DOCSLIB.ORG

Godfrey B. Tangwa · Akin Abayomi Samuel J. Ujewe Nchangwi Syntia Munung Editors

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Godfrey B. Tangwa · Akin Abayomi Samuel J. Ujewe Nchangwi Syntia Munung Editors Godfrey B. Tangwa · Akin Abayomi Samuel J. Ujewe Nchangwi Syntia Munung Editors Socio-cultural Dimensions of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Africa An Indigenous Response to Deadly Epidemics Socio-cultural Dimensions of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Africa [email protected] Godfrey B. Tangwa • Akin Abayomi Samuel J. Ujewe • Nchangwi Syntia Munung Editors Socio-cultural Dimensions of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Africa An Indigenous Response to Deadly Epidemics [email protected] Editors Godfrey B. Tangwa Akin Abayomi Department of Philosophy Global Emerging Pathogen Treatment University of Yaounde 1 Consortium (GET) Consortium Yaounde, Cameroon Lagos, Nigeria Cameroon Bioethics Initiative (CAMBIN) Nigerian Medical Research Institute Yaounde, Cameroon (NIMR) Lagos, Nigeria Global Emerging Pathogen Treatment Consortium (GET) Consortium Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Lagos, Nigeria University of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch, South Africa Samuel J. Ujewe Global Emerging Pathogens Treatment Nchangwi Syntia Munung Consortium Department of Medicine Lagos, Nigeria University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa Canadian Institute for Genomics and Society Global Emerging Pathogen Treatment Toronto, ON, Canada Consortium (GET) Consortium Lagos, Nigeria ISBN 978-3-030-17473-6 ISBN 978-3-030-17474-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17474-3 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 Open Access Chapter 18 is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). For further details see licence information in the chapter. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland [email protected] Preface Epidemics caused by emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are fueled by a variety of complex drivers, and it becomes imperative that a strategic plan to prevent or man- age epidemics or outbreaks of EIDs will have multiple facets. The West African Ebola outbreak which commenced in December 2013 and was only recognized as Ebola in March or April 2014 is a perfect example of a multifac- eted health problem. It soon became apparent that indigenous medical and cultural practices were the key catalysts of the rapid spread of the epidemic. The Global Emerging Pathogens Treatment Consortium (GET), was born at the height of the epidemic in August 2014. GET is a consortium made up of African indigenous experts drawn from all walks of life, with the required expertise to mount a holistic response to an EID outbreak. GET grew rapidly with the support of many interna- tional collaborators, and organized itself into work groups addressing issues related to: research ethics; clinical trials; blood product component therapy; community engagement; anthropological and social issues; biobanking; biocontainment; and logistics. One of the major drivers of the rapid spread of the EVD outbreak in West Africa were social and cultural practices; thus, the Cultural, Anthropological, Social and Economic (CASE) work group was formed and became a leading player in the stra- tegic response to the outbreak. Cultural practices that were driving the outbreak as well as those that were retarding response strategies were quickly targeted by the CASE work group with the aim of mitigating and adapting to the changing dynamic of the situation. It could even be said that one of the interventions that helped to turn around the momentum of the outbreak were in the socio-cultural domain - interven- tions related to: sanitation, traditional burial practices, stigmatization and discrimination. The CASE work group has grown from strength to strength. Led by its Chairperson, Professor Godfrey B Tangwa, the work group rapidly conceptualized a documentary of cultural, economic and anthropological issues on the micro and macro levels. It was clear that, as a global community, we often forget, during public v [email protected] vi Preface health emergencies, to address socio-cultural issues that could engender global secuity risk. The 2014 Ebola outbreak has