifies this new aspect of the Russian parties caused a political crisis. Those are only two of many influence across the EU. His study describes in detail examples of the negative Russian impact on Bulgaria that the ongoing game played by the Russian regime and can be found in this report. neatly sums up the contemporary Russian policy towards its former Near Abroad and its attempts to undermine This new research by New Direction should be used European unity. by policy advisers and politicians to help them better understand Moscow’s way of acting and to reshape our By using gas exports as a political weapon in Bulgaria, policy towards Russia. It is important to understand that Russia has succeeded in undermining European solidarity before being able to compete in the external dimension, by creating political and economic rifts. As a result, Kremlin we must secure our internal fundamentals first. (and Gazprom) benefit from these divisions and retain the status of main supplier, while using Bulgaria to promote reviving of the now aborted South Stream project. INTRODUCTION n spite of previous Western efforts to welcome Russia After all, in terms of methods President Putin is who RUSSIA’S into its club, through economic engagement, a NATO- he is – a former KGB First Chief Directorate (Foreign I Russia Council and membership of the G8, Russia Intelligence) officer who has surrounded himself with under Vladimir Putin seemed to prefer a more traditional former intelligence officers. So-called “active measures” INFLUENCE view of Russia’s interests and strategic posture. He would are a key KGB function - giving currency to false rumours like to weaken, disarm and neutralise those European and conspiracy theories, spreading scare stories, and IN BULGARIA allies previously part of Moscow’s fiefdom, and split covertly supporting groups or individuals whose activities Europe from the United States (hence his encouragement may serve Russian purposes. Russia respects strength. - Dr DIMITAR BECHEV of distinctly European political initiatives and support for But it will exploit weakness for its own purposes. EU defence initiatives separate from Nato). GEOFFREY VAN ORDEN MEP While Russia’s GDP is less than Britain’s and its per capita Through its influence in countries with significant Russian GDP no greater than Poland’s its combination of military is Conservative MEP for minorities or residues of support among the population, and diplomatic strength and economic resources rank the East of England, Vice Moscow seeks to undermine Western resolve and the it once more among the powers. It has its own unique, Chairman of the ECR cohesiveness of Nato. Putin has trumpeted the spurt in historic world view. Under Putin Russia seeks to use Group, former European Russian defence spending as he creates and uses more all the instruments at its disposal to reassert influence Parliament rapporteur for agile, professional and rapidly deployable military forces. internationally and in its near abroad. Bulgaria, and Founding Through limited military operations and by raising the Presidentof New Direction spectre of a wider war, he hopes to intimidate western Bulgaria, for many historic and other reasons, has long – the Foundation for political leaders and public opinion, to strengthen been regarded as the European country most vulnerable European Reform opposition to Western military intervention and force to extended Russian influence. Dimitar Bechev explains recognition of Russia’s renewed importance. the deep and complex connections in Bulgaria used by Russia to promote support and muffle criticism. He Russian adventurism in the Ukraine and its dramatic explores a relationship which is most visible in the energy engagement in Syria are only the most obvious examples sector and its financial entrails and endures in the state of Russian efforts to reassert its influence in countries security and media, in political parties and in defence previously under its direct or indirect control and to industries. Our Bulgarian colleagues Nikolay Barekov MEP reclaim its seat at the top international table. Behind and Angel Dzhambazki MEP provide their own comment. the military power we witness the continued application of other Russian capabilities – the political, financial, economic and other instruments to create constituencies of support and to weaken western affiliation. CONTENTS Historical links - 03 DR DIMITAR BECHEV Visiting Fellow, LSEE-Research on Southeast Europe London School of Economics Dr. Bechev is Director of the European