Biodiversity of Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Multan Division, Punjab, Pakistan

BIODIVERSITY OF WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) FROM MULTAN DIVISION, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

MUHAMMAD QASIM (Regd. No. UPR 2013-AGRI-261)

Session 2013-2016

Department of Entomology Faculty of Agriculture University of the Poonch Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir

BIODIVERSITY OF WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) FROM MULTAN DIVISION, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

MUHAMMAD QASIM

(Regd. No. UPR 2013-AGRI-261)

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree

Doctor of Philosophy

Entomology

Session 2013-2016

Department of Entomology Faculty of Agriculture University of the Poonch Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir

iii

DECLARATION

I declare that this dissertation is entirely my own work and has not been submitted in any form to any other university for any degree.

20 June, 2018

Signature

“IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICIENT AND MERCIFUL”

DEDICATION This work is sincerely dedicated to Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him), my “Loving Parents, Teachers and Friends”

LIST OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED IN xv

THESIS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xvii

ABSTRACT xix

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 23

3.1 STUDY AREA 23

3.2 COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION 24

3.3 IDENTIFICATION 25

3.4 MICROSCOPY AND PHOTOGRAPHY 25

3.5 BIODIVERSITY STUDY 25

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29

4.1 FAMILY VESPIDAE 29

4.1.1 Key to the subfamilies of Vespidae 30

4.2 SUBFAMILY EUMENINAE 31

4.2.1 Key to the genera of subfamily Eumeninae 31

4.2.2 Genus Allorhynchium Van der Vecht, 1963 34

4.2.2.1 Key to species of genus Allorhynchium van der Vecht, 1963 34

4.2.2.2 Allorhynchium argentatum Fabricius, 1804 35

4.2.2.3 Allorhynchium metallicum (de Saussure, 1852) 38

4.2.3 Genus Antepipona de Saussure, 1855 41

4.2.3.1 Key to species of genus Antepipona de Saussure, 1855 42

4.2.3.2 Antepipona ceylonica de Saussure, 1867 43

4.2.3.3 Antepipona sibilans Cameron, 1903 44

4.2.4 Genus Antodynerus de Saussure, 1855 47

4.2.4.1 Key to species of the genus Antodynerus de Saussure 48

4.2.4.2 Antodynerus flavescens flavescens (Fabricius, 1775) 49

4.2.4.3 Antodynerus limbatus (de Saussure, 1852) 52

4.2.5 Genus Delta de Saussure, 1885 55

4.2.5.1 Key to species of genus Delta de Saussure, 1855 56

4.2.5.2 Delta campaniforme campaniforme (Fabricius, 1775) 56

4.2.5.3 Delta dimidiatipenne de Saussure, 1852 59

4.2.5.4 Delta esuriens esuriens Fabricius, 1787 61

4.2.5.5 Delta pyriforme pyriforme Fabricius, 1775 64

4.2.6 Genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802 67

4.2.6.1 Key to species of genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802 68

4.2.6.2 Eumenes papillarius (Christ, 1791) 68

4.2.6.3 Eumenes punctatus de Saussure, 1852 70

4.2.7 Genus Indodynerus Gusenleitner, 2008 72

4.2.7.1 Indodynerus capitatus Gusenleitner, 2008 72

4.2.8 Genus Knemodynerus Bluthgen, 1940 73

vii

4.2.8.1 Knemodynerus excellens Pérez, 1907 74

4.2.9 Genus Odynerus (Latreille, 1802) 76

4.2.9.1 Odynerus reniformis Gmelin, 1970 77

4.2.10 Genus Stenodynerus de Saussure, 1863 79

4.2.10.1 Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi, sp. 80

nov. ♀

4.2.11 Genus Subancistrocerus de Saussure, 1855 82

4.2.11.1 Subancistrocerus pakistanensis Qasim, Carpenter et 83

Rafique, sp. nov. ♀

4.2.12 Genus Xenorhynchium Van der Vecht, 1963 85

4.2.12.1 Xenorhynchium nitidulum Fabricius, 1798 86

4.3 SUBFAMILY POLISTINAE 88

4.3.1 Key to the genera of subfamily Polistinae 88

4.3.2 Genus Polistes Latreille, 1802 89

4.3.2.1 Key to species of genus Polistes Latreille, 1802 90

4.3.2.2 Polistes indicus Stolfa, 1934 90

4.3.2.3 Polistes wattii Cameron, 1900 92

4.3.3 Genus Ropalidia Guerin-Meneville, 1831 95

4.3.3.1 Key to species of genus Ropalidia Guerin-Meneville, 1831 96

4.3.3.2 Ropalidia brevita Das and Gupta, 1989 97

4.3.3.3 Ropalidia colorata colorata van der Vecht, 1941 99

4.3.3.4 Ropalidia variegata variegate Smith, 1852 101

4.4 SUBFAMILY VESPINAE 103

4.4 .1 Genus Vespa Linnaeus, 1758 104

viii

4.4 .2 Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 104

4.5 CHECKLIST OF VESPID FAUNA OF MULTAN 108

DIVISION

4.6 BIODIVERSITY INDICES OF VESPID FAUNA OF 111

MULTAN DIVISION

SUMMARY 119

CONCLUSION 121

5 LITERATURE CITED 122

LIST OF TABLE

Table No. Title Pa ge

1 List of different sampled localities along with latitude, longitude 17 0

and altitude of district Multan

2 List of different sampled localities along with latitude, longitude 170

and altitude of district Lodhran

3 List of different sampled localities along with latitude, longitude 17 1

and altitude of district Khanewal

4 List of different sampled localities along with latitude, longitude 17 1

and altitude of district Vehari

5 Biogeographical affiliations of Vespid fauna of Multan Division 172

6 Rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from different 17 3

localities of district Multan

7 Rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from different 174

localities of district Lodhran

8 Rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from different 17 5

localities of district Khanewal

9 Rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from different 17 6

localities of district Vehari

10 Collective rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from 17 7

different districts of Multan division

11 Rank list along with relative abundance of family Vespidae from 17 8

different localities of district Multan

12 Rank list along with relative abundance of family Vespidae from 179

different localities of district Lodhran

13 Rank list along with relative abundance of family Vespidae from 180

different localities of district Khanewal

14 Rank list along with relative abundance of family Vespidae from 181

different localities of district Vehari

15 Collective rank list along with relative abundance of family 182

Vespidae from different districts of Multan division

16 Calculated values of diversity indices of family Vespidae from 183

different localities of district Multan

17 Calculated values of diversity indices of family Vespidae from 183

different localities of district Lodhran

18 Calculated values of diversity indices of family Vespidae from 184

different localities of district Khanewal

19 Calculated values of diversity indices of family Vespidae from 184

different localities of district Vehari

List of Figure Figure No. Title Pa ge

1 Allorhynchium argentatum. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 185 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 2 Allorhynchium metallicum. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 186 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 3 Antepipona ceylonica. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 187 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 4 Antepipona sibilans. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 188 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 5 Antodynerus flavescens flavescens. A, habitus; B, head (frontal 189 view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 6 Antodynerus limbatus. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 190 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 7 Delta campaniforme campaniforme. A, habitus; B, head (frontal 19 1 view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 8 Delta dimidiatipenne. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 192 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 9 Delta esuriens esuriens. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 193 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 10 Delta pyriforme pyriforme. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 194 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma

xii

(dorsal view); F, wing

Eumenes papillarius. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 195 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma

(dorsal view); F, wing. 12 Eumenes punctatus. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 196

mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma

(dorsal view); F, wing. 13 Indodynerus capitatus. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 197

mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma

(dorsal view); F, wing. 14 Knemodynerus excellens. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 198

mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma

(dorsal view); F, wing. 15 Odynerus reniformis. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 199

mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma

(dorsal view); F, wing. 16 Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi, sp. nov. ♀. 200

A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D,

mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 17 Subancistrocerus pakistanensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafique, sp. 201

nov. ♀. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal

view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F,

wing.

18 Xenorhynchium nitidulum. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 202

mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma

(dorsal view); F, wing. 19 Polistes indicus. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma 203 (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

xiii

20 Polistes wattii. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma 204 (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 21 Ropalidia brevita. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma 205 (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 22 Ropalidia colorata colorata. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 206 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 23 Ropalidia variegata variegata. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, 207 mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 24 Vespa orientalis. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma 208 (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing. 25 Map of Pakistan 209

26 Map of Multan division 210 27 Map of District Multan 211 28 Map of District Lodhran 212 29 Map of District Khanewal 213 30 Map of District Vehari 214

xiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED IN THESIS

ft Feet

♂ Male

♀ Female

Fig. Figure

Sp. Species

H Head

T Tergum

S Sternum

M Mesosoma mm Milimeter km Kilometer

MS Malar space

Sp. nov. Species Novum

POL Postocellar line

SMC Sub-marginal cell

D.G. KHAN Dera Ghazi Khan

OMS Oculo-malar space

MT Metasoma tergum

OOL Ocellar-ocular line

MS Metasoma sternum

APOL Anterio postocellar line

NIM National Insect Museum

HEC Higher Education Commission

BZU Bahauddin Zakariya University

UPR University of the Poonch, Rawalakot

BMNH British Museum of Natural History

NARC National Agriculture Research Centre

AMNH American Museum of Natural History

ICZN International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

xvi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, praise is due to “ALLAH ALMIGHTY” with his compassion and mercifulness to allow me finalizing this Ph. D dissertation. Countless salutations for Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him), the most perfect among and of ever born on earth, who is forever a true torch of guidance

and knowledge for humanity as a whole.

With humble, profound and deep sense of devotion I wish to record my

sincere appreciation to my esteemed supervisor, Dr. Muhammad Rafique Khan,

Meritorious Professor, Department of Entomology, University of the Poonch

Rawalakot (UPR). I am extremely grateful to his scholastic and sympathetic

attitude, inspiring guidance, generous assistance, timely advice and enlightened

supervision in the accomplishment of this manuscript. My special thanks to my co- supervisor Dr. Muhammad Ather Rafi, (PSO) National Insect Museum (NIM),

National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad whose valuable and timely support, constructive criticism, marvelous guidance and encouragement throughout my research work enable me to accomplish this challenging task.

I wish to extend my special thanks to my honorable Prof. Dr. Muhammad

Khalid Mahmood, Dean Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Poonch,

Rawalakot for his highly co-operation, generous assistance during my whole

duration of study. My sincere thanks to member of my supervisory committee Dr.

Muhammad Rahim Khan, Professor, Department of Entomology, UPR and Dr.

Abdul Hamid, Professor, Department of Horticulture, UPR who guided me in every aspect during my research work. I offer my earnest gratitude to James

Michael Carpenter, Professor, Richard Gilder Graduate School and Chair, Division

xvii

of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New

York, USA for his help, keen interest, support, vibrant supervision and moral encouragement during my research work at AMNH, New York, USA. I owe special thanks to Mr. Anjum Shahzad (SSO) and Dr. Ahmed Zia (SSO) NIM,

NARC, Islamabad for valuable suggestions during discussing research matters.

This work was accomplished under the Higher Education Commission

(HEC) Indigenous PhD 5000 Fellowship Program, Phase II, (PIN: 112-26667-

2AV1-020) and International Research Support Initiative Program (IRSIP). Special thanks go to the (HEC) Islamabad, Pakistan for providing financial support to accomplish my Ph.D.

I would like to thanks to laboratory Staff, Department of Entomology, UPR and Mr. Muhammad Ashraf Virk, Syed Amjad Hussain Bukhari, NIM, NARC,

Islamabad for their cooperation in photography of specimens.

Last but not the least; I feel proud and give my privilege to mention the feeling of obligation towards my dearest father Atta Hussain Shah, my sweetest mother whose encouragement and continuous moral support helped me to reach this destination. My efforts brought fruitful because of their prayers. I would also

like to express special thanks to my loving brothers Asif Iqbal and Hafiz Ghulam

Mohi U Deen and my loving sister whose encouragement and family gossips

support me to complete the entire work. I am also thankful to all those people who

are not named here for their encouragement during my research work.

May Allah bestow strength and contentment to all these splendid celebrities.

(Aamin)

MUHAMMAD QASIM

xviii

ABSTRACT

To explore the wasp’s fauna and its biodiversity from Multan division, extensive surveys were carried out in selected localities of four districts of Multan division during 2013-2016. Result yielded 24 species under 14 genera of three subfamilies i.e., Eumeninae, Vespinae and Polistinae as per following details: subfamily Eumeninae with 18 species under 11 genera, among them, five species

are new records for Pakistan; subfamily Polistinae represented five species under

two genera, whereas subfamily Vespinae with one species under one genus. Out of

24 identified species, 21 species are recorded first time for Multan division from which five species, i.e., Antepipona ceylonica, Delta campaniforme campaniforme,

Odynerus reniformis, Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi, sp. nov. and Subancistrocerus pakistanensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafique, sp. nov are new records for Pakistan included two species, Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim,

Carpenter et Rafi, sp. nov. and Subancistrocerus pakistanensis Qasim, Carpenter et

Rafique, sp. nov. which are new to science. Two genera Odynerus and

Subancistrocerus are reported first time from Pakistan. Diversity was calculated

using Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index and Simpson’s index. Richness was

calculated by using Menhinck index and Marglef’s index and the evenness or

equitability was calculated with Nakamura’s index and Shannon’s equitability index. Result of diversity indices and richness from four districts showed that the

Vespidae are normally distributed without any significant difference. Results of

Shannon equitability and Nakamura indices showed Vespidae are evenly

distributed. However, diversity and richness was low in some localities of Multan

division due to geographical and hard climatic conditions.

xix

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Vespidae is one of the largest family of Hymenoptera and cosmopolitan in distribution with more than 5000 species under 250 genera are arranged in six

subfamilies: Euparagiinae, Eumeninae, Polistinae, Masarinae, Vespinae and

Stenogastrinae (Carpenter 1982; Pickett and Carpenter, 2010). Member of this family are true wasps that belong to aculeate Hymenoptera. Most species of these wasps are solitary but many are social. Adult are medium to large size generally predominantly brown or black color but are often extensively have white or yellow marking (Brothers and Fannamore, 1993).

Vespidae can easily be distinguished from others on the basis of their

morphological characteristics such as long slenderical geniculate antenna, the pronotum reaches laterally to the tegula, discoidal cell normally long in wings

(Goulet and Huber, 1993). Wings are normally longitudinal fold at resting position

(Danforth and Michener, 1988). The characteristics which generally distinguished male from female are: in male flagellum (without basal segments) with 11 flagellomeres and metasoma with seven externally visible segments as compared to females which have 10 flagellomeres and metasoma with six externally visible segments; male have hook like structure at terminal segment of antennae where as female lacks this character (Buck et al., 2008).

Vespidae plays vital role in the functioning of ecosystems and act as a

pollinator of fruit and vegetable crops (Fateryga, 2010; Ali et al., 2013). These

wasps also play an important role in biological control of pests (Abbasi et al.,

2008) and perform a valuable service in destroying pests of cultivated and

ornamental plants. Many species of wasps are predators; they attack and feed on

caterpillars, spiders, crickets or many immature of other insects (Barthelemy, 2009;

Goulet and Huber, 1993) and the species of Eumenidae and Vespidae also prey on

lepidopterous larvae (Yildirim and Ozbek, 1996). Some yellow jackets wasps are

scavenger of dead insects, earthworms and other garbage, including carrion

(Richter, 1990). However, almost all adult wasps feed on nectar (Fateryga, 2010)

but they also feed on juice of ripened fruits and nectar from the killed honey bees

while solitary wasps paralyze their prey instead of killing it and store in nests for

their larvae food (Spradbery, 1973).

Wasps are most important pests of beekeeping industry (Monceau et al.,

2014) for instance Vespa bicolor and V. velutina prey on honey bee (Apis cerana) in apiaries, both species are very common and abundant in bee industry (Ranabhat and Tamrakar, 2008). They also damage fruits and sting the people (Monceau et al., 2014). Wasp create problematic situation in orchards during fruit harvesting season mostly in vineyards by feeding on ripe fruit and annoying agricultural workers with their stinging. Some species of social wasps nest within or on human dwelling can be dangerous insects that may hurt people, animals and adversely

affect the tourism and outdoor enjoyment (Spradbery, 1973; Akre et al., 1980)

while female wasps are commonly known by their painful sting. The people who

suffer from acute sensitivity to the venom of wasp are at the high level of risk and

some time cause death (Jensen, 1962; Galloway, 2008).