taught us many things. It has taught us, most importantly, that during periods of a dangerous epidemic, it is easy for human rights to be abused and for cultural sensitivities to be sidelined. This is amplifed when the epidemic has the potential of transforming into a pandemic. This book is concieved as an inter-/intra-disciplinary publication with contribu- tions from several knowledge domains. Some of its chapters are jointly authored by experts from different disciplinary perspectives. It would therefore have a broad appeal across disciplines including: medical sciences, research ethics, regulation and governance, health communication and the social sciences. It is our hope that this book will be an encouragement for all global health stakeholders, who are com- mitted to improving basic health standards in Africa, a continent that has histori- cally borne the heavy burden of enslavement, colonisation, exploitation, poverty and, disease, all in spite or perhaps because of its enormous resources and potentialities. We are therefore happy to present this compilation that highlights many of the philosophical, scientifc, social and anthropological issues experienced during the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. This by no means exhausts issues that need discussion. However, it is arguably the frst comprehensive attempt by African schol- ars, researchers and their collaborators to address major socio-cultural con- cerns linked to the management of EIDs such as Ebola, Lassa Fever, Monkeypox and Zika for all global communities to deliberate upon because pandemics know no boundaries, and all communities are at risk and vulnerable. We hope that you will enjoy this collection and that it would stimulate further refection and preparedness on how to contain future epidemics of EIDs. Lagos, Nigeria Akin Abayomi Yaounde, Cameroon Godfrey B. Tangwa Cape Town, South Africa Nchangwi Syntia Munung Toronto, Canada Samuel J. Ujewe February 2019 [email protected] Contents 1 Editorial: African Perspectives and Approaches for African Healthcare Challenges . 1 Samuel J. Ujewe, Nchangwi Syntia Munung, Akin Abayomi, and Godfrey B. Tangwa Part I Emerging Deadly Pathogens and Clinical Practice 2 How and Why the Global Emerging Pathogens Treatment Consortium Was Created . 15 Akin Abayomi and Diran Makinde 3 Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Historical and Scientific Review . 31 Gibril Ndow, J. Radeino Ambe, and Oyewale Tomori 4 Epidemiology and Management of Lassa Fever in the West African Sub-Region: Overcoming the Socio-cultural Challenges . 41 Godsent Chichebem Isiguzo and Michael Onyebuchi Iroezindu Part II Social Determinants of EID 5 Socio-cultural and Economic Concerns on Use of Convalescent Blood or Plasma for the Management of Ebola Virus Disease in Africa . 61 Nchangwi Syntia Munung, Godfrey B. Tangwa, David Houeto, Awa Keita, J. Radeino Ambe, and Akin Abayomi 6 The Impact of Ebola Virus Disease on Government Expenditure in Sierra Leone . 75 Fuein Vera Kum, Saheed Olayiwola, and Njong Mom Aloysius vii [email protected] viii Contents 7 Public Health Emergencies: The Role of Science Education and Communication in Africa . 91 Elizabeth Rasekoala and African Gong 8 Ebola and the Reimagining of Health Communication in Liberia . 109 Sally Deffor Part III Global Health and Governance 9 A Political Conception of Pandemics and Epidemics in Africa . 125 Frank Aragbonfoh Abumere 10 Global Emerging Pathogens and the (Prescriptive) Role of the World Health Organization . 135 Godfrey B. Tangwa and Muhammed O. Afolabi 11 Disease Outbreaks in Africa and the Response of African Governments . 143 Oyewale Tomori 12 Africans in the Diaspora-The Hidden Force: Economics, Investment, Skilled Workforce and Public Health . 161 J. Radeino Ambe, Marion Koso-Thomas, Samuel G. Adewusi, and Muhammed O. Afolabi 13 Insufficiency of Pathogen Focused Approaches Towards Managing Deadly Epidemics in Africa: Harmonising the Roles of Governments, Health Systems and Populations . 173 Samuel J. Ujewe and Alice Mungwa Part IV Ethics and Policy in the Context of EIDs 14 Context and Ethical Challenges During the Ebola Outbreak in West Africa . 191 J. Radeino Ambe and Francis K. Kombe 15 Scientific
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Africa: Meta-Analysis of the Virus Isolation in Molecular Epidemiology Studies
    Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ISSN: (Online) 2219-0635, (Print) 0030-2465 Page 1 of 15 Review Article Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: Meta-analysis of the virus isolation in molecular epidemiology studies Authors: Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a highly contagious, infectious viral disease of small 1,2 Samuel E. Mantip ruminant species which is caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), the David Shamaki2 Souabou Farougou1 prototype member of the Morbillivirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family. Peste des petits ruminant was first described in West Africa, where it has probably been endemic in sheep and Affiliations: goats since the emergence of the rinderpest pandemic and was always misdiagnosed with 1 Department of Animal rinderpest in sheep and goats. Since its discovery PPR has had a major impact on sheep and Health and Production, University of Abomey-Calavi, goat breeders in Africa and has therefore been a key focus of research at the veterinary Abomey Calavi, Benin research institutes and university faculties of veterinary medicine in Africa. Several key discoveries were made at these institutions, including the isolation and propagation of African 2Viral Research Division, PPR virus isolates, notable amongst which was the Nigerian PPRV 75/1 that was used in the National Veterinary Research scientific study to understand the taxonomy, molecular dynamics, lineage differentiation of Institute, Vom, Nigeria PPRV and the development of vaccine seeds for immunisation against PPR. African sheep and Corresponding author: goat breeds including camels and wild ruminants are frequently infected, manifesting clinical Samuel E. Mantip, signs of the disease, whereas cattle and pigs are asymptomatic but can seroconvert for PPR.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgaria Stops the Spread of Animal Disease with the Help of the IAEA and FAO by Laura Gil
    Infectious Diseases Bulgaria stops the spread of animal disease with the help of the IAEA and FAO By Laura Gil Bulgarian authorities at a n 2018, Bulgaria halted the spread of peste Although not transmittable to humans, local farm carrying out des petits ruminants (PPR) — a disease PPR can have a severe impact on livestock, their disease control work. Ithat can devastate livestock — thanks in part killing between 50 and 80% of infected (Photo: S. Slavchev/IAEA) to the support of the IAEA and the Food animals, mostly sheep and goats. Its high and Agriculture Organization of the United economic impact makes PPR one of the Nations (FAO). This was the first time PPR most significant livestock diseases. Also had been recorded in the European Union, known as ovine rinderpest or sheep and which made halting its spread early an goat plague, PPR originated in Africa but important goal for the region. has also been reported in Asia and the Middle East. Summer outbreak “Most European laboratories are generally In the summer of 2018, cattle breeders on neither familiar with nor prepared to deal the farms of Voden in south-eastern Bulgaria with this disease,” said Giovanni Cattoli, noticed that their animals were suffering from Head of the Animal Production and Health a disease. Soon after, authorities reported that Laboratory at the Joint FAO/IAEA Division the country was facing an outbreak of PPR. of Nuclear Techniques for Food and Within days, two Bulgarian scientists came to Agriculture. “It is exotic, off their radar. But, the IAEA to receive training and materials to luckily, Bulgaria reacted quickly, and we rapidly detect and characterize the PPR virus stepped up to support them.” using nuclear-derived techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Oxidative Stress in Peste Des Petits Ruminants (Ovine Rinderpest) Affected Goats
