Comprehensive Review on Peste Des Petits Ruminants [PPR] Disease in Ruminants and Camels: with Emphasis on Clinical Signs and Histopathological Finding
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309688027 Comprehensive Review on Peste Des Petits Ruminants [PPR] Disease in Ruminants and Camels: with Emphasis on Clinical Signs and Histopathological Finding Article · January 2016 DOI: 10.4172/2325-9590.1000207 CITATIONS READS 0 2,066 6 authors, including: Mohammad Nouri Annahita Rezaie Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz 73 PUBLICATIONS 641 CITATIONS 103 PUBLICATIONS 476 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Immunotoxicology View project Evaluation of a point-of-care electrochemical meter to detect subclinical ketosis and hypoglycaemia in lactating dairy cows View project All content following this page was uploaded by Annahita Rezaie on 15 November 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Zakian et al., J Vet Sci Med Diagn 2016, 5:4 DOI: 10.4172/2325-9590.1000207 Journal of Veterinary Science & Medical Diagnosis Review Article a SciTechnol journal morbillivirus, the morbillivirus of marine mammals, and Feline Comprehensive Review on morbillivirus [8]. PPR virus is a small, one strand RNA virus which has 15948 nucleotides and 8 genes [3’-N-P/C/V-M-F-HN-L-5’] Peste Des Petits Ruminants [9]. These genes are responsible to produce 6 structural proteins, N-[nucleocapsid], P-[phosphoprotein], M-[matrix protein] F-[fusion [PPR] Disease in Ruminants protein], HN-[haemagglutininaminidase protein], L-[large/ polymerase] and two nonstructural proteins [protein C and protein and Camels: with Emphasis V] [9-12]. Four PPR virus lineages have been identified. Lineage 1 was isolated from Western Africa, lineage 2 from West African countries, on Clinical Signs and Ivory Coast, Guinea and Burkina Faso, lineage 3 originated from Histopathological Finding Eastern Africa, Sudan, Yemen and Oman, lineage 4 was isolated from Arabian Peninsula, Middle East and South Asia [9,13-15]. Amir Zakian1*, Mohammad Nouri1, Kokab Faramarzian1, Meysam Tehrani-Sharif2, Annahita Rezaie3 and Mohammad- Geographical distribution of disease 4 Reza Mokhber-Dezfouli The disease was first described at 1942 in Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa in sheep and goats [1]. Nowadays PPR is a very well-known disease not only in West Africa but also in the Middle East and south Abstract Asia [16-20]. Peste des petits ruminants [PPR] is a highly acute disease of small ruminants with high morbidity and mortality. The geographic Strain-4 PPRV had been isolated at 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2009 distribution of disease is almost global. The PPRV affecting small from Sudan [21]. Natural transmission of PPRV movement in the domestic and wild ruminants and camels. PPRV is a lymphotropic and flock was shown in Tanzania. Swai et al., showed high seroprevalence epitheliotropic virus which causes conjunctivitis and rhinotracheitis, of PPRV among sheep and goat flocks in Tanzania [22]. The results stomatitis, gastroenteritis and pneumonia. Histopathologically, of Swai et al., study indicated higher anti PPRV titers in goat flocks pseudomembraneous [necrotic] stomatitis, necrotic tonsillitis, in comparison to sheep [22]. PPRV was isolated 1987 and 1990 in fibrinohemorrhagic enteritis, proliferative interstitial pneumonia suppurative bronchointerstitial pneumonia, multi-nucleated giant Egypt [23]. cells [syncytia] and cytoplasmic and/or nuclear eosinophilic PPRV isolated from Iran, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, inclusion bodies are considered as pathognomonic signs. An acute Kuwait, Lybia, Oman, United Emirates and Yemen. Seroepidemiologic form usually is seen in goat and is similar to rinderpest. The classic feature of PPR is a severe respiratory disease. The subacute form, studies show disease distribution in Turkey and Syria [24]. The usually occurs in sheep, but also possible in goats. Control and PPR seroprevalence was not notable in Saudi Arabia in 2000 [25] prevention program is based on vaccination, quarantine, movement but last studies are showing prevalence increased dramatically [26- control and sanitary slaughter and disinfection. 