Taxonomy and the distribution of social wasp in South Asia have been well studied, i.e., (de Saussure, 1862; Bingham, 1897; Dover and Rao, 1922; Dover,

1925; van der Vecht, 1941, 1957, 1959, 1962, 1963; 1966, 1967, Chandler, 1965;

Archer, 1981, 1989; Das and Gupta, 1984, 1989; Yamane and Yamane, 1979;

Guseleitner, 1987; Begum et al., 1991; Carpenter and Kojima, 1997; Kojima and

Carpenter, 1997; Kojima, 2001; Carpenter, 2003; Guseleitner, 2006a,b, 2007a;

Dvořák, 2006, 2007, 2009; Saito, 2009; Girish Kumar, 2010; Girish Kumar and

Lambert, 2011; Mahmood, et al., 2012; Girish Kumar and Carpenter, 2013;

Shareef et al., 2013; Lambert, 2004; Girish Kumar and Sharma, 2014 , 2015a,b;

Girish Kumar et al., 2014a,b; 2015; 2016a,b,c; Pannure et al., 2016; 2017 and

Nidup et al., 2017).

Biogeographically the Vespid fauna of Pakistan has significant importance.

Regardless the fact that the Vespid wasp are well studied from different part of the world, however from Pakistan their distribution is not completely documented, only few studies have been carried out on this important family. Many authors i.e.,

(Nurse, 1903, 1904; Cameron, 1907; Meade-Waldo, 1910; Zavattari, 1912; von

Schulthess, 1921; Dover and Rao, 1922; Dover, 1925; Kostylev, 1940 and van der

Vecht, 1941) reported many species before Indian sub-continent partition from the areas which are now in Pakistan. However, after partition various species of wasps from different areas of Pakistan reported, i.e., (van der Vecht, 1966; Giordani

Soika, 1952; 1970, 1982, 1986; Blüthgen, 1954; Das and Gupta, 1984, 1989;

Guichard, 1986; Archer, 1989; Carpenter, 1996; Carpenter and Kojima, 1997;

Kojima and Carpenter, 1997; Chaudhry et al., 1966; Gusenleitner, 2006a, 2007a,

2008; Dvorak, 2007; Girish Kumar, 2010; Girish Kumar and Lambert, 2011;

Bodlah et al., 2011, 2012, 2015; Mahmood et al., 2012; Girish Kumar and

Carpenter, 2013; Siddiqui et al., 2015; Shah, 2015; Faiz et al., 2016 and Rasool et

al., 2017). Recent Rafi et al. (2017) reported 105 species of wasp under subfamily

Eumeninae, Polistinae, Vespinae and Masarinae. Out of 105 species 3 species namely Anterhynchium mellyi, Antepipona ovalis and Eumenes coronatus coronatus are reported for first time from Pakistan. The distribution of vespid species from Pakistan are 18 species from Islamabad (Federal Capital area), 33 from Punjab, 31 from Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, 26 from Sindh, 29 from Baluchistan,

24 Giglit Baltistan (Northern Areas) and 12 from Azad Jummu and Kashmir.

Vespid fauna of Multan region is poorly known. However, four species

Antepipona sibilans, Knemodynerus excellens, Paraleptomenes m. miniatus,

(Gusenleitner, 2006a) and Delta dimidiatipenne (Bodlah et al., 2012) were reported from Multan, Punjab Pakistan. This family still contains many unidentified species from Multan region. The present study was based on collection of wasp’s fauna from Multan division. Geographically Multan region comprises on four districts namely Multan, Khanewal, Vehari and Lodhran that extended over an area of

14,233 Km2 and administratively known as Multan division which is located between 28°25' and 33°13 N and 69°19' and 73°39 E; 114 ± 6 meter above sea level and present in a bend created by the five rivers of central Pakistan. The

Sutlej River separates it from Bahawalpur on the South-East and the Chenab

river from Muzaffar Garh division on west. Mostly the land is cultivated with

agricultural crops; wheat, rice, sugar cane, cotton and mangoes, guavas and citrus

orchards. Climate of this area is sub-tropical with a cold winter and very hot

summer; the minimum and maximum ranges of temperatures are 8 to 12 oC and 38

to 50 oC, respectively. The average rainfall is 186 mm (Sajjad and Saeed, 2010).

Vespidae fauna of Multan division is very important from biogeographically point of view. By realizing the importance of wasps the present study is designed with the following objectives:

 To explore the fauna of family Vespidae from Multan Division.

 To construct the key of identified species on the basis of their

morphological character.

 To study the species composition, richness, abundance and evenness of the

explored species.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The very first comprehensive world monograph of wasps provided by de

Saussure (1852-1858).The classification of family Vespidae described by

Bequarert (1918) and divided it into eight subfamilies i.e. Raphiglossinae,

Zethinae, Eumeninae, Stenogastrinae, Epiponinae, Ropalidiinae, Polistinae and

Vespinae. Later on Bradley (1922) and Bequaert (1928) divided this family into 11 subfamilies i.e., Euparagiinae, Gayellinae, Masaridinae, Raphiglossinae, Zethinae,

Eumeninae, Stenogastrinae, Vespinae, Epiponinae, Polistinae and Ropalidiinae while Richards (1962) classified the superfamily Vespoidae into four families i.e.

Masaridae, Eumenidae, Vespidae and Polistinae and 11 subfamilies. Family

Masaridae represented three subfamilies (Euparagiinae, Gayellinae and Masarinae), while family Eumenidae represented (Raphiglossinae, Discoeliinae, Eumeninae),

Vespidae (Stenogastrinae, Vespinae) and Polistinae contained (Polybini, Polistini,

Ropalidiini). Carpenter (1982) divided family Vespidae into six subfamilies

Polistinae, Vespinae, Eumeninae, Stenogastrinae, Euparaginae and Masarinae on the basis of phylogenatic relationships, this division is more widely followed now a

day.

Taxonomy and distribution of family Vespidae are relatively well studied by various authors from different regions of the world such as; Jacobson et al.

(1978) described a new species of yellow jacket wasp, Vespula vulgaris from eastern North America. Kim and Yoon (1996) reported a new species belonging to the genus Dolichovespula of Vespinae subfamily from Korea. Dubatolov (1998)

reported 18 species with two new species namely Vespa dybowskii and

Dolichovespula omissa for the first time from Siberia. Kim (1999) presented

taxonomic review of wasp’s genus, Stenodynerus de Saussure under subfamily

Eumenine and reported six new species from Korea.

Smit (2000) described the different species of wasps belonging to family

Vespidae from Madeira Archipelago. Twenty four species were collected, from which 10 species were newly recorded from Archipelago. Vespula vulgaris (L.) is a social wasp recorded first time from Argentina with their biological characters.

Matthews et al. (2000) described newly species Vespula vulgaris (L.) that has caused serious ecological damage in New Zealand and first time reported from

southern Tasmanian forests. Kojima (2001) presented taxonomic notes on tribe

Ropalidiini placed at Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Genève with description of two

new species, Belonogaster malagassa and B. pomicolor. Carpenter and Kojima

(2002) described Polybia selvana as a new species from Costa Rica. Carpenter and

Garcete-Barrett (2002) presented the key of Neotropical Eumeninae, their

distribution and number of Neotropical species for each genus. Garcete-Barrett

(2003) described Zethus frederickorum as new species from eastern Paraguay.

Borkent and Cannings (2004) reported paper wasp species, Polistes dominulus first time from Canada.

Saito and Kojima (2005) revised taxonomy of two Ropalidia species groups of Australia and discussed two species in the R. stigma group and four species in

the R. variegate group. Kim (2005) presented taxonomic review of genus Discoelius Latreille and described two new recorded species, Discoelius

zonalis and D. dufourii from Manchuria and Korea. Dvořák (2006) reported social wasp species i.e., Dolichovespula adulterine as first record from Romania. Dvořák and Roberts (2006) recorded eight species of paper wasp of subfamily Polistinae and 11 species of social wasp of subfamily Vespinae from Central Europe along with their identification key. Kim and Lee (2006) reviewed taxonomy of genus Symmorphus Wesmael from Far eastern and reported 14 species.

Kim and Bang (2007) taxonomically reviewed genus Pararrhynchium

Saussure resulting in recognition of two species, Pararrhynchium p.

paradoxum and P. ornatum bifasciatulum that was new record for Korea.

Gusenleitner (2007b) described 10 species of Eumeninae and one species of

Masarinae with new genus, Extreuodynerus with five new species from the

Ethiopia. Haddad et al. (2007) presented new findings of vespid wasps of Jordan

with two species of Vespinae, two species of Polistinae and four species of

Eumeninae in addition to Delta l. lepeleterii, which was first recorded document

from Middle East. Dvořák and Castro (2007) recorded 15 Vespid species from

Palaearctic region. Dvořák and Carpenter (2008) firstly recorded paper wasp

Polistes smithii neavei from the Middle East.

Buck et al. (2008) reviewed the Vespid fauna of northeastern from Nearctic region and described 92 established and four adventitious species of those, six undescribed species namely: two each in Ancistrocerus, Euodynerus and Polistes genus were identified for the first time from this region. Prezoto et al. (2009) reported eight species of social wasps for the first time from Brazilian tropical

Savanna. Carpenter and Madl (2009) recorded 120 species and four subspecies of

family Vespidae of which 44 species and four subspecies under 21 genera belonged

to subfamily Eumeninae, 67 species under three genera of subfamily Polistinae and

nine unidentified species from Malagasy sub region. Dvořák and Ramel (2009)

identified 13 species under four genera from which four species recorded first time

from Greek.

Budrys et al. (2009) presented checklist of Eumeninae wasps recognizing

20 species in four genera with description of new species, Symmorphus connexus from Lithuania. Dvořák (2009) conducted a survey of social wasps in Opava,

Czech Republic and documented four genera: Vespa with six species, eight subspecies, Dolichovespula six species, Vespula four species and Provespa one species. Eardley et al. (2009) described paper wasp species, Polistes dominulus as new record from South Africa. Gusenleitner and Madl (2009) recorded six species of subfamily Eumeninae and one species of subfamily Polistinae from Mauritius.

Yildirim and Gusenleitner (2009) reported Vespid fauna of Turkey with 301 species and subspecies under 52 genera. Out of 301 species Paragymnomerus

spiricornis and Eumenes modestus were new records. Hesler (2010) described first time Palearctic paper wasp Polistes dominula from eastern North America.

Nugroho et al. (2010) carried out taxonomic study on solitary wasp genus Eumenes

Latreille and described two new species, E. batantanensis and E. truncatus from

Papuan region.

Castro and Dvořák (2010) reported new records of Vespid wasps from

Palaearctic region. Overall 31 species were identified from different localities of

Europe, Nepal, Palaearctic Asia and North-west Africa. López et al. (2011)

reported Vespa velutina for the first time from the Iberian Peninsula. Kim (2012)

reviewed genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre and four species, Euodynerus trilobus, E.

nipanicus nipanicus, E. dantici violaceipennis and E. quadrifasciatus atripes were

confirmed from Korea. Gusenleitner and Madl (2012) provided notes on 85

Eumeninae species under 26 genera from Ethiopia. Castro et al. (2013) reported

Polistes m. major a paper wasp species from Europe. Choi et al. (2013) presented checklist and distribution of wasps from Korea and mentioned 30 species including three subspecies under five genera of two subfamilies Vespinae and Polistinae.

Garcete-Barrett et al. (2014) recorded Neotropical social wasp species,

Parachartergus smithii (de Saussure) for the first time from Paraguay. Perrard et al. (2014) described new Vespid genus and species Palaeopolistes jattioti from

France. Nugroho et al. (2014) provided synonymy of genus Philippodynerus

Gusenleitner and Apodynerus Giordani Soika with taxonomic notes. Lopes and

Noll (2014) presented notes on genus, Zethus Fabricius with description of two

new species, Zethus aliceae and Z. sinuostylus from Brazil. Lopes and Hermes

(2015) described a new species, Zethus (Zethusculus) paschoali from Piraquara,

Paraná southern Brazil.

The vespid fauna of Asia is well studies by various authors i.e. Yamane et al. (1980) revised subgenus Paravespula of genus Vespula from eastern Asia.

Identification keys of social wasps of all genera from South East Asia have been provided by (Carpenter and Nguyen, 2003), while Kim (2003) reviewed the genus

Anterhynchium Saussure and listed 15 species of Eumeninae wasp from eastern

Asia. Saito and Kojima (2007) gave taxonomic revision of genus Eustenogaster

and recognized 15 species with three new species E. fumipennis, E. latebricola and

E. spinicauda from Southeast Asia and southern China. Saito-Morooka et al.

(2015) reviewed paper wasp of the Parapolybia indica species-group of Asia and nine species were listed of which four species, Parapolybia flava, P. crocea, P. nana and P. albida were new records from eastern parts of Asia. Nguyen et al.

(2017) described the taxonomic notes on group of Polistes stigma species of the genus Polistes Latreille, subgenus Polistella Ashmead with three new species

Polistes brunus Nguyen and Carpenter, P. communalis Nguyen, Vu and Carpenter and P. tenebris Nguyen and Lee, from continental Southeast Asia.

Tie-Sheng (1981) identified 35 species of superfamily Vespoidea from

Fujian, China with a new species, Epsilon fujianensis. Tie-sheng (1982) reported

55 species of Vespoidea with Cyrtolabulus yunnanensis a new species from

Yunnan Province of China. Jizhu (1989) provided a checklist of superfamily

Vespoidea and reported 71 species from Fujian Province of China. Dong et al.

(2002) described new species, Vespula yulongensis first time from China. Kojima

(1996) described Ropalidia flavopicta a new species from Philippine. Yamane and

Yamane (1979) studied Polistes wasps and reported 16 species under three genera

Parapolybia, Ropalidia and Polistes from Nepal. Yildirim and Ozbek (1992)

identified 12 species and subspecies among them three species of genus

Dolichovespula, one Vespa and one Vespula were new record for Turkish fauna.

Starr (1992) reviewed the social wasp fauna of Taiwan with biological notes. Total

28 species were identified from 10 species belong to subfamily Vespinae and 18 from Polistinae. Martin (1995) described three species of genus Provespa and seven species of Vespa from Malaysia. Yildirim and Ozbek (1995) described three

new species, Leptochilus gusenleitneri, L. palandokenicus and Microdynerus erzincanensis from Turkey. Nguyen and Carpenter (2002) described with 15 species under three genera of subfamily Vespinae from Vietnam, from which three species and one genus were first time recorded from Vietnam.

Dubatolov and Milko (2004) recorded new species Vespula austriaca from

Kyrgyzstan and Dolichovespula norwegica from mountains of Pamir-Alai. Zhi et

al. (2004) recoded new species under Vespula genus from Nujiang of Yunnan

Province of China. Saito et al. (2006) recorded Eustenogaster nigra Saito (hover wasp) first time from southern part of China and mountainous areas of Vietnam.

Nguyen et al. (2006a) revised the taxonomy of social wasp species of Vespinae from Vietnam and recorded three new species with their morphological characters.

Nguyen et al. (2006b) recorded 19 species of genus Ropalidia with three species first time from Vietnam. Yildirim and Gusenleitner (2007) reviewed Vespid fauna of Turkey and recorded 298 species and subspecies under 52 genera. Out of 298 one species Stenodynerus pullus was reported first time from Turkey. Kim and

Seiki (2007) described 9 species of subfamily Eumeninae under genus

Pararrhynchium Saussure with description of new species, P. taiwanum from

Taiwan. Yeh and Lu (2007) described three species of subfamily Eumeninae,

Epsilon fujianensis, Paraleptomenes miniatus miniatus and Subancistrocerus sichelii for the first time from Taiwan.