    Media Peternakan, December 2012, pp. 170-174 Online version: ISSN 0126-0472 EISSN 2087-4634 http://medpet.journal.ipb.ac.id/ Accredited by DGHE No: 66b/DIKTI/Kep/2011 DOI: 10.5398/medpet.2012.35.3.170 Assessment of Oxidative Stress in Peste des petits ruminants (Ovine rinderpest) Affected Goats A. K. Kataria* & N. Kataria Apex Centre for Animal Disease Investigation, Monitoring and Surveillance College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner – 334 001, Rajasthan, India (Received 28-06-2012; Reviewed 03-08-2012; Accepted 30-08-2012) ABSTRACT The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate oxidative stress in goats affected with peste des petits ruminants (PPR). The experiment was designed to collect blood samples from PPR affected as well as healthy goats during a series of PPR outbreaks which occurred during February to April 2012 in different districts of Rajasthan state (India). Out of total 202 goats of various age groups and of both the sexes, 155 goats were PPR affected and 47 were healthy. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining various serum biomarkers viz. vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, cata- lase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and xanthine oxidase, the mean values of which were 1.71±0.09 µmol L-1, 13.02±0.14 µmol L-1, 2.22±0.09 µmol L-1, 3.03±0.07 µmol L-1, 135.12±8.10 kU L-1, 289.13±8.00 kU L-1, 6.11± 0.06 kU L-1 and 98.12±3.12 mU L-1, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Ukraine of Live Animals, Their Reproductive Material, Food Products of Animal Origin and Products Not Intended for Human Consumption
    2 MINISTRY OF AGRARIAN POLICY AND FOOD OF UKRAINE EXECUTIVE ORDER ______________________ Kyiv No. ______ On approving the Requirements for importing (sending) into the customs territory of Ukraine of live animals, their reproductive material, food products of animal origin and products not intended for human consumption. In execution of Articles 3 and 30 of the Law of Ukraine "On Veterinary Medicine," Article 15 of the Law of Ukraine "On Main Principles and Requirements to Safety and Quality of Food Products," Articles 3, 4, 6 and 8 of the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Articles 59, 64 and 65 of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, on the other hand, paragraph 34 of the Action Plan for implementation of Title IV “Trade and Trade Related Matters” of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, on the other hand for 2016-2019 approved by Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 18 February 2016 No. 217-r , subparagraph 2 of paragraph 4 of the Regulation on the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine approved by Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 25 November 2015 No. 1119 I HEREBY ORDER: 1. To approve the Requirements for importing (sending) into the customs territory of Ukraine of live animals, their reproductive material, food products of animal origin and products 3 not intended for human consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevelance of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus In
    PREVELANCE OF PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS VIRUS IN THE BLUE NILE STATE By Raja Eltahir Haj Omer B.V.Sc. (1996) University of Khartoum Supervisor Professor Abdel Rahim El Sayed Karrar co-Supervisor Dr. Yahia Hassan Ali A thesis submitted to the University of Khartoum in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Veterinary Medicine (M.V.M) Department of Medicine, Toxicology and Pharmacology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Khartoum 2011 ﺑﺴــﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣـﻤـﻦ اﻟﺮﺣـﻴﻢ ﻗﺎل ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ: (ﺳـﺒﺤـﺎن اﻟﺬي ﺳـﺨﺮ ﻟﻨﺎ هﺬا وﻣﺎ آـﻨﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻣـﻘﺮﻧﲔ) ﺻﺪق اﷲ اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﻮرة اﻟﺰﺧﺮف - ﺁﻳﺔ (13) LIST OF CONTENTS Page Dedication…………………………………………………………… ix Acknowledgements…………………………………………………. iix English Summary…………………………………………………….. x Arabic summary ……………………………………………………. xi List of Contents……………………………………………………… i List of Tables ……………………………………………………….. vi List of Figures………………………………………………………. vii Introduction…………………………………………………………….. 1 iii Page CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1. Definition………………………………………………………………. 4 1.2. Etiology………………………………………………………………… 5 1.2.1. Virus structure…………………………………………………………... 5 1.2.2. Relationship between the PPR virus and rinderpest virus………………. 6 1.3. Host Range and species variation………………………………………… 6 1.4. Historical Background……………………………………………………. 7 1.5. Epidemiology of PPR…………………………………………………… 9 1.5.1 Geographical Distribution…………………………………………….. 9 1.5.2. Transmission…………………………………………………………….. 