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Biodiversity of Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Multan Division, Punjab, Pakistan

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Biodiversity of Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Multan Division, Punjab, Pakistan BIODIVERSITY OF WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) FROM MULTAN DIVISION, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN By MUHAMMAD QASIM (Regd. No. UPR 2013-AGRI-261) Session 2013-2016 Department of Entomology Faculty of Agriculture University of the Poonch Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir BIODIVERSITY OF WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) FROM MULTAN DIVISION, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN By MUHAMMAD QASIM (Regd. No. UPR 2013-AGRI-261) A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy In Entomology Session 2013-2016 Department of Entomology Faculty of Agriculture University of the Poonch Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir ii iii DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation is entirely my own work and has not been submitted in any form to any other university for any degree. 20 June, 2018 Signature iv “IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICIENT AND MERCIFUL” DEDICATION This work is sincerely dedicated to Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him), my “Loving Parents, Teachers and Friends” v LIST OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED IN xv THESIS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xvii ABSTRACT xix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 23 3.1 STUDY AREA 23 3.2 COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION 24 3.3 IDENTIFICATION 25 3.4 MICROSCOPY AND PHOTOGRAPHY 25 3.5 BIODIVERSITY STUDY 25 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29 4.1 FAMILY VESPIDAE 29 4.1.1 Key to the subfamilies of Vespidae 30 4.2 SUBFAMILY EUMENINAE 31 4.2.1 Key to the genera of subfamily Eumeninae 31 4.2.2 Genus Allorhynchium Van der Vecht, 1963 34 4.2.2.1 Key to species of genus Allorhynchium van der Vecht, 1963 34 vi 4.2.2.2 Allorhynchium argentatum Fabricius, 1804 35 4.2.2.3 Allorhynchium metallicum (de Saussure, 1852) 38 4.2.3 Genus Antepipona de Saussure, 1855 41 4.2.3.1 Key to species of genus Antepipona de Saussure, 1855 42 4.2.3.2 Antepipona ceylonica de Saussure, 1867 43 4.2.3.3 Antepipona sibilans Cameron, 1903 44 4.2.4 Genus Antodynerus de Saussure, 1855 47 4.2.4.1 Key to species of the genus Antodynerus de Saussure 48 4.2.4.2 Antodynerus flavescens flavescens (Fabricius, 1775) 49 4.2.4.3 Antodynerus limbatus (de Saussure, 1852) 52 4.2.5 Genus Delta de Saussure, 1885 55 4.2.5.1 Key to species of genus Delta de Saussure, 1855 56 4.2.5.2 Delta campaniforme campaniforme (Fabricius, 1775) 56 4.2.5.3 Delta dimidiatipenne de Saussure, 1852 59 4.2.5.4 Delta esuriens esuriens Fabricius, 1787 61 4.2.5.5 Delta pyriforme pyriforme Fabricius, 1775 64 4.2.6 Genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802 67 4.2.6.1 Key to species of genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802 68 4.2.6.2 Eumenes papillarius (Christ, 1791) 68 4.2.6.3 Eumenes punctatus de Saussure, 1852 70 4.2.7 Genus Indodynerus Gusenleitner, 2008 72 4.2.7.1 Indodynerus capitatus Gusenleitner, 2008 72 4.2.8 Genus Knemodynerus Bluthgen, 1940 73 vii 4.2.8.1 Knemodynerus excellens Pérez, 1907 74 4.2.9 Genus Odynerus (Latreille, 1802) 76 4.2.9.1 Odynerus reniformis Gmelin, 1970 77 4.2.10 Genus Stenodynerus de Saussure, 1863 79 4.2.10.1 Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi, sp. 80 nov. ♀ 4.2.11 Genus Subancistrocerus de Saussure, 1855 82 4.2.11.1 Subancistrocerus pakistanensis Qasim, Carpenter et 83 Rafique, sp. nov. ♀ 4.2.12 Genus Xenorhynchium Van der Vecht, 1963 85 4.2.12.1 Xenorhynchium nitidulum Fabricius, 1798 86 4.3 SUBFAMILY POLISTINAE 88 4.3.1 Key to the genera of subfamily Polistinae 88 4.3.2 Genus Polistes Latreille, 1802 89 4.3.2.1 Key to species of genus Polistes Latreille, 1802 90 4.3.2.2 Polistes indicus Stolfa, 1934 90 4.3.2.3 Polistes wattii Cameron, 1900 92 4.3.3 Genus Ropalidia Guerin-Meneville, 1831 95 4.3.3.1 Key to species of genus Ropalidia Guerin-Meneville, 1831 96 4.3.3.2 Ropalidia brevita Das and Gupta, 1989 97 4.3.3.3 Ropalidia colorata colorata van der Vecht, 1941 99 4.3.3.4 Ropalidia variegata variegate Smith, 1852 101 4.4 SUBFAMILY VESPINAE 103 4.4 .1 Genus Vespa Linnaeus, 1758 104 viii 4.4 .2 Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 104 4.5 CHECKLIST OF VESPID FAUNA OF MULTAN 108 DIVISION 4.6 BIODIVERSITY INDICES OF VESPID FAUNA OF 111 MULTAN DIVISION SUMMARY 119 CONCLUSION 121 5 LITERATURE CITED 122 ix LIST OF TABLE Table No. Title Pa ge 1 List of different sampled localities along with latitude, longitude 17 0 and altitude of district Multan 2 List of different