Yildirim (2008) reported 299 species from Vespidae under 52 genera that belong to 4 subfamilies Polistinae, Vespinae, Masarinae and Eumeninae were recorded from Turkey. Dubatolov and Dolgikh (2009) presented the list of social

wasp from Russia and reported seven species of Vespa, six Vespula, four Polistes and three Dolichovespula species. Dvořák and Carpenter (2010) presented six new records of Polistinae and Emeninae from Yemen. Nguyen et al. (2011) recognized

14 species of genus Polistes from northern mountainous areas of Vietnam, from which five species were reported for the first time from this area. Dubatolov (2011) described a list of 16 species of new social wasps belongs family Vespidae under genera Vespa, Dolichovespula, Polistes and Vespula from the Bastak Nature

Reserve, Russia. Kojima et al. (2011) provided checklist of the Taiwanese social wasp species recognizing, 13 Polistes, two Ropalidia, three Parapolybia, eight

Vespa and three Vespula species.

Carpenter et al. (2011) reported five new species of subfamily Vespinae

from Yunnan province of China. Nugroho et al. (2011) reported 383 species under the 63 genera with their distribution pattern from Indonesia. Madl (2012) provided notes on genus Provespa Ashmead and new records were provided for Brunei,

Indonesia, China, Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar. Yildirim and Guesenleitner

(2012) presented the checklist of 298 Turkish species under 53 genera belonging to

subfamily Masarinae, Eumeninae, Polistinae and Vespinae with two new additions in Turkish fauna. Hoa et al. (2012) presented taxonomic notes on genus Euodynerus from Northern Vietnam and documented three species of which

Euodynerus n. nipanicus and E. dantici violaceipennis were newly recorded for

Vietnam. Lien and Kojima (2013) summarized the distribution pattern of wasps in

Vietnam. Total 76 social wasp species under 11 genera were recorded 14 species

under three genera of subfamily Vespinae, 51 species under four genera of

Polistinae and 76 species under 11 genera of subfamily Stenogastrinae from

Vietnam. Zhou et al. (2013) described two new solitary wasp species, Discoelius

nigriclypeus and Discoelius emeishanensus from China. Buyanjargal et al. (2013a) summarized 75 potter wasp species of Mongolia with distribution of 17 species.

Buyanjargal et al. (2013b) described eusocial and solitary wasps of Mongolia and

reported 92 species belonged to 24 genera of three subfamilies of which

seven species were first time from Mongolia. Nguyen and Carpenter (2013)

presented taxonomic study of solitary wasp genus Malayepipona Giordani Soika

and described three new species, Malayepipona clypeata, M. seomyty and M. furva from northern part of Vietnam.

Nugroho et al. (2013) reviewed potter wasp fauna of Indonesia and described 20 species with six subspecies under nine genera with two new records,

Eumenes piriformis and E. inconspicuus. You et al. (2013) described two new species, namely Ancistrocerus transpunctatus and A. deqinensis for the first time from Yunnan, China. Yildirim (2014) described wasp species, Onychopterocheilus sarikamisensis a new record from eastern Turkey. Nguyen and Kojima (2014) studied distribution and nesting pattern of paper wasps of northeastern Vietnam and identified seven species of subgenus Polistes including a new species, P. brunetus from Vietnam. Gusenleitner (2014) described two new species of Eumeninae,

Cyrtolabulus omanicus and Antepipona rotunda from Oman. Nguyen and Xu

(2014) described two new species of genus Okinawepipona Yamane i.e.,

Okinawepipona nigra and O. curcipunctura from China. Pham (2014) presented a checklist of Ropalidiini wasps of Indo-china and recognized 57 species and subspecies from three genera. Tan et al. (2014a) reported 22 paper wasp of

Ropalidia genus from China. Among them six species were reported first time. Tan

et al. (2014b) reviewed Chinese species of the subgenus Gyrostoma of the polistine

genus Polistes and described seven species of which P. tenuispuntia was new record from China. Barthelemy et al. (2014) described 27 social wasps were recorded from Hong Kong under subfamilies Vespinae, Stenogastrinae and

Polistinae. Nguyen et al. (2014) presented distributional checklist of solitary wasps of Vietnam listed 45 species belonging to 26 genera of which 13 species and six genera were new record. Li and Chen (2014) reviewed genus Symmorphus Wesmael and recognized 19 species of which three species were new record from China. Nguyen (2015a) recorded seven species of the genus Eumenes Latreille and described a new potter wasp species, E. gibbosus from Vietnam.

Nguyen (2015b) presented taxonomic study of Delta genus with four

species of which Delta c. campaniforme was a new record from Vietnam. Nguyen

(2015c) described two new species of genus Pararrhynchium namely

Pararrhynchium striatum and P. concavum from northern Vietnam. Li and Chen

(2015) recorded a new subgenus, Tropidodynerus Blüthgen and illustrated two new species, Tropidodynerus liupanshanensis and T. concavus from China. Nguyen

(2015d) presented taxonomic notes on the solitary wasps of genus Anterhynchium de Saussure from Vietnam and described new species, A. punctatum. Nguyen

(2016) described a new genus Discoelius Latreille with description of two new

species Discoelius nigerrimus Nguyen and Discoelius aurantiacus Nguyen from

Northern Vietnam. Li and Chen (2016) described two new genera Lissodynerus

and Stenodyneriellus from China with three species Stenodyneriellus maolanensis

from Guizhou, S. similiguttulatus and S. depressus from Yunnan province.

Stenodyneriellus guttulatus and Lissodynerus septemfasciatus feanus were new recorded for China. Nidup et al. (2017) recorded two new species of hover wasp

Eustenogastter scittula Bingham and Parischnogastter mellyi de Saussur from

Bhutan. Dorji et al. (2017) reported 15 new species of subfamily Polistinae and

Vespinae from Bhutan.

However, from Indian sub-continent and its adjacent countries first

comprehensive study was provided by Bingham (1897). van der Vecht (1957)

described Vespinae wasps of Indo-Malayan and Papuan and described 37 species including 13 new subspecies first time from this region. van der Vecht (1959) provided taxonomic notes on Oriental Vespinae and recognized 66 species in two

genera. Archer (1982) worked on biology, taxonomy, medical and economic

importance of pestiferous hornets and yellow jackets and illustrated keys for rapid

species identification. Lambert et al. (2005a) described 3 new record of genus

Ropalidia from Kerala, India. Lambert et al. (2005b) recorded three new species

namely, Ropalidia Anthreneide rodialipa, R. (A). indica and R. (A). bangeloriea first time from the southern India. Lambert et al. (2007) identified Ancistrocerus tinctipennis, a new record from India. Srinivasan and Girish Kumar (2010) reported

11 species of potter wasp belonging to six genera under subfamily Eumeninae,

from which 10 species and five genera were newly reported from India. Lambert et

al. (2012) recorded Polistes (Polistella) strigosus as new species from South India.

Girish Kumar et al. (2012a) reported seven species belonging to five genera from

the different areas of district Bhuj of Gujarat, India. Girish Kumar et al., (2012b)

described new genus of hover wasp, Cochlischnogaster Dong and Otsuka with

species, C. dadugangensis from India. Girish Kumar and Carpenter (2013)

presented taxonomic review of genus Antodynerus and recognized three species

with one additional subspecies from the Indian subcontinent. Girish Kumar et al.,

(2013a) reviewed Eumeninae wasps of genus Tropidodynerus Blüthgen with distribution of two species, Tropidodynerus fraternus and T. hostis from Indian

subcontinent.

Shareef et al. (2013) described Pseudozumia indica for the first time from

Peninsular, India. Girish Kumar et al., (2014a) resented notes on genus Apodynerus

Giordani and reported A. formosensis indicus for the first time from India and also

reported its parasitic strepsipteran association of genus Apodynerus first time.

Girish Kumar et al. (2014b) reviewed the genus Paraleptomenes Giordani Soika from the Indian subcontinent. A new species Paraleptomenes darugiriensis and

male of P. rufoniger Giordani Soika was described for the first time from the

Indian subcontinent. Girish Kumar and Sharma (2014) recorded 26 species

belonging to 15 genera under three subfamilies of Vespidae from Rajasthan of

which, six species were new record for state. Girish Kumar et al. (2015) prepared a

checklist of genus Lissodynerus from India and described a new species

Lissodynerus rutlandicus. Girish Kumar and Sureshan (2016) described new

species Ectopioglossa sublaevis under subfamily Eumeninae first time from Indian

subcontinent. Girish Kumar et al. (2016b) described 20 species of the genus

Antepipona with a key to species and subspecies and its parasitic association of

Strepsiptera was also reported first time. A new synonymy Antepipona biguttata is

also proposed. Two species Antepipona ovalis de Saussure was newly recorded from Bangladesh and Antepipona rufescens Smith from India. Girish Kumar et al.

(2016c) described new record of Coeleumenes burmanicus (Bingham) from Kerala

India. Pannure et al. (2016) reviewed the potter wasps of south India for the first

time which comprises on 31 valid genera. The genera Coeleumenes van der Vecht,

Euodynerus Dalla torre, Discoelius Latreille and Pseudonortonia Giordani Soika

were reported for the first time from south India and total 72 species and

subspecies were recorded, out of which two species from Kerala and 15 species

from Karnataka were new record. Pannure et al. (2017) described new species

Discoelius vasukii Pannure and Carpenter of genus Discoelius first time from

Tamil Nadu, India.

Rad et al. (2006) explored wasp fauna of Iran and described two solitary species, Eustenancistrocerus israilensis and Parodontodynerus ephippium as new records from Iran. Ebrahimi and Carpenter (2008) reported 182 species of wasps under 51 genera from Iran with 10 new species. Bagriacik and Samin (2011) described a check list of nine species of Vespinae belonging to three genera have been added to Iranian fauna. Ebrahimi and Carpenter (2012) presented distributional pattern of two species of hornets Vespa orientalis Linnaeus and V. crabro Linnaeus from Iran. Dvořák et al. (2012) described the distributional pattern and the taxonomy of subfamily Vespine with nine species under three genera were reported from Iran. Gusenleitner et al. (2013) described two new species,

Pterocheilus persicus and Eustenancistrocerus iranicus of Eumeninae wasps from

Iran.

The vespid fauna of Pakistan has significance due to its transitional position among Palearctic and Oriental Regions. Before the Indian sub-continent partition from the areas which are now in Pakistan many authors such as, Nurse (1903;

1904) described Eumenes placens from Murree, Punjab while Katamenes

dimidiatus montanus from Quetta Baluchistan Pakistan. Latter on Cameron (1907) described Eumenes m. quettaensis, Eustenancistrocerus (Eustenancistrocerus)

inconstans, Eustenancistrocerus parastenancistrocerus baluchistanensis and two

synonyms Odynerus leucospilus and O. quettaensis of Eustenancistrocerus

(Eustenancistrocerus) a. askhabadensis from Quetta Baluchistan. Meade-Waldo

(1910) described Katamenes dimidiatus watsoni from Peshawar, North-West

Frontier Province (NWFP) now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.

Zavattari (1912) described a synonym O. calciatii of Symmorphus glasunowi from Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan (Northern areas) of Pakistan. Dover

and Rao (1922) reported Anterhynchium a. abdominale as a Odynerus abdominalis

from Karachi Sindh and Lyallpur=Faisalabad Punjab Pakistan. Dover (1925)

described one species of subfamily Masarinae Celonites nursei from Quetta,

Baluchistan and species of subfamily Eumeninae Cyphodynerus sculpturatus from

Karachi, Sindh and Leptochilus (Neoleptochilus) hina from Peshin and Quetta,

Baluchistan Pakistan. Kostylev (1940) described Euodynerus (Pareuodynerus) enodatus from Baluchistan Pakistan.

After partition of Indian sub-continent various species of wasps from

different areas of Pakistan were reported by Giordani Soika (1952) reported

Rhynchium acromum from Karachi Sindh Pakistan. Blüthgen (1954) described

Chlorodynerus xanthus from Karachi. van der Vacht (1966) described Ropalidia c. colorata from Murree hills Punjab and Peshawar Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and

Parapolybia escalerae from Chitral, Harchin Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.

Chaudhry et al. (1966) described Allorhynchium argentatum, Dilocovespula sylvestris, Polistes rothneyi carletoni, Vespa auraria, V. tropica, Vespula germinica, Vespula spp. and Odynerus spp. from Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.

Giordani Soika (1970) reported Antepipona praeclara and Chlorodynerus loeffleri from Karachi, Sindh while C. loeffleri also reported from Quetta, Baluchistan

Pakistan. Giordani Soika (1982) reported Antepipona pruthii from Murree hills

Punjab Pakistan.

Das and Gupta (1984) made an extensive taxonomic study on social wasps and reported Polistes gallicus, P. indicus, P. wattii, P. rothneyi carletoni, Ropalidia

marginata, R. c. colorata, Vespa orientalis, V. tropica and V. velutina under three genera from different areas of Pakistan. Guichard (1986) described Pterocheilus

arabicus from Kharan Baluchistan, Pakistan. Giordani Soika (1986) reported two

species Ancistrocerus pakistanus from Chitral Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and

Knemodynerus lahorensis of subfamily Eumeninae from Lahore Pakistan. Archer

(1989) provided keys of 64 Vespinae species from whole World and also recorded

Vespa basalis, V. onentalis, Vespula austiaca, Paravespula germanica and

Dolichovespula sylvestris first time from Pakistan. Das and Gupta (1989) present comprehensive study from Indian subcontinent and described 22 species. Carpenter

(1996) provided a distributional checklist of genus Polistes and also reported five

species from Pakistan. Kojima and Carpenter (1997) their catalog reported 325

species of subfamily Polistinae in tribe Ropalidiini throughout the World included

five species from Pakistan.

Carpenter and Kojima (1997) documented a checklist of 67 species under

four genera of subfamily Vespinae and additional 10 fossil species with their

distributional pattern included eight species from Pakistan. Eck (1998) described

yellowjackets wasp species, Vespula rufosignata as a new record from Kashmir.

Gusenleitner (2006a) described 23 Eumeninae species including 5 new species

mostly from Karachi, Sindh and Quetta, Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan. Dvořák

(2007) described 21 species of social wasp of subfamily Polistinae and Vespinae and added four species namely Polistes (Polistes) biglumis, P. quadricingulatus P. gallicus and Vespula flaviceps in Vespid fauna of Pakistan. Gusenleitner (2007a) recorded 18 species under three subfamily, one species Vespa orientalis under subfamily Vespinae and seven species Polistes gallicus P. associus, P. indicus, P. wattii, Polistes (Polistella) spp., Ropalidia spatulata, R. fasciata under subfamily

Polistinae while 12 species Antepipona kashmirensis, Jucancistrocerus Lepidus,

Euodynerus fastidiosus, Euodynerus disconotatus sulfuripes, Euodynerus s. semisaecularis, Antodynerus limbatus, Allorhynchium a. argentatum,

Oreumenoides edwardsii, Delta p. pyriforme, Onychopterocheilus spp. under subfamily Eumeninae from different localities of Pakistan. Gusenleitner (2008a) described first time Indodynerus capitatus from Islamabad Pakistan and also from

Karnataka India. Girish Kumar (2010) reported three new species of subgenus Polistes (Gyrostoma) Kirby namely P. (G.) olivaceus from Pakistan and

Bangladesh P. (G.) tenebricosus from India and P. (G.) watti from India and

Jammu & Kashmir.

Bodlah et al. (2011) described Delta dimidiatipenne for the first time with

their seven new localities of barani areas, Punjab province of Pakistan. Mahmood

et al. (2012) recorded 23 species under eight genera from different localities of

Pakistan and also from Bangladesh with two species under two genera. Seven

species Polistes olivaceus, P. stigma tamulus, Ropalidia cyathiformis, R. brevita,

Vespula nursei, Anterhynchium f. flavomarginatum and Ancistrocerus gazella were new record from Pakistan. Bodlah et al. (2012) recorded three species under genus

Delta de Saussure of which two species Delta e. esuriens and Delta p. pyriforme were first time reported from Punjab, Pakistan. Siddiqui et al. (2015) reported 19 species of family Vespidae, out of these nine species belong to subfamily

Eumeninae, four species of Vespinae and six species of Polistinae from Pothwar region. Two species Eumenes papillarius and E. punctatus of subfamily

Eumeninae were new recorded for Pakistan. Girish Kumar and Sharma (2015a) reviewed the genus Allorhynchium from Indian subcontinent and reported

Allorhynchium metallicum from Sindh Pakistan.