10 1.5.3. Lineages of PPRV……………………………………………………… 11 1.5.4. Morbidity and Mortality……………………………………………… 12 1.6 Pathology………………………………………………………………… 13 1.6.1 Gross lesions…………………………………………………………… 13 1.6.2 Microscopic lesions (histopathology)………………………………… 14 1.7. Clinical Signs…………………………………………………................. 14 1.7.1. Per acute Syndrome………………………………………………… 15 page 1.7.2. Acute Syndrome…………………………………………………….. 15 1.7.3. Sub acute Syndrome………………………………………………… 17 1.8. Resistance and immunity……………………………………………… 17 1.8.1 Innate and passive immunity………………………………………… 17 1.8.2 Active immunity…………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Ppr) in in the White Nile State, Sudani
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by KhartoumSpace SURVEY AND SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR) IN IN THE WHITE NILE STATE, SUDANI By Wifag Abdalla Mohamed Ali B.V.Sc. (1989) University of Khartoum Supervisor Dr. Abdelwahid Saeed Ali Babiker A thesis submitted to the University of Khartoum in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Tropical Animal Health (M.T.A.H) Department of Preventive Medicine and Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Khartoum June 2009 To the soul of my father To my lovely children To my great mother Rawan To my dearest sisters, Sara Brothers and husband Ahmed With warm wide wishes with keen kind kisses i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all my thanks and praise to almighty Allah for the most beneficent, merciful for giving me health, strength and willpower to complete this study. Sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Abdelwahid Saeed Ali Babiker for his guidance, advice ,attention ,kindness and unlimited help. I am grateful to Dr. Khitma Elmalik the coordinator of the master program. Department of Preventive Medicine. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine .for her encouragement and kindness during the master course. My kind regard and thanks to Dr. Yahia Hassan Ali and Dr . Intisar Kamil Saeed, Department of Virology, the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory( CVRL) Soba ,for performing ELISA. I would like to express my thanks to general directorate of Animal Resources in White Nile State, for giving me this chance and the leave of the study.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Evolution of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus1 Murali Muniraju, Muhammad Munir, Aravindhbabu R
    Molecular Evolution of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus1 Murali Muniraju, Muhammad Munir, AravindhBabu R. Parthiban, Ashley C. Banyard, Jingyue Bao, Zhiliang Wang, Chrisostom Ayebazibwe, Gelagay Ayelet, Mehdi El Harrak, Mana Mahapatra, Geneviève Libeau, Carrie Batten, and Satya Parida Despite safe and efficacious vaccines against peste endemic to much of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), this virus has emerged (1,2). The causative agent, PPRV virus (PPRV), belongs to as the cause of a highly contagious disease with serious the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus (3) and economic consequences for small ruminant agriculture groups with rinderpest virus (RPV), measles virus (MV), across Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. We used complete and canine distemper virus. Sheep and goats are the major and partial genome sequences of all 4 lineages of the virus hosts of PPRV, and infection has also been reported in a few to investigate evolutionary and epidemiologic dynamics of PPRV. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of all PPRV lin- wild small ruminant species (2). Researchers have specu- eages mapped the time to most recent common ancestor lated that RPV eradication has further enabled the spread and initial divergence of PPRV to a lineage III isolate at the of PPRV (4,5). Transmission of PPRV from infected goats beginning of 20th century. A phylogeographic approach esti- to cattle has been recently reported (6), and PPRV antigen mated the probability for root location of an ancestral PPRV has been detected in lions (7) and camels (8). These reports and individual lineages as being Nigeria for PPRV, Senegal suggest that PPRV can switch hosts and spread more read- for lineage I, Nigeria/Ghana for lineage II, Sudan for lineage ily in the absence of RPV (4,6,8).