Policy Institute DR DIMITAR BECHEV Attitudes to Russia in Bulgarian politics and society - 07 and teaches international politics at Sofia University. He is currently a visiting fellow at the Center for RUSSIA’S INFLUENCE European Politics, Harvard University. Dr. Bechev was a Senior Policy Fellow and Head of European Council IN BULGARIA on Foreign Relations (ECFR) office in Sofia from 2010 till 2014. He is also affiliated with South East OVERVIEW OF RUSSIAN-BULGARIAN RELATIONS 03 European Studies at Oxford (SEESOX), St. Antony’s Historical links 03 College, Oxford. In 2006-2010, Dr. Bechev was a After the Cold War Research Fellow at Oxford’s European Studies Centre 04 and held a lectureship in International Relations at Economic relations 05 Worcester College, Oxford and a visiting professorship Attitudes to Russia in Bulgarian politics and society 07 The South Stream controversy - 15 at Hitotsubashi University in Tokyo. He is a Region THE NATURE OF RUSSIAN INFLUENCE 09 Head for Central and Eastern Europe at Oxford Use of historical, cultural and religious ties 09 Analytica. Dr. Bechev has published widely on the EU’s enlargement and neighbourhood policies as well as Links with political leaders, parties and businesses 11 the politics and modern history of the Balkans. The issue of Russian gas 13 The South Stream controversy 15 He is the author of The Historical Dictionary of The Belene nuclear station 17 the Republic of Macedonia (2009), Mediterranean Burgas-Alexandroupolis 18 Frontiers: Borders, Conflict and Memory in a Transnational World (2010, co-edited with ECFR VTB’s Bulgarian operation 19 Council Member Kalypso Nicolaidis) and Constructing Real estate market 20 Army and defence Industry - 21 South East Europe: the Politics of Balkan Regional Army and defence industry 21 Cooperation (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) as well as Influence in the media 22 articles in leading periodicals such as the Journal RUSSIAN INFLUENCE IN ACTION of Common Market Studies and East European 23 Politics and Societies. He holds a D.Phil. (2005) in Bulgaria and the Western sanctions 24 International Relations from the University of Oxford The debate over defence and security policy 25 as well as graduate degrees in International Relations Bulgaria and the Russian reaction to protests in Macedonia 26 and Law from Sofia University. His areas of expertise CONCLUSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 28 include EU enlargement and Neighbourhood Policy, the politics of wider South East Europe (post- COMMENTS 29 communist Balkans, Greece, Turkey), EU-Russia Angel Dzhambazki MEP 29 CONCLUSION - 28 relations, and Euro-Mediterranean relations. Nikolay Barekov MEP 31 ussian influence has always run strong in Bulgaria - once known, half-jokingly, as R the Soviet Union’s 16th republic.
Recommended publications
  • KAS MP SOE Redebeitrag AM En
    REPORT Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung MEDIA MONITORING LABORATORY February 2015 Media under their own momentum: www.fmd.bg The deficient will to change www.kas.de Foundation Media Democracy (FMD) and KAS. In summary, the main findings, by the Media Program South East Europe of areas of monitoring, include: the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) present the joint annual report on the MEDIA DISCOURSE state of the Bulgarian media environment in 2014. The study summarises the trends Among the most striking images in the coverage of socio-political constructed by Bulgarian media in 2014 was developments in the country. During the the presentation of patriotism as the monitored period dynamic processes sanctuary of identity. Among the most unfolded – European Parliament elections watched television events during the year and early elections to the National turned to be the Klitschko-Pulev boxing Assembly took place, three governments match. The event inflamed social networks, changed in the country’s governance. morning shows, commentary journalism. It was presented not simply as boxing, but as The unstable political situation has also an occasion for national euphoria. Such affected the media environment, in which a discourse fitted into the more general trend number of important problems have failed of nourishing patriotic passions which to find a solution. During the year, self- through the stadium language, but also regulation was virtually blocked. A vast through the media language, are easily majority of the media continued operating mobilised into street and political forms of at a loss. For many of them the problem symbolic and physical violence against with the ownership clarification remained others (Roma, refugees, the sexually and unresolved.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Deal – the Coordinators