Shah (2015) reported 19 species of Vespidae from Hazara division, Khyber-

Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan, among them four species Vespa mandarinia, Rhynchum qunquecinctum, Antodynours flavesens and Anterhynchium abdominal bangalensis were first time reported from Pakistan. Bodlah et al. (2015) reported Vespula flaviceps from different localities of Murree Punjab, Pakistan. Faiz et al. (2016) reported 14 species under eight genera belonging to three sub-families i.e.,

Polistinae, Vespinae and Eumeninae. One species Delta viatrix recorded first time

from Pakistan while seven species reported first time from Gilgit-Baltistan. Rasool et al. (2017) reported 11 species from Swat Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan while

Antodynerus flavescens, Antepipona sibilans, Rhynchium carnaticum, Rhynchium

quinquecinctum and Rhynchium bruneum are new to Swat. One species Antepipona

deflenda recorded first time from Pakistan.

Chapter 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

STUDY AREA

Present research was conducted to explore the wasp of family Vespidae

from Multan division (Fig. 26) Punjab Province of Pakistan (Fig. 25). The

specimens of wasp were collected from different selected localities of Multan

division during 2014-16. Multan region comprises on four districts namely Multan,

Khanewal, Vehari and Lodhran that extended over an area of 14,233 Km2 and

administratively known as Multan division (Fig. 26). The land of Multan division

is cultivated with agricultural crops; wheat, rice, sugar cane, cotton and mangoes,

guavas and citrus orchards. Climate of this area is sub-tropical with cold winter and

very hot summer; the minimum and maximum ranges of temperatures are 8 to 12

oC and 38 to 50 oC respectively. The average rainfall is 186 mm (Sajjad and Saeed,

2010). Geographically it is located between 28°25' and 33°13 N and 69°19' and

73°39 E; 114 ± 6 meter above sea level (Table 1 to 4). The following localities of

four districts were visited during the entire research period.

Multan: Bosan Road, Shar Shah Multan Cant, Qasim Bagh, Jinnah Park, Shah

Shams Park, Shujabad city, Dharewala, Jalalpur Pirwala and Khanbela (Fig. 27).

Lodhran: Miranpur Plantation reserved Forest, Canal view Park, Lodhran city,

Raja Pur, Dunyapur city, Makhdoom Aali, Kahror Pakka city, Bungla Anhar Road

and Alipur Kanju (Fig. 28).

Khanewal: Perowal Forest, Khanewal city Park, Yousaf Park, Khanewal Forest

Park, Jahanian, Mian Channu, Kabirwala and Abdul Hakeem (Fig. 29).

Vehari: Wildlife Park, Vehari city (Multan Road), Chandni Park, Mailsi (Rasool

Pura), Askari Park Mailsi, Mitroo Road Mailsi, Tiba Sultan pur, Burewala city and

Azizbad Park Burewala (Fig. 30).

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION

The aerial net was used for the collection of wasps. Net with 25 cm diameter ring carrying open-mesh and long handle about two feet was used. A

variety of habitats were surveyed i.e. public parks and buildings, agronomic crops,

flowering plants and forests. The collected wasps were shifted in killing jar. After

killing the wasps were shifted in relaxing jar. Killing jar was prepared with thin

layer of plaster of pairs that was placed at the bottom of jar, than potassium cyanide

added as poisons and covered with filter paper. Some specimens become hard after

killing they shifted in humid chamber to soften them for spreading. When

specimens became soft then they placed for few minutes on moisture absorbent

papers.

Entomological pins with 00 to 2 were used for pinning the specimens. After

pinning, specimens were spread on setting board for stretching the appendages.

After drying, the specimens were labeled with complete data such as location

(Table 1 to 4), date and collector name. Stretched insects after drying shifted in wooden boxes for preservation. Naphthalene balls were placed in boxes to protect

the preserved insects from the attack of ants or other insects.

Specimens were deposited in department of Entomology, University of the

Poonch, Rawalakot (UPR), Azad Jummu and Kashmir, Pakistan and National

Insect Museum (NIM), National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad

Pakistan. Paratype of new to science species were also deposited in American

Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York, USA.

IDENTIFICATION

All specimens of Vespidae were examined and identified up to species level

with the help of old and latest available literature by running them through keys such as (Bingham, 1897; van der Vecht, 1957, 1959, 1962; Das and Gupta, 1989;

Carpenter and Nguyen, 2003; Buck et al., 2008; Bodlah et al., 2012; Girish Kumar and Carpenter, 2013; Ebrahimi and Carpenter, 2008; Rad et al., 2010; Siddiqui et al., 2015; Pannure et al., 2016).

Furthermore, identified wasp species was also confirmed with the help of identified wasp species already housed at NIM, NARC Islamabad, Pakistan and

AMNH, New York, USA.

MICROSCOPY AND PHOTOGRAPHY

Stereoscope (Labomet CZM4-4X) was used for identification of specimens.

In order to draw the detail of taxonomic characters, pictures of specimens i.e., their wing venations and other body parts were captured by using Labomet Camera

(CE920) and Nikon digital Camera at NIM, NARC, Islamabad and AMNH, New

York, USA.

BIODIVERSITY STUDY

Biodiversity of the family Vespidae has been calculated by using indices.

The relative abundance, species richness, species diversity and evenness were calculated.

Relative Abundance

The relative abundance of species was calculated by using the formula:

RA=ni/N

Where, the "ni" is the number of individuals in the "ith" species and "N" is the total number of individuals in sampling area.

Species Diversity

The Shannon-Wiener's diversity index (Shannon and Wiener, 1963) and Simpsons index (Simpson, 1949) was used to calculated the species diversity.

In biological data Shannon-Wiener's diversity index was calculated by using the formula:

H= -1(Pi) log2Pi)

Where, "pi' is the proportion of the "ith" species in the sample and it is denoted by

"ni/N" where, "ni" is the number of individuals in the "ith" species and "N" is the total number of individuals in the sample. But the form of index used in the present study

H=C{log10N-1/N∑(nrlog10nr)}

Where, "N" is the total number of individuals, "nr" is the rank abundance in the

"ith" species and "C" is the conversion factor from log2 to log10.

The form of the Simpson Index used was:

D=n (ni-1)/N (N-1)

Where "ni" is the number of individuals in "ith" species and "N" is the total number of individuals in the sample.

Species Richness

The specie richness was calculated by using the Margalef's index (Margalef,

1969), Menhinick's index 1964 (Menhinick, 1964).

The form of Margalef's index used was:

R=S-1/Ln (N)

Where, "R" is the measure of the species richness. "S" is the total number of species in the sample, "N" is the total number of individuals in the sample and "Ln" is the Natural Logarithm.

The form of the Menhinick's index used was used:

R=S/√N

Where "S" is the number of species and "N" is the total number of individuals in

the sample.

The form of the Nakamura’s index used was:

R1=∑R1/S (M-1)

Where, "S" is the no of investigated species; "M" is number of rank of abundance

(0, 1, 2, 3…., M-1) and "R" is rank value of "ith" species.

Species Evenness

The species evenness was calculated by Shannon's Equitability index

(Shannon and Wiener, 1963). The form of the index used will be:

E=H'/Ln(S)

Where, "H" is the calculated value of Shannon Wiener's diversity index and "S" is the number of species in the sample and "Ln" is the natural logarithm.

The form of the Shannon's equitability index used was;

H=H'/H'max

Where, "H" is the Shannon-Wiener's diversity index and "H"max is log2 of "S"

where, "S" is total number of species in the sample.

Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A total 1663 specimens of Vespidae wasps were collected, from selected

areas (Table 1 to 4) during 2014-16, yielded 24 species under 14 genera of three

sub-families i.e., Eumeninae, Polistinae and Vespinae. Identified species are

recorded as per following details: subfamily Eumeninae with 18 species under 11

genera among them, five species are new record for Pakistan; subfamily Vespinae

with one species under one genus, whereas subfamily Polistinae represented five

species under two genera. Total 21 species are new record for Multan division from

which five species are new record for Pakistan incuded two species Stenodynerus

punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi, sp. nov.and Subancistrocerus pakistanensis

Qasim, Carpenter et Rafique, sp. nov are new to science. Two genera Odynerus and

Subancistrocerus are reported first time from Pakistan.

FAMILY VESPIDAE

The Vespidae (Hymenoptera) is a cosmopolitan, diverse, largest family of wasps including more than 5000 species under 250 genera is divided in to six

subfamilies: Masarinae, Euparagiinae, Eumeninae, Stenogastrinae, Polistinae and

Vespinae (Carpenter 1982; Pickett and Carpenter, 2010).

The family Vespidae can be distinguished from others on the basis of their morphological characteristics such as long slenderical antenna, the pronotum reaches to the tegula laterally; discoidal cell frequently long in wings (Goulet and

Huber, 1993). The characteristics which generally distinguished male from female

are as male flagellum (without basal segments) with 11 flagellomeres and metasoma with seven externally visible segments as compared to females having

10 flagellomeres and metasoma with six externally visible segments; male have hook like structure at terminal segment of antennae where as female lacks this

character (Buck et al., 2008). Eyes emarginated deeply from inner sides; dorsal

border of torulus very simple; pronotum extended back to tegula; mesopleuron

devoid of oblique suture; hind wing with enclosed cells and anal cell, without

claval lobe; contiguous type of meso and metacoxae; trochantellus normally absent

and trochanters not divided; one or two apical spurs present on middle tibiae; bifid,

simple or sometime toothed type of tarsal claws; gaster sting without sheaths and

with 1-7 segmented spiracles; both sexes with macropterous. The wasps of this

family are solitary, social and eusocial. Adults are predominantly brownish, red or

black with dense yellow or white markings.

Key to the subfamilies of Vespidae

1. Parategula (lobe arising from posterolateral area of mesoscutum) present; tarsal

claws always bifid; subsocial or solitary...... Eumeninae

-. Parategula absent; tarsal claws always simple; eusocial ...... 2

2. Hind wing without jugal lobe; metasoma sessile and truncate in first tergum

from dorsal view and having rapidly declivity laterally; metacoxa with dorsal

carina...... Vespinae

-. Hind wing with jugal lobe; metasoma subsessile or petiolate from dorsal view

and smooth declivity laterally; metacoxa lacking of dorsal carina...... Polistinae

SUBFAMILY EUMENINAE

This is a cosmopolitan subfamily represent more than 3579 species under

210 genera (Pickett and Carpenter, 2010). Member of this subfamily known as

potter wasps. They are mostly solitary and rarely sub-social. They make burrows in

the wood or soil, or exposed in mud nest. Adult mostly feeds on nectar and are also

hunting on larvae and predatory in nature of beetles and moths to feed their young

ones. Up till now 73 species under 26 genera have been reported by different

authors from Pakistan (Rafi et al., 2017). The subfamily Eumeninae can be

distinguished from others on the basis of their morphological characteristics such

as parategula on mesoscutum usually present, tarsal claws always bifid.

During present study subfamily Eumeninae represent 18 species under 11

genera, with five species are new record for country incuded two species

Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi, sp. nov. and Subancistrocerus

pakistanensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafique, sp. nov are new to science. Two genera

of this subfamily Odynerus and Subancistrocerus are reported first time from

Pakistan.

Key to the genera of subfamily Eumeninae

1. Metasoma always petiolate; width of segment 1 half or less that of segment 2,

at least twice as long as wide, usually longer……………………………..……2

-. Metasoma not petiolate; width segment 1 more than half that of segment 2,

much less than twice as long as wide………………….……………..…………3

2. Pronotum lack of pretegular carina; T2 with translucent apical lamella that

clearly separated from disc by preapical thickening………...Eumenes Latreille

-. Pronotum with pretegular carina; T2 without apical lamella not preceded by

thickening; T1 smooth………………...... …………..…..….. Delta de Saussure

3. Pronotum face anteriorly with two small, foveae or deeply impressed medial

pits; which may be contiguous, sparse or in some species may be faint……… 4

-. Pronotum face anteriorly without foveae or medial pits …...…….………….…5

4. T1 with transverse carina; T1 with two transverse carinae that close together at

the crest of declivity; T1 wider than long in dorsal

view………………………….………...………..Subancistrocerus de Saussure

-. T1 lack of transverse carina; T1 about as broad as T2 in dorsal view; pronotum

face anteriorly usually with foveae separated, smooth

laterally………….…………………….…...………..Stenodynerus de Saussure

5. T1 with translucent or transparent apical border; parategula not visible from

above; tegula bent inwards posteriorly…...…………..Knemodynerus Blüthgen

-. T1 lack of translucent or transparent apical border ………………..……...……6

6. Metanotum laterally with short tubercles or teeth; flat in

between……..…………………………………..…...... Antepipona de Saussure

-. Metanotum lacking tubercles or teeth……………………………...………...…7

7. Tegula evenly rounded posteriorly, not emarginate the adjoining parategula and

usually not surpassing or reaching the apex of latte; propodeum with lateral

carinae absent or some time weak..………………….……...Odynerus Latreille

-. Tegula not evenly rounded posteriorly, emarginate the adjoining parategula and

oftenly surpassing or reaching apex of latter………………………………...…8

8. Tegula shorter than parategula posteriorly; axillary fossa slit-like, narrower

than long………………………………………………………………...………9

-. Tegula exceeding or equaling parategula posteriorly; axillary fossa oval,

broader than long………………………………………………………..…… 10

9. Metanotum flat; propodeal with dorsum raised shelf-like to same level; fore

wing with SMC3 separated from apex of marginal cell by about half width of

this cell; S7 in male with one or two tubercles

…………………………………………………. Allorhynchium van der Vecht

-. Metanotum angled; propodeum normal; fore wing with SMC3 separated from

apex of marginal cell by about its own length; mesepisternum without

epicnemial carina…….…………………...…….…..Indodynerus Gusenleitner

10. Metanotum with raised disc, in dorsal view with semicircular ridge between the

vertical and horizontal surfaces; propodeum without dorsolateral

projections…...... Antodynerus de Saussure

-. Metanotum projecting over propodeum; propodeum with sclerotized

dorsolateral projections .………………………Xenorhynchium van der Vecht

Genus Allorhynchium Van der Vecht, 1963

Allorhynchium van der Vecht, 1963, Zool. Verh., Leiden 60: 57 (key), 58, genus.

Type species: Vespa argentata Fabricius, 1804, by original designation. Lit.:

van der Vecht and Fischer, 1972, Hym. Cat. (n. ed.) 8: 107 (Palearctic species

cat.).

The genus Allorhynchium is distributed at Palearctic and Oriental Regions.

Worldwide eight species are recorded under this genus. From which five species

namely Allorhynchium argentatum, A. anomalum, A. metallicu, A. lugubrinum and

A. tuberculatum are recorded from Indian subcontinent (Girish Kumar and Sharma

2015a; Girish Kumar et al., 2016a). During present study two species i.e.,

Allorhynchium metallicum and Allorhynchium argentatum are recorded first time

from Multan division.

Key to species of genus Allorhynchium van der Vecht

1. T1 and T2 with sparse, small and shallow punctures except at apical and lateral

sides that strongly punctured (Fig. 2 (A-

F))………………………….….……Allorhynchium metallicum (de Saussure)

-. T1 and T2 with moderate-sized punctures, thickness and density of punctures

almost uniform except at the apical and lateral sides that strongly punctured.

Clypeus, strongly emarginated at apex in female; entirely yellow in male;

dorsal surface of propodeum is placed almost at same level of dorsal surface of

the metanotum (Fig. 1 (A-

F))……...... …Allorhynchium argentatum (Fabricius)

Allorhynchium argentatum (Fabricius, 1804) Fig. 1

(A-F)

Vespa argentata Fabricius, 1804, Syst. Piez.: 260- “Sumatra” (male Kobenhavn). -

Jurine, 1807, Nouv. Meth. Class. Hym.: 179.

Rhynchium argentatum argentatum; de Saussure, 1852, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 1: 115

(Rhygchium; male, female; Bengal). - Smith, 1857, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus. 5: 45

(cat., “India”) [? in part only]; - de Saussure, 1862, Stettin. Entomol. Ztg 23:

187 (India).

Rhynchium clypeatum Cameron, 1900, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 6: 531, female -

[India:] “Barrackpore, Bengal” (London, type no. 18,457). - Rothney, 1903,

Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. - Dalla Torre, 1904, Gen., Ins. 19: 33 (cat.).