29]. Various seroprevalence was performed in Jordan and Lebanon Keywords [30,31]. PPR; Lymphotropic; Epitheliotropic; Camels; Small ruminants Amjad et al., isolated PPRV by PCR technique in the Panjab region in Pakistan [32]. Ahmad showed that healthy goats were seropositive due to PPRV prevalence [33]. Various Introduction seroprevalence studies have done in Pakistan indicated that PPRV Peste des petits ruminants [PPR] also known as ovine rinderpest, is widely distributed among country [2,34-38]. Iraq has experienced goat plague, plague of small ruminants, pneumoentritis syndrome, a widespread high morbidity and low mortality rate virus at 2000 pneumoentritis complex, contagious postular stomatitis [1] is a [39]. Seroanalysis indicated that the isolated virus had been in a highly contagious animal disease affecting small ruminants, camel circulation [40]. The PPR is widespread in Iran and leads to economic and wild ruminants e.g. Ibex, gazelle [2-6] losses among sheep and goat flocks [41]. An outbreak of PPR in camels in Iran was first reported by Zakian et al [6] and in India was Etiology first reported by Taylor et al. [42]. PPR caused by an RNA coated virus belongs to genus morbillivirus, Sensitive species family Paramyxoviridae and order Mononegavirales [7]. The PPRV affecting small domestic and wild ruminants [18,43- Other morbillivirus include Rinderpest virus, Measles virus, 47] and camel [6,16]. Among small ruminants goats are severely Canine distemper virus, Porcine distemper virus, Cetacean affected [30,48,49]. Morbidity rate and seroprevalence increased significantly in mixed [sheep and goat] flocks [16,50-53]. The virus *Corresponding author: Amir Zakian, Department of Clinical Sciences, seroprevalence has been reported in cattle, buffalo [54-57], pig [57] College of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran, and camel [16,58] but no clinical signs was observed in these animals E-mail: [email protected] except camel. Death and clinical signs have been reported in calves Received: August 09, 2016 Accepted: September 19, 2016 Published: infected with PPRV in an experimental study [59]. The virus of PPR September 22, 2016 has been isolated from domestic buffalo in India [60]. There are All articles published in Journal of Veterinary Science & Medical Diagnosis are the property of SciTechnol, and is protected by International Publisher of Science, copyright laws. Copyright © 2016, SciTechnol, All Rights Reserved. Technology and Medicine Citation: Zakian A, Nouri M, Faramarzian K, Sharif MT, Rezaie A, et al. (2016) Comprehensive Review on Peste Des Petits Ruminants [PPR] Disease in Ruminants and Camels: with Emphasis on Clinical Signs and Histopathological Finding. J Vet Sci Med Diagn 5:4. doi: 10.4172/2325-9590.1000207 many reports indicate that camel may be infected with the PPRV. pulp of the spleen and gastrointestinal submucosal lymphoid tissues The virus has been isolated from camels in epizootic outbreaks in that associated with necrosis and apoptosis was found in PPRV [74]. Ethiopia [58,61]. Khalafalla et al., and Kwiatek et al., isolated PPRV Intestinal lymph node necrotic ulcers cause diarrhea [82]. Central from camels in Sudan by PCR method [21,62]. A clinical case of PPR nervous system [CNS] involvement is not seen in PPRV and rinderpest in camels was reported from Iran [6]. Dorcas gazelle, Thomson’s while CNS manifestations are common in measles virus [83]. gazelle, Gemsbok and Ibex are also susceptible species [63,64]. The However brain inoculation of PPRV and rinderpest cause clinical virus was also isolated from wild goat and Bharals from Iran [44,65]. infections. Recent studies showed that PPRV and border disease virus In Pakistan PPRV was isolated by PCR and immuncapture ELISA [IC co-infection facilitates PPRV transmission to the brain [84]. However, ELISA] methods from Sindh Ibex [4]. infectious particles are found in tears and oral secretion during the Transmission incubation period [74,79]. But virus isolates from conjunctiva 7 days after exposure. The recovered goats shed virus from feces for a period PPRV is secreted in tears, nasal discharges, and secretion from of 12 weeks [85]. coughing and in feces of infected animal. The virus is shed from the intestine and is found in feces at the end stage of the disease [66]. Immunosuppression Swine and cattle do not show clinical signs after exposure Immunosuppression is a common finding following morbillivirus to the virus [57,67]. [57]. Cattle don’t show clinical signs infections. There is a direct correlation between white blood cell following experimental inoculation [67]. However, there are infection rate and Immunosuppression. The suppressed immune few reports concerning the cattle PPR occurrence in the calf response might be due to inhibition of interferon production, and immunosuppressed animal [9,66]. Small infectious particles change in cytokine response, inflammatory response suppression, released into the environment after sneezing and coughing of leukocyte destruction, B cell destruction, cell cycle disruption [86]. affected animals [68,69]. Pathogenesis PPRV is a lymphotropic and epitheliotropic virus which causes conjunctivitis and rhinotracheitis, stomatitis, gastroenteritis and pneumonia [70]. After PPRV exposure, the virus will be captured by antigen presenting cells (APCs) in inter epithelial