    Green Deal – The Coordinators David Sassoli S&D ”I want the European Green Deal to become Europe’s hallmark. At the heart of it is our commitment to becoming the world’s first climate-neutral continent. It is also a long-term economic imperative: those who act first European Parliament and fastest will be the ones who grasp the opportunities from the ecological transition. I want Europe to be 1 February 2020 – H1 2024 the front-runner. I want Europe to be the exporter of knowledge, technologies and best practice.” — Ursula von der Leyen Lorenzo Mannelli Klaus Welle President of the European Commission Head of Cabinet Secretary General Chairs and Vice-Chairs Political Group Coordinators EPP S&D EPP S&D Renew ID Europe ENVI Renew Committee on Europe Dan-Ştefan Motreanu César Luena Peter Liese Jytte Guteland Nils Torvalds Silvia Sardone Vice-Chair Vice-Chair Coordinator Coordinator Coordinator Coordinator the Environment, Public Health Greens/EFA GUE/NGL Greens/EFA ECR GUE/NGL and Food Safety Pacal Canfin Chair Bas Eickhout Anja Hazekamp Bas Eickhout Alexandr Vondra Silvia Modig Vice-Chair Vice-Chair Coordinator Coordinator Coordinator S&D S&D EPP S&D Renew ID Europe EPP ITRE Patrizia Toia Lina Gálvez Muñoz Christian Ehler Dan Nica Martina Dlabajová Paolo Borchia Committee on Vice-Chair Vice-Chair Coordinator Coordinator Coordinator Coordinator Industry, Research Renew ECR Greens/EFA ECR GUE/NGL and Energy Cristian Bușoi Europe Chair Morten Petersen Zdzisław Krasnodębski Ville Niinistö Zdzisław Krasnodębski Marisa Matias Vice-Chair Vice-Chair
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
    United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO 2016 Cover The recent large-scale, systematic destruction and looting of cultural heritage has been the dominant theme at UNESCO throughout 2016. One of the Organization’s responses to these attacks on cultural heritage and cultural pluralism is the #Unite4Heritage campaign, a global movement that calls on everyone to harvest the power of culture to bring people together and to celebrate the places, objects and cultural traditions that make the world such a rich and vibrant place. This image produced for the campaign combines past and present, with the head of Buddha Shakyamuni and the face of an Erbore tribe warrior from Ethiopia. © Public Domain LACMA - Los Angeles County Museum of Art/Rod Waddington Published in 2017 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France © UNESCO 2017 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). The present license applies exclusively to the text content of this publication and to images whose copyright belongs to UNESCO. By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Remus PRICOPIE* Laudatio
    Remus PRICOPIE* Laudatio Your Excellences, Distinguished Guests, Distinguished Members of the Romanian Parliament, Dear Mr. President of the Romanian Academy, Dear Ministers, Dear Members of the Academic Community, Ladies and Gentlemen, We have, today, the honor to attend a prominent moment in the academic life of the Na- tional School of Political Studies and Public Administration – SNSPA, occasioned by the awarding of the title of Doctor Honoris Causa to Mrs. Irina BOKOVA, Director-General of UNESCO. As always, such an event is filled with emotion, and its source lies not only in the fact that an academic community is celebrating an international public figure, but also in the fact that, with the awarding and accepting of the distinction of Doctor Honoris Causa, the personali- ty becomes a member of that same academic community. But alongside emotions, there al- so come some challenges, and the main one is to capture, in only 10-15 minutes, the multiple facets of the personality celebrated here today. Although this type of challenge is not new for me, it was the first time that I felt the need for a methodological matrix. I felt that such a matrix would help me make sure that I would not overlook any of the main fields of this personality’s career accomplishments. Thus, my approach started with a simple question: “What qualities should a person prove in order to be conferred the highest academic distinction?” and the answer, although complex, came out almost by itself: a. Have an outstanding academic training; b. Have a multiple, complex professional experience; c.