Rhynchium iridipenne; von Schulthess, 1914, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 37: (Malaya,

Sumatra; Java) [erroneously recorded from Ceylon].

Odynerus argentatus; Dover, 1925 (1924) J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (N. S.) 20:

297 (in subgenus Rygchium; synonymy [partly incorrect]; distribution); Bull.

Raffles Mus. 2: 44 (argentatum, in subgenus Rygchium; Peninsular Siam;

Malaya), 1931, J. Fed. Malay St. Mus. 16: 254 (in subgenus Rygchium; Java). -

Giordani Soika, 1941, Boll. Soc. Venez. Stor. Nat. 2 (3): 258 (in subgenus

Rhynchium; syn.: R. clypeatum Cameron).

Allorhynchium argentatum; van der Vecht, 1963, Zool. Verh., Leiden 60: 60 (list),

fig. 5a (wing). - Girish Kumar and Sharma, 2015a, Prommalia 3: 22 (key;

India; Myanmar), images 1-7.

Allorhynchium clypeatum; van der Vecht, 1963, Zool. Verh., Leiden 60: 60 (list).

Allorhynchium metallicum; Gusenleitner, 1988 a, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 20: 182

(Thailand).

Allorhynchium argentatum; Gusenleitner, 2006b, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 38 (1): 695

(India); 2006a, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 38 (2): 1305 (Pakistan); 2007a, Linz. Biol.

Beitr. 39 (2): 972 (Pakistan); 2011, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 43 (2): 1368 (Laos).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Multan: Shar Shah Multan Cant,

16.viii.2015, 23-ix-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Khanbela, 15-07-2016, Leg. M.

Qasim, 1♀; Vehari: Wildlife Park, 20.viii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Chandni Park,

15-xi-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Lodhran: Dunyapur city, 07.ix.2015, 05-xi-2015,

Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Khanewal: Perowal Forest, 12.ix.2015, 26.vii.2015, 25-vi-

2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀; Fazal Park, 10.x.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♂.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: Body length (H+M+T1+T2) 12-13.5 mm. Body

completely black except yellow line present between the inner eye margin and

antennal toruli (sometimes this line becomes faint); tarsal claw blackish to brown;

wings with dark purple reflections; body with somewhat moderately to sparsely

dense and silvery white pubescence; clypeus apically emarginate and truncate,

broadly pyriform, with somewhat strong punctures, distance between the punctures

as long as the diameter of punctures; a distinct but short carina present at middle of

interantennal space; vertex, frons and temple close, with strong and pit like

punctures, diameter of punctures as long as the distance between the punctures;

postocellar line (POL) 0.98x ocellar-ocular line (OOL); cephalic fovea very small

but deep with tuft of hairs; anterior face of pronotum without punctures with

complete and strong pronotal carina; posterior face of pronotum, scutellum and

mesoscutum with deep, close and pit like rugose punctures; transverse striations

present at the lateral sides of pronotum; metanotum strongly and irregularly

punctate, not gibbous; mesopleuron with deep and strong rugose punctures except

the posterior margin and epicnemium smooth; metapleuron dorsally with strong

few transverse carinate striations, lower metapleuron almost smooth with few

punctures and weak transverse striations.

Propodeum concave posteriorly, dorsolateral margin somewhat rounded, very strong punctures and irregularly rugose, interspaces carinate, sometimes teeth- like structures present behind metanotum, posteriorly concave area of propodeum

with few irregular weak transverse striations, propodeum laterally at upper half

with strongly rugosely punctured, weakly punctured to irregular transverse

striations at lower half except at posterior margin smooth; T1 and T2 with medium size, moderately dense and closely arranged punctures; visible part of T3-T5 and

S3-S5 with close and small punctures; T6 and S6 without punctures or almost

smooth.

Male: Body length (H+M+T1+T2) 10-12.5 mm. Color similar to female except

clypeus almost completely yellow (in some specimens black markings laterally

well developed); clypeus elongated and the apex between the two teeth that more

deeply emarginated than from female; apically last segment of antenna hooked like

and approximately reaches to the apex of 10th antennal segment in curved position; basal area of S7 with a distinctly uplifted; other body characters almost same as in female.

Previous record from Pakistan: Earlier this species is reported by Chaudhry et al.

(1966) from Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Abbottabad; Gusenleitner (2006a) reported this

species from Sindh: Thatta: Halaji Lake again Gusenleitner (2007a) reported this

species from Islamabad. Siddiqui et al. (2015) reported this species from

Islamabad; Punjab: Rawalpindi, Attock, Jhelum and Chakwal. Faiz et al. (2016)

reported this species from Gilgit-Baltistan: Ghizer and Skardu.

Remarks: This species is reported first time from Multan division.

Distribution: India; Indonesia; Laos; Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Singapore;

Thailand; Pakistan; Philippines (van der Vecht, 1963; Chaudhry et al., 1966;

Gusenleitner, 2006a; Girish Kumar and Sharma, 2015a,b; Siddiqui et al., 2015;

Girish Kumar et al., 2016a).

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental.

Allorhynchium metallicum (de Saussure, 1852) Fig. 2

(A-F)

Rygchium metallicum de Saussure, 1852, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 1: 114, pl. 14 fig. 8,

female, male - locality not stated (lectotype female from Bengal in Paris); -

Dalla Tore, 1904, Gen. Ins. 19: 33 (syn. of R. argentatum). - Paiva, 1907, Rec.

Indian Mus. 1: 13 (N. Bengal).

Rhynchium maldivense Cameron, 1901, in Gardiner, Fauna Geogr. Mladive

Archip. 1: 57, female male - “Hulule Male Atoll, Goidu, Goidufehendu Atoll,

Maldives; Minikoi, Laccadives” (London, no. 18. 456 a -c).

Odynerus metallicum; Dover and Rao, 1922, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (N. S.) 18:

239 (in subgenus Rygchium; India).

Allorhynchium maldivense; van der Vecht, 1963, Zool. Verh., Leiden 60: 60 (list). -

Giordani Soika, 1986, Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia 35: 140 (key).

Allorhynchium metallicum; van der Vecht, 1963, Zool. Verh., Leiden 60: 60 (list). -

Nugroho et al., 2012 (2011), Treubia 38: 76 (list). - Girish Kumar and Sharma,

2014, J. New Biol. Rep. 3 (3): 234 (list), 238 (India), fig. 6. - Girish Kumar and

Sharma, 2015a, Prommalia 3: 22 (key), 26 (India; Pakistan; Nepal); figs. 13-18.

- Girish Kumar et al., 2016a, Halteres 7: 30 (key), 34 (list).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Khanewal: Jahanian, 28-xi-2015,

Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Yousaf Park, 12.ix.2015, 24-x-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♂;

Kabirwala, 01.ix.2015, 21-xi-2015, 14-ix-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀; Abdul Hakim,

26-ix-2016, 11-xii-2014, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Mian Channu, 27-vii-2015, 21-viii-

2015, 28-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀; Multan: Shujabad city, 09.x.2015, 03-ix-

2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Qasim Bagh, 04-viii-2015, 07-x-2015, Leg. M. Qasim,

2♀; Shar Shah Multan Cant, 15-vi-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♂; Vehari: Vehari city

(Multan Road), 25-vii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♂; Wildlife Park, 18-ix-2015, 23- vii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Mailsi (Rasool Pura), 25-06-2015, Leg. M. Qasim,

1♀; Burewala, 03-viii-2015, 11-vii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Azizabad Park

Burewala, 08-x-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Lodhran: Miranpur Plantation reserved

Forest, 19-vi-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Raja Pur, 04-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀;

Dunyapur city, 23-vii-2015, 05-x-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Kahror Paka city, 03- vi-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Alipur Kanju, 22-x-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: Body length (H+M+T1+T2) 10-12.5 mm. Body

completely black except yellow line present between inner margin of eye and antennal toruli (sometimes this line becomes faint); tarsal claw with blackish to

brown; wings with fusco-hyaline in color, forewing along costal margin broadly

dark fuscous with purplish reflections; body with somewhat moderately to sparsely

dense silvery white pubescence; clypeus apically emarginate and truncate, broadly

pyriform, with somewhat strong punctures, distance between the punctures as long

as the diameter of punctures; a distinct but short carina present at middle of the

interantennal space; vertex, frons and temple close, with strong and pit like punctures, diameter of punctures as long as the distance between the punctures;

POL 1.16x OOL; cephalic fovea very small but deep with tuft of hairs.

Anterior face of pronotum without punctures with complete and strong pronotal carina; posterior face of pronotum, scutellum and mesoscutum with deep, close and pit like rugose punctures; transverse striations present at lateral sides of

pronotum; metanotum strongly and irregularly punctate, not gibbous; mesopleuron

with deep and strong rugose punctures except posterior margin and epicnemium

smooth; metapleuron dorsally or upper portion with strong few transverse carinate

striations, lower metapleuron almost smooth with few punctures and weak

transverse striations. Propodeum concave posteriorly, dorsolateral margin

somewhat rounded, very strong punctures and irregularly rugose, interspaces

carinate, sometimes few teeth-like structures present behind metanotum,

posteriorly concave area of propodeum with few irregular weak transverse

striations, propodeum laterally at upper half with strongly rugosely punctured,

weakly punctured to irregular transverse striations at lower half except at posterior

margin smooth; T1 and T2 with small, thin and spares punctures, except at apical

and lateral portions that strongly punctured; visible part of T3-T5 and S3-S5 with

sparse and small punctures; T6 and S6 without punctures and smooth.

Male: Body length (H+M+T1+T2) 9.5-11 mm. Color similar to female except

clypeus having two yellow spots basally that sometimes joins and form a thin band

(sometimes clypeus devoid of yellow markings); clypeus elongated and their apex

between the two teeth more deeply emarginated than the female; apically the last

segment of antenna hooked and approximately reaches the apex of 10th antennal segment in the curved position; basal area of S7 with a distinctly uplifted; other characters almost same as in female.

Previous record from Pakistan: This species was reported by Girish Kumar and

Sharma (2015a) from Sindh: Karachi.

Remarks: This species is first time reported from Multan division.

Distribution: India; Indonesia; Maldive Islands; Malaysia; Myanmar; Pakistan; Sri

Lanka; Taiwan (Girish Kumar and Sharma, 2015a; Girish Kumar et al., 2016a).

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental.

4.2.3 Genus Antepipona de Saussure, 1855

Antepipona de Saussure, 1855, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 244, name for section C of

division V of subgenus Leionotus de Saussure of genus Odynerus Latreille in

de Saussure, 1853, loc. cit. 1: 213 (4 species). Placed on Official List of

Generic Names in Zoology by Opinion 893 (ICZN 1970), Bull. Zool. Nomencl.

26: 187-191 (no. 1858).

Antepiponus de Saussure, 1875, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 254: xxxv, 361 (unjustified

emendation of Antepipona de Saussure, 1855).

Antepipone Dalla Torre, 1894, Cat. Hym. 9: 50, 96 (incorrect spelling of

Antepipona de Saussure).

Mehelyella Móczár, 1937, Folia Entomol. Hung. 3: 16. Unavailable; no type

species designated; made available by Bohart, 1951, in Muesebeck et al.,

Synopt. Cat. Hym. N. Am.: 898.

This genus is widely distributed throughout the Afrotropical, Oriental and

the Palaearctic Regions. In Oriental region this genus represented 29 species and

seven additional subspecies, out of which 20 species and three additional

subspecies have been reported from the Indian subcontinent (Girish Kumar et al.,

2016b). Eight species have been recorded from Pakistan i.e Antepipona deflenda,

A. kashmirensis Giordani Soika, A. laevigata Bluthgen, A. luteipes Gusenleitner, A.

praeclara Giordani Soika, A. pruthii Giordani Soika, A. sibilans Cameron and A.

vescovilis Giordani Soika. In the present study A. ceylonica de Saussure is recorded

first time from Pakistan.

Key to species of genus Antepipona de Saussure, 1855

1. Pronotum with well developed anterior carina on their lateral sides, not

reaching their dorsal side, before reaching dorsal side it bend inwards; dorsal

side entirely rounded, with another carina, that is thin, in an arch shape, often

not distinguishable (Fig. 3 (A-F))………..Antepipona ceylonica (de Saussure)

-. Pronotum with often weak or absent regular carina on their dorsal side and with

the series of punctures horizontally on mid third anterior face, very close to

each other and divided by thin carinae; propodeum posteriorly with two short

horizontal carinae (Fig. 4 (A-F))………...…...Antepipona sibilans (Cameron)

Antepipona ceylonica (de Saussure, 1867) Fig. 3

(A-F)

Odynerus ceylonicus de Saussure, 1867, Reise Novara, Zool. 2 (1), Hym.: 12,

female, male (in subgenus Leionotus division Epsilon) - “Ceylon” (Genève).

Odynerus ornaticaudis Cameron, 1909, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. soc. 19: 137, female -

“Bombay” (London, type no. 18. 309).

Antepipona ceylonica; Giordani Soika, 1982 (1981), Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.

Venezia 32: 207 (key), 215, figs. 7-10 (India; Sri Lanka; Burma). - Lambert,

2004, in Rajmohana et al., Perspectives Biosystematics Biodiversity: 555 (key),

561 (compared to A. malabarica n. sp.). - Gusenleitner, 2006b, Linz. Biol.

Beitr. 38 (1): 690 (India). - Girish Kumar and Sharma, 2014, J. New Biol. Rep.

3 (3): 234 (list), 239 (India), fig. 7. - Girish Kumar et al., 2016b, Zootaxa, 4150

(5): 502 (key), 510, figs. 25-34 (India).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Lodhran: Canal view Park, 05-viii-

2015, 17-vii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♂; Dunyapur city, 21-ix-2016, Leg. M.

Qasim, 1♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Male: Body size: 6.5 mm. Clypeus to some extent broader

rather than extended, somewhat strongly curved, emerging at apex, having small

pointed teeth, thickly punctured; last antennal segment hook-likes reaching at the

mid of the tenth antennal segment; pronotum with well developed anterior carina

on lateral sides, that not reach to the dorsal side, before reaching to dorsal side it

bend inwards and completely rounded from its dorsal side. Body Colour: Body

black with following yellow maculations; clypeus completely and interantennal

space; mandible yellow excluding at tip; scape from its lower side; temple with a

large line; pronotum dorsally with two large spots; mesepisternum with large round

spot; scutellum with two large spots; metanotum with two spots; propodeum with

two broad bands longitudinally; band on T1 apically that narrow from its lateral

sides; two large round spots on T2 basally and a band apically that slightly

enlarged from the middle and also from lateral sides; T3 from its lateral margins

with minute specks; T6 with a round spot; S2 apically with a band that slightly

enlarged from middle and its sides; wings sami glassy and slightly brownish along

with apical half of the marginal cell.

Remarks: This species is new record for Pakistan.

Distribution: India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka (Girish Kumar et al., 2016b) and

from Pakistan.

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental.

Antepipona sibilans (Cameron, 1903) Fig. 4

(A-F)

Odynerus sibilans Cameron, 1903, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1903: 129, male -

Barrackpore” (Oxford). - Rothney, 1903, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1930: 107

(Barrackpore, rare).

Odontodynerus deflendiformis Giordani Soika, 1961c, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 100:

377, male, fig. 2 - “Belucistan: Deesa” [recte: India: Gujarat] (London); 1982

(1981), Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia 32:225 (syn. of A. sibilans).

Antepipona deflendiformis; Giordani Soika, 1970, Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.

Venezia 20/21: 120 (female; Pakistan; India).

Antepipona sibilans Giordani Soika, 1982 (1981), Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.

Venezia 32:207 (key), 225, figs. 23-28 (syn.: A. deflendiformis; India). -

Gusenleitner, 1987, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 19 (1): 265 (Nepal). - Lambert, 2004, in

Rajmohana et al., Perspectives Biosystematics Biodiversity: 555 (key). -

Gusenleitner, 2006b, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 38 (1): 690 (India); 2006a, Linz. Biol.

Beitr. 38 (2): 1302 (Pakistan). Girish Kumar and Sharma, 2014, J. New Biol.