sampled localities along with latitude, longitude 170 and altitude of district Lodhran 3 List of different sampled localities along with latitude, longitude 17 1 and altitude of district Khanewal 4 List of different sampled localities along with latitude, longitude 17 1 and altitude of district Vehari 5 Biogeographical affiliations of Vespid fauna of Multan Division 172 6 Rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from different 17 3 localities of district Multan 7 Rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from different 174 localities of district Lodhran 8 Rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from different 17 5 localities of district Khanewal 9 Rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from different 17 6 localities of district Vehari 10 Collective rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from 17 7 different districts of Multan division 11 Rank list along with relative abundance of family Vespidae from 17 8 different localities of district Multan x 12 Rank list along with relative abundance of family Vespidae from 179 different localities of district Lodhran 13 Rank list along with relative abundance of family Vespidae from 180 different localities of district Khanewal 14 Rank list along with relative abundance of family Vespidae from 181 different localities of district Vehari 15 Collective rank list along with relative abundance of family 182 Vespidae from different districts of Multan division 16 Calculated values of diversity indices of family Vespidae from 183 different localities of district Multan 17 Calculated values of diversity indices of family Vespidae from 183 different localities of district Lodhran 18 Calculated values of diversity indices of family Vespidae from 184 different localities of district Khanewal 19 Calculated values of diversity indices of family Vespidae from 184 different localities of district Vehari xi List of Figure Figure No. Title Pa ge 1 Allorhynchium argentatum. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 185 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 2 Allorhynchium metallicum. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 186 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 3 Antepipona ceylonica. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 187 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 4 Antepipona sibilans. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 188 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 5 Antodynerus flavescens flavescens. A, habitus; B, head (frontal 189 view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 6 Antodynerus limbatus. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 190 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 7 Delta campaniforme campaniforme. A, habitus; B, head (frontal 19 1 view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 8 Delta dimidiatipenne. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 192 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 9 Delta esuriens esuriens. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 193 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 10 Delta pyriforme pyriforme. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 194 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma xii (dorsal view); F, wing Eumenes papillarius. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 195 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 12 Eumenes punctatus. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 196 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 13 Indodynerus capitatus. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 197 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 14 Knemodynerus excellens. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 198 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 15 Odynerus reniformis. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 199 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 16 Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi, sp. nov. ♀. 200 A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 17 Subancistrocerus pakistanensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafique, sp. 201 nov. ♀. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 18 Xenorhynchium nitidulum. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 202 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 19 Polistes indicus. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma 203 (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. xiii 20 Polistes wattii. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma 204 (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 21 Ropalidia brevita. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma 205 (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.
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