    [Show full text]
  • CULTURAL HERITAGE in MIGRATION Published Within the Project Cultural Heritage in Migration
    CULTURAL HERITAGE IN MIGRATION Published within the project Cultural Heritage in Migration. Models of Consolidation and Institutionalization of the Bulgarian Communities Abroad funded by the Bulgarian National Science Fund © Nikolai Vukov, Lina Gergova, Tanya Matanova, Yana Gergova, editors, 2017 © Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum – BAS, 2017 © Paradigma Publishing House, 2017 ISBN 978-954-326-332-5 BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF ETHNOLOGY AND FOLKLORE STUDIES WITH ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUM CULTURAL HERITAGE IN MIGRATION Edited by Nikolai Vukov, Lina Gergova Tanya Matanova, Yana Gergova Paradigma Sofia • 2017 CONTENTS EDITORIAL............................................................................................................................9 PART I: CULTURAL HERITAGE AS A PROCESS DISPLACEMENT – REPLACEMENT. REAL AND INTERNALIZED GEOGRAPHY IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF MIGRATION............................................21 Slobodan Dan Paich THE RUSSIAN-LIPOVANS IN ITALY: PRESERVING CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS HERITAGE IN MIGRATION.............................................................41 Nina Vlaskina CLASS AND RELIGION IN THE SHAPING OF TRADITION AMONG THE ISTANBUL-BASED ORTHODOX BULGARIANS...............................55 Magdalena Elchinova REPRESENTATIONS OF ‘COMPATRIOTISM’. THE SLOVAK DIASPORA POLITICS AS A TOOL FOR BUILDING AND CULTIVATING DIASPORA.............72 Natália Blahová FOLKLORE AS HERITAGE: THE EXPERIENCE OF BULGARIANS IN HUNGARY.......................................................................................................................88
    [Show full text]
  • Boat Accident
    DREF operation final report Russian Federation: Boat Accident DREF operation n° MDRRU012 GLIDE n° AC-2011-000086-RUS 12th April 2012 The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent (IFRC) Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) is a source of un-earmarked money created by the Federation in 1985 to ensure that immediate financial support is available for Red Cross Red Crescent response to emergencies. The DREF is a vital part of the International Federation’s disaster response system and increases the ability of National Societies to respond to disasters. Summary: The cruise ship “Bulgaria” was caught in a storm on the Volga river in Tatarstan on Sunday, 10th July 2011, at about 14.00 and sank within minutes at one of the widest points of the river claiming the lives of 130 people. The Russian Red Cross provided psychosocial support to the affected families of the deceased and to the survivors in order to minimize the psychological effects in the aftermath of the boat accident. Most of the victims are Survivors of "Bulgaria" resqued by "Arabella" cruiser ship are brought ashore residents of Tatarstan. This Photo: Reuters operation was implemented over six months and was completed by the 15th January 2012. CHF 25,358 was allocated from the International Federation’s Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) to support the Russian Red Cross in delivering immediate psychosocial assistance to some 200 families. Following the implementation of the operation, there is a balance of CHF 911 that needs to be returned to the DREF funds. The
    [Show full text]
  • Macroeconomic Stability, Financial Consolidation Achieved”
    “Macroeconomic stability, financial consolidation achieved” Prime Minister Ana Brnabic met in Sofia on Wednesday with Chief Executive Officer of the World Bank Kristalina Georgieva. The meeting came on the eve of the international conference “Stronger Regional Integration in the Balkans,” the Serbian government announced. Brnabic and Georgieva “agreed that Serbia has achieved macroeconomic stability and financial consolidation in the past few years owing to comprehensive economic reforms that are consistently being implemented.” These results were verified by progress on the World Bank’s Doing Business List, where out of 190 countries Serbia ranked 43rd, which is why the World Bank has declared Serbia the reform leader in South East Europe. The meeting focused primarily on the projects of the World Bank in Serbia relating to the fields of infrastructure, energy, health, education, public administration reform, development of the financial sector and small and medium-sized enterprises, the government said. Brnabic informed Georgieva about progress in implementing World Bank’s Program “Strategic Framework for Partnership for the period 2016-2020”, focusing, among other things, on fiscal sustainability, financial and macroeconomic stability and strengthening of institutional capacity. Brnabic and Georgieva also discussed cooperation in the Western Balkans region and the prime minister pointed out that this cooperation is one of the main priorities of the Serbian government. She added that Serbia is committed to becoming stronger because building a common economic area in the Western Balkans region will increase economic growth, reduce unemployment and improve the standard of living of all citizens of the region. When it comes to cooperation between Serbia and Bulgaria, the prime minister pointed out that the construction of the gas pipeline between the two countries is one of the priority projects in the field of energy, whose realization provides for diversification of directions and sources of supply.