Rep. 3 (3): 234 (list), 239 (India), fig. 7. - Girish Kumar et al., 2016b, Zootaxa,

4150 (5): 502 (key), 527, figs. 83-92 (India).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Multan: Qasim Bagh, 05.vi.2015, 02- vii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Jinah Park, 04-viii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Bosan

Road, 15-vi-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Shujabad city, 01.vi.2015, Leg. M. Qasim,

1♂; Dharewala, 05.vii.2015, 15-viii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Jalalpur Pirwala city, 15.ix.2015, 21-v-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♂; Lodhran: Miranpur Plantation reserved Forest, 22-v-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; 03-vii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀;

Lodhran city, 18-vii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Kahror Pakka city, 03.ix.2015,

Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Dunyapur city, 30-vi-2015, 04-viii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀;

06.x.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♂; Khanewal: Abdul Hakim, 10-xi-2014, 20-vi-2015,

Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: Body size: 5.5-6.5 mm. Clypeus more extensive

than long, without longitudinal carinae; metanotal teeth near metanotal edge; Space

between metanotal teeth two times as much space between every tooth and parallel

metanotal edge; head and mesosoma thickly punctate; pronotum with with

horizontal series of punctures on mid third of foremost face, near each other and

isolated by a thin carina.

Body Color: Black with yellow markings: mandible apically; tarsal segments yellowish to yellow brown. Yellow markings: mandible with basal half except black spot basaly; clypeus except black spot with variable size, rarely absent at

center; scape except a black mark on upper side toward the apex; front, except

between antennal area and two black spots start from the antennal toruli that move

obliquely upward; temple with large stain; pronotum with large band dorsally;

approximately all upper surface of mesepisternum; scutellum except from posterior

border; metanotum; propodeum with two large spots, through out the dorsal faces;

tegula with medially brown spot; parategula; all coxae from anterior face; fore and

mid femora; hind femur from posteriorly and tibiae; T1 apically large band that

wider from middle, along with two lateral large spots; T2 basally laterally two

large spots and with band apically, which enlarged greatly at center and sides;

narrow band on T3 that strongly extended at sides; almost regular band on T4; a

mark at center of T5 from apical margin; T6 with a round spot.

Male: Body size: 5-6 mm. Clypeus more extensive than long, with apical

emargination quite deep, punctures about as that of front, however somewhat less

frail. Last antennal article hook like and reaching the center of tenth article.

Clypeus and mandible completely yellow.

Previous record from Pakistan: Earlier Gusenleitner (2006a) reported this

species from Punjab: Multan. Siddiqui et al. (2015) reported it from Islamabad;

Punjab: Rawalpindi, Attock and Chakwal.

Remarks: This species already reported by Gusenleitner (2006a) from Multan.

However during present study new localities of district Multan, Khanewal and

Lodhran were recorded.

Distribution: India; Nepal; Pakistan (Gusenleitner 2006a; Girish Kumar and

Sharma, 2014; Girish Kumar et al. 2016b).

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental.

Genus Antodynerus de Saussure, 1855

Antodynerus de Saussure, 1855: 287, name for division V of subgenus Leionotus of

genus Odynerus; validated by ICZN 1970: 187. Type species: “Odynerus

punctum (Fabricius)” sensu de Saussure, 1853 [= Vespa flavescens Fabricius,

1775], by subsequent designation (van der Vecht 1959: 238; confirmed by

ICZN 1970: 187).

Parepipona Giordani Soika, 1957, Brit. Mus. Exp. S. W. Arabia 1937-8, 1 (31):

477 (footnote), subgenus of Pseudepipona de Saussure. Type species:

“Odynerus radialis (de Saussure)” [= Rhynchium radiale de Saussure, 1855],

by original designation. Synonymized by van der Vecht & Fischer (1972).

Anthodynerus [!] Giordani Soika, 1961a, South Afr. Animal Life VIII: 445.

Incorrect subsequent spelling of Antodynerus de Saussure, 1855.

This genus is distributed throughout Oriental, Palaearctic and Ethiopian

regions. Fifty four species and many subspecies are reported worldwide, most

species found from the Ethiopian region (Gusenleitner, 2010; Carpenter et al.,

2010). The Oriental region has three species and seven in Palaearctic region. All

three Oriental region species are recored from Indian subcontinent and with one

additional subspecies, namely Antodynerus limbatus, Antodynerus flavescens

karachiensis, Antodynerus flavescens flavescens and A. punctatipennis (Girish

Kumar and Carpenter, 2013). From Pakistan three species are reported namely,

Antodynerus f. flavescens, A. flavescens karachiensis and A. limbatus but during

present study two species are recorded from Multan division.

Key to species of the genus Antodynerus de Saussure, 1855

1. Propodeum from median area with a broad, deep fovea from which the median

carina runs to orifice, with small transverse striae; Postero-lateral border of

propodeum with broad transversely carinate projection (Fig. 6 (A-

F))…...... Antodynerus limbatus (de Saussure)

-. Propodeum from median area with thin narrow fovea from which the median

carina runs to orifice, without distinct transverse striae; Postero-lateral border

of propodeum without transversely carinate projection and rounded; Ocellar

area generally with a small black band (Fig. 5 (A-

F))……………………………..….....…..Antodynerus f. flavescens (Fabricius)

Antodynerus flavescens flavescens (Fabricius, 1775) Fig. 5

(A-F)

Vespa flavescens Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 370- “In India Orientali”

(lectotype male København); Spec. Ins. 1: 466; 1787, Mant. Ins. 1: 292. -

Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. syst. 2: 275; 1804, Syst. Piez. : 261. - Schulz, 1912,

Berl. Entomol. Z. 57: 82 (types examined: Odynerus spec.; short color

description).

Ancistrocerus ornatus Smith, 1852, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 9 (2): 49, male -

“Bombay” (London, type no. 18. 303).

Odynerus “punctum Fabricius”; de Saussure, 1853, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 1: 209, female,

pl. 19 fig. 2- “Indes Oientales” (Paris) [erroneously regarded as identical to

Polistes punctum Fabricius, 1804].

Odynerus punctum; de Saussure, 1855, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 243 (considered different

from Polistes punctum Fabricius). - Horne, 1870, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 7:

167, female, pl. 20 fig. 7, 7a (nests in N. W. Prov. of India in holes in door -

posts, etc., prey: green caterpillars, geometers in particular). - Smith, 1871, J.

Proc. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 11: 375 (cat.). - Cretin, 1903, J. Bombay Nat. Hist.

Soc. 14: 824 (ethology). - Stebbing, 1905, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. soc. 16: 675,

fig. 69 (ethology). - Paiva, 1907, Rec. Indian Mus. 1: 15 (N. Bengal). - Gravely,

1915, Rec. Indian Mus. 11: 493 (ethology). - Dover, 1921, Rec. Indian Mus.

22: 387 (India). - Begum et al., 1991, Bangladesh J. Zool. 19 (1): 129-136

(nesting behavior; Bangladesh).

Odynerus ornatus; Smith, 1871, J. Proc. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 11: 377 (cat.) -

Bingham, 1897, Fauna Br. India, Hym. 1: 361 (key), 364 (unidentified species)

- Cameron, 1913, Indian Forest Rec. 4: 116 (female; India). - Iwata, 1942,

Tenthedro 4: 102, 124, 125, 135 (ethology).

Odynerus orientalis Dalla Torre, 1889, Wein. Entomol. Ztg 8: 125 [replacement

name for Odynerus ornatus (Smith, 1852), junior secondary homonym of

Odynerus ornatus (de Saussure, 1852, = Leptochilus ornatus de Saussure,

1852]; 1894, Cat. Hym. 9: 83 (cat.); 1904, Gen. Ins. 19: 51 (cat.).

Lionotus “punctum de Saussure”; Ashmead, 1904a, J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 12: 8

(cat.; Manila).

Leionotus “punctum de Saussure”; Ashmead, 1904b, Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 28:

133, 152 (Philippines).

Odynerus flavescens; Schulz, 1912, Berl. Entomol. Z. 57: 82 (types examined), 100

(list).

Odynerus goanus Sonan, 1938, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Entomol. Berl. 5: 261, female,

fig. 2, 3- “Goa, India” (Berlin).

Odynerus punctum var. orientalis; Giordani Soika, 1941, Boll. Soc. Venez. Stor.

Nat. 2 (3): 260 (in subgenus Rhynchium; syns.: Ancistrocerus ornatus Smith,

Odynerus goanus Sonan).

Antodynerus flavescens; van der Vecht, 1959, Arch. Néerl. Zool 13, Suppl. 1: 238,

fig. 2 (a, c, e, f, i-l) (redescription of type; India), 1967, Bull. Zool. Nomencl.

24: 31, 32 (proposal to place on Official List).

Antodynerus flavescens flavescens; Girish Kumar and Carpenter, 2013, Zootaxa

3731 (2): 269, figs. 1-8 (India).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Multan: Jinnah Park, 02.vii.2015, 01- xi-2014, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♂; Boson Road, 05-vi-2015, 23-ix-2015, 16-v-2016, 17- x-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 4♂; Shujabad city, 01.vi.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♂;

16.ix.2015, 06.xiii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Jalalpur Pirwala city, 09-viii-2015, 2- ix-2016, 18-v-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♂.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: Clypeus on middle with moderately deep punctures, distance between punctures as wide as diameter of punctures; frons with punctured sparsely; ocellar area without punctures and almost smooth with small black band; vertex with strong punctures moderately except the middle and area towards the occipital carina; propodeum from median area slightly concave and

narrowly elongate fovea from which carina runs to orifice medially with some

posteriorly weak transverse striations or without distinct transverse striae; postero-

lateral margin almost completely rounded without strong transverse carinate

projection and weak transverse striations present near to valvula.

Male: Clypeus, ocellar area, frons and median without punctures and almost smooth.

Previous record from Pakistan: Shah (2015) reported it from Khyber-

Pakhtunkhwa: Mansehra, Balakot, Oghi, Battagram, Allai, Abbottabad and

Havelian.

Remarks: This species is reported first time from Multan division.

Distribution: Bangladesh; India; Pakistan (Girish Kumar and Carpenter, 2013;

Girish Kumar and Sharma, 2015b; Shah, 2015).

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental.

Antodynerus limbatus (de Saussure, 1852) Fig. 6

(A-F)

Rhygchium limbatum de Saussure, 1852, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 1: 117, female, pl. 13 fig.

10- “L’Amerique? “ (coll. de Romand); Smithson. Misc. Coll. 254: 143

(footnote: label wrong, incontestably Asiatic).

Rhynchium rugolatum Cameron, 1900, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 6: 533, female

male - “Barrackpore, Bengal, Poona, Khasia Hills” (syntypes: Oxford; 2 males

London, nos. 1845, a and b). - Rothney, 1903, Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond.

1903: 106 (rugulatum [!]; Bengal, rare). - Dalla Torre, 1904, Gen. Ins. 19: 35

(cat.). - Giordani Soika, 1941, Boll. Soc. Venez. Stor. Nat. 2 (3): 259 (“types”

in London examined; syn. of Odynerus limbatus de Saussure; Burma).

Odynerus limbatus; Bequaert, 1918, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 39: 290 (prohably

Asiatic). - Giordani Soika, 1941, Boll. Soc. Venez. Stor. Nat. 2 (3): 259 (in

subgenus Rhynchium; syn.: Rhynchium rugolatum Cameron).

Odynerus haemorrhoidalis var. rugolatum; Dover, 1925 (1924), J. Proc. Asiat. Soc.

Beng., (N. S.) 20: 298 (in subgenus Rygchium).

Antodynerus limbatus; Gusenleitner, 1987, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 19 (1): 267 (Nepal);

1988a, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 20: 180 (Thailand); 2006b, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 38 (1):

690 (India); 2007a, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 39 (2): 971 (Pakistan); 2011, Linz. Biol.

Beitr. 43 (2): 1361 (Laos). - Girish Kumar and Carpenter, 2013, Zootaxa 3731

(2): 268 (key), 271, figs. 9-18 (India; China). - Girish Kumar and Sharma,

2014. J. New Biol. Rep. 3 (3): 234 (list), 240.

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Multan: Jinnah Park, 16-vii-2015, 07-

x-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; 01-vi-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Shar Shah Multan

Cant, 17-viii-2016, 01-vii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Shujabad city, 19.x.2015, 28-

ix-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; 15-vii-2015, 02-xi-2014, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀;

Dharewala, 18-iv-2015, 07-xi-2015, 16-vi-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀; Multan:

Bosan Road, 02-v-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♂; Jalalpur Pirwala city, 07-vii-2015,

04-x-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Khanbela, 16-xi-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀;

Lodhran: Miranpur Plantation reserved Forest, 04-xi-2014, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀;

Canal view Park, 06-v-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; 23-08-2015, 04-ix-2016, Leg. M.

Qasim, 2♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: (H+M+T1+T2): 10-12 mm. Clypeus on middle with moderately deep punctures and truncate apically; frons, vertex, temple and

ocular sinus with strong punctured; ocellar triangle area from inside smooth;

pronotal carina strong and reaching to the lateral margin of pronotum; propodeum

medially strongly concave, with broad elongate fovea from which the median

carina runs to the orifice with a small number of posteriorly strong transverse

striations; postero-lateral margin entirely rounded with strong transverse carinate

projection, beneath that with well transverse striations; scattered punctures present

on all metasomal segments, S2 with prominent punctures.

Body Colour: Body brownish red with black and yellow marks; mostly these

colours inter mixed in many areas. Yellow colour (sometimes brownish yellow) as

follows: mandible except its apical and lateral margins brown; lateral and basal

sides of clypeus (rarely entirely yellow); outer and inner eye margins; temple from

its lower sides and occiput; scape from its ventral side; tegula; parategula; a spot on

mesopleuron below tegula; T1 to T5 and S2 to S5 apically. Black markings as

follows: antennal toruli; antennal space from inner side; a vertical line from its

toruli towards the lower frons; around ocellar area; occiput except its lower

portion; margins of scutellum; propleuron; mesopleuron except at middle;

metapleuron; Legs brown and inter mixed with black and yellow colour, usually at

base of coxa, trochanter and basal half of femora black, remaining portion brown to

yellowish brown.

Male: Clypeus between two teeth deeply emarginate apeically. Colour pattern is almost same as that of female except its clypeus entirely and a transverse band at

lower frons yellow except a black longitudinal band from antennal toruli to lower

frons in some specimens.

Previous record from Pakistan: Gusenleitner (2007a) reported this species from

Punjab: Taxila.

Remarks: This species is reported first time from Multan division.

Distribution: China; India; Laos; Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan; Thailand

(Gusenleitner, 2007a; Girish Kumar and Carpenter, 2013).

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental.

4.2.5 Genus Delta de Saussure, 1885

Delta de Saussure, 1855, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 130, 132, 143, name for divisions II and

III of genus Eumenes Latreille in de Saussure, 1852, loc. cit. 1: 44, 60. Type

species: Vespa maxillosa De-Geer, 1773 [= Vespa emarginata Linnaeus, 1758],

by subsequent designation of Bequaert, 1925, Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 20:

137 [erroneously as Sphex maxillosus De-Geer, correctly in 1926, Ann. S. Afr.

Mus. 23: 487].

Erinys Zirngiebl, 1953, Mitt. Pollichia (3) 1: 173, subgenus of Eumenes Latreille

(invalid homonym of Erinys Rye). Type species: Vespa unguiculata Villers, by

monotypy.

Alfieria Giordani Soika, 1934a, Bull. Soc. Entomol. Égypte 4: 436, genus.

Type species: Eumenes anomalus Zavattari, original designation and

monotypy.

Twenty seven species with several additional subspecies have been recorded under this genus from Oriental region (Girish Kumar and Sharma, 2015b).

However, five species under this genus namely, Delta dimidiatipenne de Saussure,

D. campaniforme chloroticum Giordani Soika, D. conoideum Gmelin, D. pyriforme pyriforme Fabricius, D. esuriens esuriens Fabricius and D. viatrix Nurse have been reported from Pakistan. During present study four species i.e. Delta campaniforme campaniforme Fabricius, D. dimidiatipenne de Saussure, D. esuriens esuriens

Fabricius and D. pyriforme pyriforme Fabricius are recorded from Multan division.

Three species are recorded first time from study area.