    [Show full text]
  • Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control
    Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control (May 31, 1951, Act No. 166) (Amendment: May 8, 2012 Act No. 30) Table of Contents Chapter I General Provisions (Article 1-Article 3-2) Chapter II Preventing the Outbreak of Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases (Article 4-Article 12-7) Chapter III Preventing the Spread of Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases (Article 13-Article 35-2) Chapter IV Export and Import Quarantine, etc. (Article 36-Article 46-4) Chapter V Measures Concerning the Possession of Pathogens (Article 46-5- Article 46-22 Chapter VI Miscellaneous Provisions (Article 47-Article 62-6) Chapter VII Penal Provisions (Article 63-Article 69) Supplementary Provisions Chapter I General Provisions (Purpose) Article 1 The purpose of this Act shall be to promote the livestock industry by preventing the outbreak or spread of domestic animal infectious diseases among (including parasitic diseases; the same shall apply hereinafter). (Definitions) Article 2 (1) In this Act, "domestic animal infectious diseases" shall refer to the infectious diseases listed in the left-hand column of the following Table as pertaining to the domestic animals listed in the corresponding row of the right- hand column, and other domestic animals specified for each infectious disease by Cabinet Order. Type of infectious disease Species of domestic animal (1) Rinderpest Cattle, sheep, goats, swine (2) Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Cattle (3) Foot-and-mouth disease Cattle, sheep, goats, swine (4) Infectious encephalitis Cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine
    [Show full text]
  • Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection of Small Ruminants: a Comprehensive Review
    Viruses 2014, 6, 2287-2327; doi:10.3390/v6062287 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Infection of Small Ruminants: A Comprehensive Review Naveen Kumar 1,* Sunil Maherchandani 2, Sudhir Kumar Kashyap 2, Shoor Vir Singh 1, Shalini Sharma 3, Kundan Kumar Chaubey 1 and Hinh Ly 4 1 Virology Laboratory, Division of Animal Health, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, P.O. Farah, Mathura, UP 281122, India; E-Mails: [email protected] (S.V.S.); [email protected] (K.K.C.) 2 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001, India; E-Mails: [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (S.K.K.) 3 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Ave., Ste 295, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +91-565-2763260; Fax: +91-565-2763246. Received: 13 March 2014; in revised form: 26 May 2014 / Accepted: 28 May 2014 / Published: 6 June 2014 Abstract: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is caused by a Morbillivirus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. PPR is an acute, highly contagious and fatal disease primarily affecting goats and sheep, whereas cattle undergo sub-clinical infection. With morbidity and mortality rates that can be as high as 90%, PPR is classified as an OIE (Office International des Epizooties)-listed disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Universita' Degli Studi Di Parma
    UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PARMA DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN “SCIENZE MEDICO-VETERINARIE” CICLO XXXII Bovine Herpesvirus-4 vectored-based vaccine for Ovine Rinderpest Coordinatore: Chiar.mo Prof. PAOLO MARTELLI Tutore: Chiar.mo Prof. SANDRO CAVIRANI Co-Tutori: Chiar.mo Prof. GAETANO DONOFRIO Dott.ssa VALENTINA FRANCESCHI Dottoranda: Dott.ssa FRANCESCA MACCHI Anni Accademici 2016/2017 – 2018/2019 The research reported in this PhD thesis has been published in an international scientific journal: Bovine Herpesvirus-4-Based Vector Delivering Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Hemagglutinin ORF Induces both Neutralizing Antibodies and Cytotoxic T Cell Responses Francesca Macchi, José Manuel Rojas, Andrea Elizabeth Verna, Noemí Sevilla, Valentina Franceschi, Giulia Tebaldi, Sandro Cavirani, Verónica Martín, Gaetano Donofrio Front Immunol . 2018 Mar 5;9:421. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00421. eCollection 2018. Abstract Ovine Rinderpest is an endemic infectious disease, aslo globally known as Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), affecting both wild type and domestic small ruminants. PPR has first appeared in West Africa in the 1940s, and since then it has been spreading across North and East Africa, and to the Near and Middle East, reaching the South and East Asia, where it has been reported in China in 2007. More recently, in 2016, it has also emerged in Europe. PPR is caused by a virus belonging to the Morbillivirus genus (Paramyxoviridae family), named Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV), a negative single stranded RNA-based virus, primarly targeting goats and sheep. Fever, oral lesions, diarrhea, pneumonia and, often, death are all PPR characteristic symptons manifested by affected animals. The disease is thus particularly concerning for underdeveloped countries, whose economy is mainly based on small ruminants livestock, and where PPR causes drastic economic losses.