    [Show full text]
  • Information As of August 1, 2016 Has Been Used in Preparation of This Directory
    Information as of August 1, 2016 has been used in preparation of this directory. PREFACE The Central Intelligence Agency publishes and updates the online directory of Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments weekly. The directory is intended to be used primarily as a reference aid and includes as many governments of the world as is considered practical, some of them not officially recognized by the United States. Regimes with which the United States has no diplomatic exchanges are indicated by the initials NDE. Governments are listed in alphabetical order according to the most commonly used version of each country's name. The spelling of the personal names in this directory follows transliteration systems generally agreed upon by US Government agencies, except in the cases in which officials have stated a preference for alternate spellings of their names. NOTE: Although the head of the central bank is listed for each country, in most cases he or she is not a Cabinet member. Ambassadors to the United States and Permanent Representatives to the UN, New York, have also been included. Key To Abbreviations Adm. Admiral Admin. Administrative, Administration Asst. Assistant Brig. Brigadier Capt. Captain Cdr. Commander Cdte. Comandante Chmn. Chairman, Chairwoman Col. Colonel Ctte. Committee Del. Delegate Dep. Deputy Dept. Department Dir. Director Div. Division Dr. Doctor Eng. Engineer Fd. Mar. Field Marshal Fed. Federal Gen. General Govt. Government Intl. International Lt. Lieutenant Maj. Major Mar. Marshal Mbr. Member Min. Minister, Ministry NDE No Diplomatic Exchange Org. Organization Pres. President Prof. Professor RAdm. Rear Admiral Ret. Retired Sec. Secretary VAdm.
    [Show full text]
  • Kazan Kremlin (Russian Federation) No
    Category of property Kazan Kremlin (Russian Federation) In terms of the categories of cultural property set out in Article 1 of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a group of buildings. No 980 History and Description History The first human occupation in the Kazan area goes back to Identification the 7th and 8th millennia BCE; there are traces of the Bronze Age (2nd to 1st millennia, late Kazan area settlement), early Nomination Historical and Architectural Complex of Iron Age (8th to 6th centuries BCE, Ananin culture), and the Kazan Kremlin early medieval period (4th–5th centuries CE, Azelin culture). From the 10th to 13th centuries Kazan was a pre-Mongol Location Republic of Tatarstan, City of Kazan Bulgar town. Today’s Kremlin hill consisted then of a fortified trading settlement surrounded by moats, State Party Russian Federation embankments, and a stockade. A stone fortress was built in the 12th century and the town developed as an outpost on the Date 29 June 1999 northern border of Volga Bulgaria. The so-called Old Town extended eastward, on the site of the former Kazan Monastery of Our Lady. The fortress was demolished on the instructions of the Mongols in the 13th century. A citadel was then built as the seat of the Prince of Kazan, including the town’s administrative and religious institutions. By the Justification by State Party first half of the 15th century, the town had become the capital The Kazan Kremlin is a unique and complex monument of of the Muslim Principality of Bulgaria, with administrative, archaeology, history, urban development, and architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander Dallin and F. I. Firsov, Eds, Dimitrov and Stalin 1934–1943
    Book Reviews Alexander Dallin and F. I. Firsov, eds, Dimitrov and Stalin 1934–1943. Letters from the Soviet Archives. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. 278 pp. $35.00. Reviewed by Silvio Pons, Rome University II (Italy) The letters collected in this volume together with remarkably balanced commentary by the editors provide important information about the Communist International (Comintern). The collection adds to what we have learned from basic sources such as Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/jcws/article-pdf/3/3/116/695468/jcws.2001.3.3.116.