Key to species of genus Delta de Saussure, 1855

1. MT2 posteriorly and further reaming metasomal segments are black or red (Fig.

8 (A-F))...…………………….……………Delta dimidiatipenne (de Saussure)

-. MT2 posteriorly and further reaming metasomal segments are yellow….……. 2

2. MT2 in dorsal view diversion abruptly from base to middle length and strongly

narrow to the apically; MS2 with longitudinal shallow depression in middle

(Fig. 10 (A-F))….………..…….……..……..…..Delta p. pyriforme (Fabricius)

-. MT2 in dorsal view diversion gradually from base to middle length and

gradually narrow to the apically margin, MS2 without longitudinal shallow

depression in middle………...………………………………………………….3

3. Male antenna with fine short bristles on inner surface of terminal flagellomere;

Scutellum and propodeum with reddish-brown, lack of yellow band, MT2

without two yellow spots basally (Fig. 9 (A-

F))...... Delta e. esuriens (Fabricius)

-. Male antenna lack fine short bristles on inner surface of terminal flagellomere;

Scutellum and propodeum from lateral sides yellow, MT2 with two yellow

spots basally (Fig. 7 (A-F)).….…….……...Delta c. campaniforme (Fabricius)

Delta campaniforme campaniforme (Fabricius, 1775) Fig. 7

(A-F)

Vespa campaniformis Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 371- “Nova Hollandia”

(holotype female London); 1781, Spec. Ins. 1: 467; 1787: Mant. Ins. 1: 292.

Sphex campaniformis; Christ, 1791, Naturgesch. Ins.: 312 (translation of original

description).

Eumenes campaniformis; Fabricius, 1804, Syst. Piez.: 287. - de Saussure, 1852, Ét.

Fam. Vesp. 1: 55 (Australia); 1855, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 131 (? variety of E.

esuriens).

Eumenes gracilis; Ashmead, 1904a, J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 12: 8 (cat.; Manila);

1904b, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 28: 151 (cat.; Philippines).

Eumenes tricolor Cameron, 1906, Nova Guinea 5, Zool. 1: 64, female - “Humboldt

Bay, New Guinea” (Amsterdam). [junior primary homonym of Eumenes

tricolor Smith, 1859].

Eumenes edwardsii; von Schulthess, 1914, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 37: 263 (Sumatra).

Misidentification.

Eumenes caffer var. gracilis; Dover and Rao, 1922, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (N.

S.) 18: 237 [partim: Java; Singapore].

Eumenes campaniformis var. gracilis; Bequaert, 1926, Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 23: 541

(key), 544 (specimens from Lower Siam; Formosa). - Giordani Soika, 1941,

Boll. Soc. Venez. Stor. Nat. 2 (3): 229 (key; in subgenus Delta).

Eumenes caffer var. esuriens; Dover, 1929, Bull. Raffles Mus. 2: 44 (Singapore),

73 (immature stages). Misidentification.

Eumenes campaniformis var. campaniformis; Giordani Soika, 1934b. Mem. Soc.

Entomol. Ital. 12: 227.

Delta campaniformis; Giordani Soika, 1961b, Verh. 11th Intl. Kongr. Entomol. 1:

243. - Cardale, 1985, Zool. Cat. Aust. 2, Hym. Vesp.: 171 (cat.).

Delta campaniforme campaniforme; Gusenleitner, 1987, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 19 (1):

269 (Nepal); 1988a, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 20: 184 (Thailand). - Nguyen et al.,

2014, Entomol. Am. 120 (1): 9 (list). - Nguyen, 2015b, Anim. Syst. Evol.

Divers. 31 (2): 97 (key), figs. 1G, 2B, 3D (Vietnam).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Vehari: Burewala, 28-vi-2015, Leg.

M. Qasim, 1♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Female length (H+M+T1+T2) 15-16.5 mm and male

length about 13.5-15 mm. Male antenna with apical segment hooked and lack of fine short bristles on the terminal flagellomere from inner surface ; pronotum with pretegular carina; scutellum and lateral sides of the propodeum yellow; MT1 smooth; MT2 with apical lamella not preceded by thickening with basally two large yellow spots and in dorsal view diversion gradually from base to the middle length and gradually narrowly to the apical margin; MT2 with lateral view strong swollen one-third dorsally; MS2 lack longitudinal depression in the middle and in lateral view stongly swollen about one-third.

Remarks: New record for Pakistan.

Distribution: Australia; Cambodia; China; Guangdong; India; Indonesia; Laos;

Malaysia; Myanmar; Nepal; Palawan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Singapore;

Thailand and adentive in U. S. A. Vietnam (Nguyen, 2015b) and Pakistan.

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental and Afrotropical.

Delta dimidiatipenne (de Saussure, 1852) Fig. 8

(A-F)

Eumenes dimidiatipennis de Saussure, 1852, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 1: 51, female, male -

“Djidda (Arabie), les Indes Orientales, I’Egypte” (Paris).

Eumenes transcaspicus Morawitz, 1895, Hor. Soc. Entomol. Ross. 29: 414, female,

male - “Transcaspia: Kasandshik; Pul -i -chatun” (? St. Petersburg).

Eumenes maxillosus var. dimidiatipennis; von Schulthess, 1910, Soc. Ent. 25: 17

(female, male). - Bequaert, 1918, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 39: 59 (key), 62,

fig. 47 (map of distribution), 280 (cat.).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Multan: Shar Shah Multan Cant, 01-

vi-2016, 17-viii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Bosan Road, 16-09-2016, Leg. M.

Qasim, 1♀; Qasim Bagh, 01-iii-2015, 17-iv-2015, 02-v-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀;

Jinnah Park, 16-vii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Shah Shamas Park, 02-iv-2016, Leg.

M. Qasim, 1♀; Shujabad city, 03.iv.2015, 01-vi-2015, 03-iv-2016, Leg. M. Qasim,

3♀; Dharewala, 02-viii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Jalalpur Pirwala city, 17-vii-

2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Khanewal: Yousaf Park, 12-iv-2015, Leg. M. Qasim,

1♀; Fazal Park Khanewal, 04-07-2015, 26-v-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Perowal

Forest, 26-08-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Mian Channu, 10-vii-2016, Leg. M.

Qasim, 1♀; Kabirwala, 01-ix2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Lodhran: Miranpur

Plantation reserved Forest, 05-iv-2015, 23-viii-2015, 05-viii-2018, Leg. M. Qasim,

3♀; Kahror Pakka city, 06-vi-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Vehari: Vehari city

(Multan Road), 27.v.2015, 05-ix-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Burewala, 28-iv-2015,

Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Mailsi (Rasool Pura), 09-vi-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: Body size: (H+M+T1+T2) 21 mm. Clypeus

smooth and apically concave; ocular sinus and frons strongly punctured; temple

and vertex lightly punctured. Body Color: Head with dull red and with following

black markings: a broad band lying on vertex as well as upper half area of frons,

each antennal toruli with vertical line that extend behind the vertex to external side

of the temple and also to occiput; last four antennal segments from dorsal side.

Mesosoma with dull red and strongly inconsistent black patches as follows:

mesoscutum wholly black without parategula; anteriorly a black margin present on

scutellum; propleuron generally black; large black area on mesopleuron except dull

red spot below the tegula; near to the mid coxa a red mark present at lower side;

large black area on metapleuron except a red spot on upper side of metapleuron;

metasoma with dull red colour except following black markings: base of the

petiole, MT2 and MS2 apicaliy half, remaining tergites and their sternites

complete.

Previous record from Pakistan: Earlier reported by Gusenleitner (2006a) from

Baluchistan: Quetta (Hazarganji Chiltan National Park). Bodlah et al. (2011; 2012)

reported it from Punjab: Chakwal, Jhelum, Jhang, Faisalabad, Multan, Gujrat and

Gujranwala. Mahmood et al. (2012) reported it from Federal Capital Area:

Islamabad; Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Abbottabad, Battagram, Balakot, Dir, Mansehra,

Peshawar; Baluchistan: Noshkey; Azad Jummu and Kashmir: Bagh. Siddiqui et al.

(2015) reported it from Punjab: Rawalpindi, Attock, Chakwal, Murree and Jhelum.

Recently Shah (2015) reported from Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Mansehra, Balakot,

Battagram, Abbottabad and Havelian. While Faiz et al. (2016) reported it from

Gilgit-Baltistan: Hunza and Ghizer.

Remarks: This species already reported by Bodlah et al. (2011; 2012) from

Multan.

Distribution: Afghanistan; Algeria; Chad; Djibouti; Egypt; Eritrea; Ethiopia;

India; Iran; Jordan; Mauritania; Nepal; Niger; Morocco; Oman; Pakistan; Qatar;

Saudi Arabia; Spain; Somalia; South Africa; Sudan; Syria; Tajikistan; Turkey;

Turkmenistan; U.A.E.; Uganda; Yemen (Srinivasan and Girish Kumar 2010;

Bodlah et al., 2011; Siddiqui et al., 2015).

Bio-ecological Zone: Afrotropical and Palearctic.

4.2.5.3 Delta esuriens esuriens (Fabricius, 1787)

Fig. 9 (A-F)

Vespa esuriens Fabricius, 1787, Mant. Ins. 1: 293, sex not stated “India”

(København) - Fabricius, 1793, Entomol. Syst. 2: 280.

Vespa pediculata Olivier, 1792 (1791), Encycl. Méthod., Ins. 6: 671 - “Indes

orientales”.

Eumenes esuriens; Fabricius, 1804, Syst. Piez.: 286. - de Saussure, 1852, Ét. Fam.

Vesp. 1: 56, pl. XI fig. 2 (female, male; syn.: Vespa pediculata Olivier; “Indes

Orientales”, Persia, etc.); Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 131 (E. gracilis, and perhaps

urvillei, are varieties of this species which is distributed from Senegal to China

and the Sunda Is.).

Eumenes boscii de Saussure, 1855, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 132 (MS name, as a synonym

of E. esuriens).

Eumenes caffer var. esuriens; Bequaert, 1918, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 39: 275

(cat.; in part; not p. 73).

Eumenes campaniformis var. esuriens; Bequaert, 1926, Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 23: 541

(key), 542 (India).

Delta campaniforme esuriens; Giordani Soika, 1957, Brit. Mus. Exp. S. W. Arabia

1: 474; 1970, Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia 20/21: 175 (Iran; Iraq; Oman;

Saudi Arabia).

Delta e. esuriens; Giordani Soika, 1992, Lavori Soc. Ven. Sci. Nat. 17: 62

(separation from campaniforme), 63 (distr.). - Gusenleitner, 2004, Linz. Biol.

Beitr. 36 (1): 156 (Oman); 2005, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 37 (2): 1200 (Oman); 2006b,

Linz. Biol. Beitr. 38 (1): 694 (India); 2006a, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 38 (2): 1305

(Pakistan).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Multan: Qasim Bagh, 16-viii-2015,

02-v-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Jinnah Park, 01-vii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀;

Shar Shah Multan Cant, 16-iii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Bosan Road, 02-v-2015,

05-vi-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Jalalpur Pirwala city, 15-ix-2015, Leg. M. Qasim,

1♀; 03-vii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Shujabad city, 03-v-2015, 27-viii-2015, Leg.

M. Qasim, 2♀; Dharewala, 9-x-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; 02-vi-2016, Leg. M.

Qasim, 1♀; Lodhran: Miranpur Plantation reserved Forest, 04-vi-2015, Leg. M.

Qasim, 1♀; Khanewal: Jahanian, 18-v-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Yousaf Park, 27- iv-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Vehari: Mitroo Road Mailsi, 28-vii-2015, Leg. M.

Qasim, 1♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: Body size: (H+M+T1+T2) 14.5-20 mm. Clypeus very smooth, flattened from middle and strongly convex, its anterior border transversely truncate apically; mandible almost yellow except from margins yellowish-brown; frons closely punctured; strong punctures on propodeal dorsum except at dorsolateral angle having scattered punctures; petiole and gaster smooth;

T2 devoid of lamellae separated by the apical thickening.

Body Color: Head with brownish-yellow and black markings as following: vertex with large band as well as upper half area of frons that extending behind the vertex to the temple from outer side to occiput; antennae with light reddish, a black mark present on front of tentorial pit that extended to the antennal scrobe from dorsal side and reaching to the black band of vertex and frons; pronotum approximately totally yellow except from apex of anterior face black; mesoscutum with black except posteriorly with large brown area; scutellum with light red colour and postscutellum with yellow, propleuron blackish-brown or black, mesopleuron brownish-yellow except mesepimeron with brown to blackish-brown and mesosternum with black, metapleuron reddish to brown; petiole base with black and remaining with light reddish and a black band subapically and then with yellow

band; 2nd gastral tergite light reddish basally then black band and the remaining

apically half with yellow; 2nd gastral sternite basally light red except with a yellow

band at apex; all remaining gastral segments yellow with basally black.

Male: Body size: (H+M+T1+T2) 14-17 mm. Apical antennal segment hooke like, curved, long and pointed, last curved hooked articles almost reaches to the apex of ninth antennal articles; deep medial longitudinal groove on S7; aedeagus from apically bulb-like; Remaining characters about same as in female.

Previous record from Pakistan: Earlier Gusenleitner (2006a) reported this

species from Baluchistan: Quetta. Bodlah et al. (2012) reported it from Islamabad;

Punjab: Rawalpindi, Attock, Bakhar, Muzafargarh, Layyah and Mianwali.

Mahmood et al. (2012) reported it from Punjab: Khanpur, Head Fareed; Khyber-

Pakhtunkhwa: Dir, Swat, Mansehra. Siddiqui et al. (2015) reported it from

Islamabad; Punjab: Rawalpindi, Attock and Chakwal. Shah (2015) reported it from

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Mansehra, Balakot and Abbottabad.

Remarks: New record from Multan division.

Distribution: India; Indonesia; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Laos; Mauritius; Myanmar; New

Caledonia; Oman; Pakistan; Philippines; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Sri Lanka; Thailand;

U. A. E.; Vietnam (Gusenleitner, 2006a; Srinivasan and Girish Kumar, 2010;

Bodlah et al., 2012; Mahmood et al., 2012).

Bio-ecological Zone: Afrotropical and Oriental.

4.2.5.5 Delta pyriforme pyriforme (Fabricius, 1775)

Fig. 10 (A-F)

Vespa pyriformis Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Entomol.: 371, sex not stated - “in China”

(type depository unknown); 1781, Spec. Ins. 1: 467; 1787, Mant. Ins. 1: 293.

Vespa petiolata Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 1: 467 - Gmelin, 1790, in Linnaeus,

Syst. Nat., Ed. 13: 2753.

Sphex pyriformis; Christ, 1791, Naturg. Ins.: 312 (translation of original

description).

Sphex rubicunda Christ, 1791, Naturg. Ins.: 316, pl. 32 fig. 1 [female] - locality

unknown.

Sphex thoracica Christ, 1791, Naturg. Ins.: 324, pl. 32 fig. 9 [male] - locality

unknown.

Eumenes petiolata; Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. 3: 361 (example of new

genus Eumenes). - Fabricius, 1804, Syst. Piez.: 284.

Eumenes pyriformis; Fabricius, 1804, Syst. Piez.: 286. - de Saussure, 1855, Ét.

Fam. Vesp. 3: 133 (unidentified species; perhaps = E. petiolata).

Eumenes piriformis; Schulz, 1912, Berl. Entomol. Zeitschr. 57: 88, 101

(emendation; E. petiolata Fabricius differs in coloration only).

Eumenes maxillosus var. petiolatus; Bequaert, 1918, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 39:

59 (key), 63, fig. 49 (map), 281 (this an Oriental and Australian variety;

recorded by Smith from the Cape of Good Hope, probably by mistake; the

record, however, was reproduced by Dalla Torre).

Eumenes maxillosus var. pyriformis; Bequaert, 1926, Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 23: 562,

564 (key; India-southern China).

Delta pyriforme pyriforme; Gusenleitner, 1988a, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 20: 184

(Thailand). - Krombein, 1991, Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 515: 8. - Gusenleitner,

2006b, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 38 (1): 694 (India); 2007a, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 39 (2):

972 (Pakistan). - Srinivasan and Girish Kumar, 2010, J. Threat. Taxa 2 (12):

1314, image 1 (India).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Lodhran: Canal View Park, 05-x-

2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Kahror Pakka city, 18-viii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀;

Multan: Qasim Bagh, 15-vii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: Body size: 25 mm. Clypeus very smooth,

flattened from center and strongly convex from its anterior margin of apex, frons

closely punctured; propodeum strongly punctured from upper side and smooth at

the dorsolateral angle; gaster more or less smooth with small scattered punctures;

T2 devoid of lamellae that separated through apical thickening.