    [Show full text]
  • IAEA BULLETIN INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY IAEA’S Flagship Publication | June 2020 |
    IAEA BULLETIN INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY IAEA’s flagship publication | June 2020 | www.iaea.org/bulletin Infectious Diseases Vital testing equipment helps countries fight COVID-19, pg 6 Trained and equipped to fight animal and zoonotic diseases, pg 18 Combatting malaria, dengue and Zika using nuclear technology, pg 22 IAEA BULLETIN INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY IAEA’s flagship publication | June 2020 | www.iaea.org/bulletin The International Atomic Energy Agency’s mission is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and to help all countries — especially in the developing world — benefit from the peaceful, safe and secure use of nuclear science and technology. Infectious Diseases Established as an autonomous organization under the United Vital testing equipment helps countries fight COVID-19, pg 6 Trained and equipped to fight animal and zoonotic diseases, pg 18 Nations in 1957, the IAEA is the only organization within the UN Combatting malaria, dengue and Zika using nuclear technology, pg 22 system with expertise in nuclear technologies. The IAEA’s unique specialist laboratories help transfer knowledge and expertise to IAEA Member States in areas such as human health, food, water, industry and the environment. IAEA BULLETIN is produced by the Office of Public Information The IAEA also serves as the global platform for strengthening and Communication (OPIC) nuclear security. The IAEA has established the Nuclear Security International Atomic Energy Agency Series of international consensus guidance publications on nuclear Vienna International Centre security. The IAEA’s work also focuses on helping to minimize the PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria risk of nuclear and other radioactive material falling into the hands Phone: (43-1) 2600-0 of terrorists and criminals, or of nuclear facilities being subjected to [email protected] malicious acts.
    [Show full text]
  • PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR) Technical Information Reporting Guide
    UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO PESTE DES PETITS RUMINANTS (PPR) Technical Information Reporting Guide UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO Information cut-off, June 30, 2013 This document is copyright controlled by the National Agricultural Biosecurity Center (NABC) to promote a better technical understanding of the subject, to stimulate collaborative and mutually beneficial multilateral activities associated with monitoring and preventing occurrences of this disease, and to provide information concerning measures taken to respond to outbreaks of the disease. UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO UNCLASSIFIED//FOUO Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Technical Information Reporting Guide Introduction to peste des petits ruminants in China. It is feasible the PPR virus is spreading, although Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious, an increased level of recognition also might explain the infectious, and often fatal viral disease that affects domes- expanding geographic range. tic and wild small ruminants. It is also known as Ovine A severe, fast-spreading disease, PPR is characterized by Rinderpest, Pest of Small Ruminants, Pest of Sheep and the sudden onset of fever, depression, discharge from the Goats, Stomatitis-Pneumoenteritis Complex or Syndrome, eyes and nose, sores in the mouth, disturbed breathing Pseudorinderpest of Small Ruminants, Kata, Goat Plague, and cough, foul-smelling diarrhea, and death. The virus is and Contagious Pustular Stomatitis. not transmittable to humans. The magnitude of the disease Animals capable of being infected by the PPR virus include: has only become apparent in recent years and is still being antelopes, buffalo, camels, cattle, deer, gazelles, giraffes, clarified because PPR can be asymptomatic or misdiagnosed llamas, yaks, and wild and domestic sheep and goats.
    [Show full text]