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 the diary of Georgi Dimitrov, which was recently published in Bulgaria under the title Dnevnik 9 mart 1933–6 februari 1949 (Soªa: Universitetsko izdatelstvo “Sv. Kliment Okhridski,” 1997). The letters shed useful light on the Soviet Union’s approach to in- ternational affairs both before and during the Second World War. The limitations of this collection reºect the spotty access to important documen- tary material in the Russian archives. Unfortunately, except for some brief—albeit at times quite intriguing—marginal notes, the book provides almost no direct evidence of Josif Stalin’s thought. Moreover, in some cases, Dimitrov’s letters are simply notes accompanying Comintern documents, which in most cases are already known to spe- cialists. The cover notes themselves add little to our knowledge. Nonetheless, many of Dimitrov’s letters to Stalin afford deeper insights into such matters as the Comintern’s embrace of popular fronts in 1934, the Spanish Civil War, the policy of the Chinese Communist Party, the aftermath of the Nazi-Soviet pact, and the dissolution of the Comintern in 1943.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF Version
    Next weekend in New Direction 10th Anniversary Dinner p.22 BORDEAUX p.20 ACRE Summer Gala Dinner p.23 Issue #8 | July 2019 A fortnightly Newspaper by the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (ACRE) | theconservative.online THE OFFICIAL OPPOSITION by Jan Zahradil MEP, President of ACRE For the next five years, we aim to serve as the peoples voice, acting as a counter balance between those who want a federal Europe, and those who want to destroy the Union. We will continue to defend the view that Europe works best when it does less, but it does it better. ith the elec- power handed to those who which would have create a in a position to act as the offi- comes as a result of keeping tion now out of want to use it to build a federal more business friendly Europe. cial opposition in the European power as close to the people as Spitzenkandidat the way, and the Europe. A coalition that will That would have put the sin- Parliament. We’ll hold this new possible. And we remain com- JAN ZAHRADIL political groups be led from the left, with any gle market, rather than social coalition to account, and ensure mitted to the view that our nowW establishing themselves, we voting majority dependent on policy, back at the centre of the that they do not use their new strength comes from a willing- Jan Zahradil was ACRE’s can- can now talk with some clarity the support of the Greens and European Union. That would majority to take power away ness to work together on issues didate for the Presidency of the about what the next five years the socialists.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf?Sequence=1
    Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies Year 4, Issue 6, June 2021, pp. 155-212. Bulgaria’s Secret Empire: An Ultimatum to North Macedonia Tomasz Kamusella Abstract: In the summer of 2019, 30 years after the end of communism in Europe, Bulgaria began to forward the way of Skopje numerous onerous demands as a salient precondition for opening European Union (EU) accession negotiation talks with North Macedonia. All of these demands are dictated by ethnolinguistic nationalism that underlies the Bulgarian national master narrative. On 9 October 2019, the Bulgarian government officially adopted these demands in the form of an ultimatum, bar the term. Sofia did not have to deploy this ultimatum to stop the talks, since earlier Paris temporarily blocked the pending accession negotiations with Albania and North Macedonia. It appears that in the face of economic and political problems at home, Bulgarian politicians tend to use nationalism (and populism) to divert citizens’ attention. The Bulgarian government seems to emulate the Kremlin’s policy of the “Russian World,” which on the basis of ethnolinguistic nationalism claims for Russia all the territories inhabited by Russian-speakers. After the fall of communism, a similar policy of “Bulgarian World” (Bılgarski sviat) has been pursued by Sofia from Moldova to North Macedonia and Albania, clamouring for recognizing all the Slavic-speakers in this wide area as members of Ph.D., Reader in Modern History, University of St Andrews, Scotland, ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3484-8352; e-mail: [email protected] Submitted: 21.12.2020, Accepted: 16.06.2021 TOMASZ KAMUSELLA the Bulgarian nation.
    [Show full text]