Body Colour: Head with yellow and broad black transverse band between eyes on

vertex; occiput generally black; antenna with reddish to brown; pronotum

completely and mesoscutum anteriorly with yellow colour, the posteriorly lateral

area brown or black or reddish to brown; tegula and parategula reddish-brown;

scutellum, postscutellum and propleuron black or reddish-brown along with

extremely uneven black markings; mesopleuron, metapleuron and legs reddish-

brown with variable black markings; petiole basally 3rd and 2nd gastral tergum with

reddish-brown, its 3rd segment posteriorly and all visible remaining segments with

yellow.

Previous record from Pakistan: Earlier Gusenleitner (2007a) reported this

species from Islamabad. Later, Bodlah et al. (2012) recorded it from Islamabad;

Punjab: Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Attock, Bakhar, Layyah, Muzafargarh Mianwali,

Jhang, Khushab, Sargodha, D.G. Khan, Rajanpur and Bahawalpur. Mahmood et al.

(2012) reported it from Islamabad; Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Peshawar. Siddiqui et al.

(2015) recorded it from Punjab: Rawalpindi.

Remarks: First time recorded from Multan division.

Distribution: Bhutan; China; India; Myanmar; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka;

Thailand; Vietnam (Gusenleitner, 2007a, Srinivasan and Girish Kumar, 2010;

Mahmood et al., 2012; Nguyen, 2015b).

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental.

Genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802

Eumenes Latreille, 1802: 360. Type species: “Eumenes coarctata, Fab.” [=Vespa

coarctata Linnaeus, 1758], by subsequent designation of Latreille 1810: 438.

Alpha de Saussure, 1855: 128, 137, pl. VII, name for division I of genus Eumenes

Latreille in de Saussure, 1852, loc. cit. 1: 28. Junior homonym of Alpha de

Saussure, 1854. Type species: Vespa coarctata Linnaeus, by subsequent

designation of Bequaert 1926: 485.

Eumenis Kriechbaumer, 1879: Entomol Nacher, 5: 57. Unjustified emendation.

Eumenidion von Schulthess, 1913: 2, as subgenus of Eumenes Latreille. Type

species: “Eumenes coarctatus L.” [=Vespa coarctata Linnaeus, 1758], by

original designation.

The Eumenes genus is very large having more than 100 species and 45

subspecies, mostly recorded from the temperate regions of northern Hemisphere

(Vecht and Fischer 1972). These wasps vary with coloration from brown and black

with orange, yellow, white or red markings. Their metasoma is "bulbous" like with

1st metasomal segment elongated and somewhat narrow (Siddiqui et al. 2015).

Key to species of genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802

1. Antennae with black except ventrobasally, scape yellow. Below tegula a yellow

mark present on mesopleuron and meta-somal tergum 2 with large yellow spots

laterally (Fig. 12 (A-F))..…...... …..…...….Eumenes punctatus de Saussure

-. Antennae totally black. Area between the antennae of males with a bright mark

longitudinally. In males 2-6 metasomal bands (Fig. 11 (A-

F))..…………………………………..………...... Eumenes papillarius (Christ)

Eumenes papillarius (Christ, 1791) Fig. 11

(A-F)

Sphex papillaria Christ, 1791, Naturgesch. Insect.: 325, pl. 32 fig. 10 [locality not

mentioned; “Kronberg, Taunus”, fide Blüthgen, 1961, Abhand. Deutsch. Akad.

Wiss. Berl., Kl. Chem. Geol. Biol. 1961 (2)] (destroyed).

Eumenes bipunctis de Saussure, 1852, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 1: 33, pl. XI fig. 7, female -

“L’Europe?” (lectotype Genève). - Blüthgen, 1938b, Deutsch. Entomol.

Zeitschr.: 473, 485 (identity uncertain).

Eumenes bimaculatus André, 1884, Spec. Hym. Eur. 2: 645 [female] - “Europe

méridionale” (type depository unknown) [var.].

Eumenes papillarius papillarius; Blüthgen, 1938b, Deutsch. Entomol. Zeitschr.:

477 (key), 484.

Eumenes papillarius monticola Blüthgen, 1956, Mem.Estud. Mus. Zool. Univ.

Coimbra 240: 2, male - “Spain: Sierra Nevada, Val del Inferno” (Lausanne).

Eumenes papillarius var. bipunctis; Gusenleitner, 1973, Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.

Venezia 22/23: 89 (bimaculatus syn. of bipunctis; Germany; France; Czech

Republic; Greece). - Gusenleitner, 2008b, Checklist. Fauna Österreichs 3: 36

(list).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Khanewal: Perowal Forest, 14-vii-

2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Vehari: Chandni Park, 03-vi-2015, 16-1x-2015, Leg. M.

Qasim, 2♀; Askari Park Mailsi, 09-v-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Mitroo Road

Mailsi, 06-ix-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Tiba Sultan pur, 26-vii-2016, Leg. M.

Qasim, 1♀; Burewala, 14.x.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Multan: Shar Shah Multan

Cant, 05-vi-2015, 01-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Shujabad city, 9.x.2015, 2-vii-

2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: Body size: 13mm. Body color black with

following yellow markings: basal half of the clypeus with yellow band and fine

puncture, space between antennal, eyes top from its behind side, pronotum broadly from its basal margin, tegula, postscutellum, below tegula a mark on mesopleuron, petiole with middle laterally small spots, lateral sides of 2nd gastral tergite with a

large spot, all tergites from its posterior margins. 2nd gastral tergite with yellow

band that deeply emarginate at middle; sometimes tegula yellowish brown; legs

with blackish-brown except trochanters, head, thorax and abdomen with dense and

finely puncture.

Male: Body size: 12-13 mm. In general appearance structure of male and female similar.

Previous record from Pakistan: Siddiqui et al. (2015) reported this species from

Punjab: Murree.

Remarks: First time reported from Multan division.

Distribution: Austria; Azarbaijan; Albania; Belgium; Belarus; Bulgaria; Czech

Republic; France; Finland; Germany; Greece; Iran; Italy; Kazahkstan; Mongolia;

Macedonia; Netherlands; Pakistan; Poland; Russia; Spain; Serbia; Switzerland;

Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine (Gusenleitner, 1972; Rad et al., 2010; Siddiqui et

al., 2015).

Bio-ecological Zone: Palearctic.

Eumenes punctatus de Saussure, 1852 Fig. 12

(A-F)

Eumenes punctata de Saussure, 1852, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 1: 37, female, male - “La

Chine” (London, type no. 18.148). - Dalla Torre, 1894, Cat. Hym. 9: 31 (cat.). -

Dalla Torre, 1904, Gen. Ins. 19: 24 (cat.). - Dover and Rao, 1922, J. Proc.

Asiat. Soc. Beng. (n. s.) 18: 237 (punctatus; Sikkim, common).

Eumenes formosensis nigrior Giordani Soika, 1973, Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.

Venezia 24: 126, male, female - “China: Suifu, Szechuan” (Washington); also

from two other localities. - Kim and Yamane, 2001, Ent. Sci. 4(2): 139, 150

(syn. of E. punctatus de Saussure).

Eumenes punctatus nigrior; Giordani Soika, 1986, Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat.

Venezia 35: 158 (China).

Eumenes asioboreus Kim and Yamane, 2001, Ent. Sci. 4 (2): 139, 143 (key), 152,

figs. 61-62, 70, female, male - “Campus of Yeongnam Univ., Kyeongsan,

Korea” (holotype female Seoul); also from numerous other localities; and

Russia.

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Multan: Bosan Road, 02-x-2016,

Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Shujabad city, 16.ix.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♂; Jalalpur

Pirwala city, 21-vi-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Khanewal: Jahanian, 12-viii-2015,

Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: Body size: (H+M+T1+T2) 11-13 mm. Body color black with following yellow markings: clypeus, space between antennal, base of antennal scape ventrally, eyes top from its behind side, pronotum broadly from its basal margin, postscutellum, tegula, below tegula a mark on mesopleuron, propodeum latterly (sometimes it reduced or absent), petiole with middle laterally spots (sometimes absent), lateral sides of 2nd gastral tergite with a large spot, all

tergites from its posterior margins. 2nd gastral tergite with yellow band that deeply

emarginate at middle; sometimes tegula yellowish brown; legs with yellowish- brown except trochanters, coxa and the base of femora with black, fore femur and

tibia with yellow dorsally. Wings hyaline suffused brown. Head, thorax and

abdomen with dense and finely puncture, obscurely pubescent; clypeus convex

shape and deeply emarginate.

Male: Body size: (H+M+T1+T2) 10-11 mm. In general appearance structure of male similar to female.

Previous record from Pakistan: Siddiqui et al. (2015) reported this species from

Punjab: Attock.

Remarks: This species is recorded first time from Multan division.

Distribution: China; India; Japan; Pakistan; Russia; South Korea; Sri Lanka

(Srinivasan and Girish Kumar, 2010; Siddiqui et al., 2015).

Bio-ecological Zone: Palearctic.

4.2.7 Genus Indodynerus Gusenleitner, 2008

Indodynerus Gusenleitner, 2008a: Linz. Biol. Beitr. 1495, genus. Type species:

Indodynerus capitatus Gusenleitner, 2008a, by monotypy and its original

designation.

This genus was already reported from Islamabad (Pakistan) and

Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala (India) (Gusenleitner, 2008a; Girish Kumar and

Sharma, 2015b; Girish Kumar et al., 2013b). However, during present study only

one species i.e. Indodynerus capitatus is recorded from Multan division.

4.2.7.1 Indodynerus capitatus Gusenleitner, 2008

Fig. 13 (A-F)

Indodynerus capitatus Gusenleitner, 2008a, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 40 (2): 1495, 1500,

female “India, Karnataka, Sulymedikeri, 150 m, 12°31,8N 75°29,0E”

(Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseums Linz); also from Pakistan; 2010, Linz.

Biol. Beitr. 42 (1): 696 (compared to I. malickyi n. sp.). - Girish Kumar et al.,

2013b, Uttar Pradesh J. Zool. 33 (1): 81, figs. 1-3 (India).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Multan: Sher Shah Multan Cant, 15- v-2015, 16-xi-2014, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Jinnah Park, 21-x-2015, Leg. M. Qasim,

1♀; Khanewal: Perowal Forest, 07-vi-2015, 24-viii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀;

Jahanian, 10-ix-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: Body size: (H+M+T1+T2) 10.5-11 mm. Clypeus with fine sparse punctures; lack of epicnemial carina. Body Colour: Body black in color with the following white parts: Clypeus at its base with transverse band, a broad band at internal margin of eye that starting from the base of clypeus and end to the ocular sinus, interantennal space with a spot, temple with linear mark on their upper portion, center of pronotum with a transverse band; T1 and T2 apically with broad and narrow transverse band respectively; postero-lateral corner of S2 with a small spot. Spines of tarsal and claws with blackish-brown color. Wings with dark violaceous reflection.

Previous record from Pakistan: Gusenleitner (2008a) already reported this species from Federal Capital area: Islamabad.

Remarks: First time recorded from Multan division.

Distribution: India and Pakistan (Gusenleitner, 2008a).

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental.

4.2.8 Genus Knemodynerus Bluthgen, 1940

Knemodynerus Blüthgen, 1940, Entomol. Tidskr. 61: 43, subgenus of “Euodynerus

Blüthgen” [= Euodynerus Dalla Torre]. Type species: Odynerus (Lionotus)

excellens Pérez, 1907, by original designation.

Trachyodynerus Giordani Soika, 1989, Lavori Soc. Ven. Sci. Nat. 14: 19, 60,

genus. Type species: Trachyodynerus dancaliensis Giordani Soika, 1989, by

original designation.

Genus Knemodynerus is potter wasps that distributed throughout the

Afrotropical, Australasian, Indomalayan and Palearctic regions (Carpenter and

Madl, 2009). During present study only one species of this genus is recorded from

Multan division.

4.2.8.1 Knemodynerus excellens (Pérez, 1907)

Fig. 14 (A-F)

Odynerus excellens Pérez, 1907, Bull. Scient. Fr. Belg. 41: 493, female, male (in

subgenus Lionotus) - “Dibba (côte d’Oman), female; Bahrein, male” (Paris).

Rhynchium auratiacum Cameron, 1908, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 18: 307, male -

“Deesa” (London, no. 18.464a).

Euodynerus excellens; Blüthgen, 1939, Veröff. Deutsch. Kolon. Übersee Mus.

Bremen 2: 240 (no. 13, synonymy). - van der Vecht and Fischer, 1972, Hym.

Cat. (n. ed.) 8: 94 (in subgenus Knemodynerus; cat.). - Guichard, 1986 (1985),

Fauna Saudi Arabia 7: 212 (key), 222, fig. 32 (Saudi Arabia; Qatar).

Knemodynerus excellens; Giordani Soika, 1994, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. “G.

Doria” 90: 259 (key), 269.

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Multan: Jinnah Park, 02-v-2015, Leg.

M. Qasim, 1♀; Shar Shah Multan Cant, 23-vi-2015, 02.vii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim,

2♀; Khanewal: Kabirwala, 25.xi.2014, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♂; 05-v-2015, Leg. M.

Qasim, 1♂; Vehari: Wildlife Park, 25-vii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Lodhran:

Canal view Park, 22-vi-2015, 05-vii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Makhdoom Aali,

08-vii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1 ♂.

Diagnostic Characters: Male: Body completely cover with punctures. Head:

Clypeus yellow with fine punctures, apical margin shallowly emarginate. Mandible yellow but apically and its tooth black with first tooth long; all antennal segment with radish brown except scape yellow, male antennae hooked apically; area between eye and antenna smooth; ocular sinus and fron yellow with deep puncture; ocellus surrounded with black mark; vertex and temple with deep punctures;

Mesonotum, pronotum, scutum, scutellum, propodeum and mesopleuron densely

punctate, diameter of puncture grater than distance between the punctures and with yellow color; mesoscutum some time yellow to dark brownish surrounded with

black marking; tegula posteriorly not evenly rounded and emarginate adjoining the

parategula that usually surpassing apex of latter; tegula narrow and bent somewhat

inwards apically; propodeum oftently with well developed superior carinae, more

or less lamelliform, propodeum having lamellae or carinae behind their metanotum;

metasoma not petiolate; T1 width more than half of T2, much less than twice as

long as wide, T1 devoid of carina, T2 devoid of distinct lamella, apex not more

thinner than disc, T1 with translucent or transparent apical border; forewing with

nd nd 2 submarginal cell not petiolate anteriorly, both recurrent veins received from 2 submarginal cell.

Female: Body length: (different small from male). Character same as in male

except clypeal punctures with strong straight lines.

Previous record from Pakistan: Gusenleitner (2006a) reported this species from

Punjab: Multan and Baluchistan: Quetta.

Remarks: Aleady this species was reported by Gusenleitner (2006a) from Multan.

However, during present study new localities of district Multan, Lodhran Vehari and Khanewal are recorded.

Distribution: India; Iran; Oman; Pakistan; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; Turkmenistan;

U.A.E. (Gusenleitner, 2006a; Gusenleitner et al., 2013).

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental, Afrotropical and Palearctic.

4.2.9 Genus Odynerus Latreille, 1802

Odynerus Latreille, 1802, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. 3: 362, genus (2 species). Type

species: Vespa spinipes Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation of

Shuckard, 1837, Mag. Nat. Hist. (n. s.) 1: 494.

Odynera Illiger, 1807, Magaz. Insektenk. 6: 196. Unjustified emendation.

Epipone Kirby and Spence, 1815, Introd. Entomol. 1: 340, genus. Type species:

Vespa spinipes Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy.

Oplopus Wesmael, 1836, Bull. Acad. R. Belg. Cl. Sci. 3: 45, subgenus of Odynerus

Latreille (3 species). Junior homonym of Oplopus Laporte, Type species:

Vespa spinipes Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation of Girard, 1879,

Traité Élement. d’Entomol. II (2): 902.

Oplomerus Westwood, 1840, Introd. Modern Classif. Ins. 2 (Synopsis): 84,

subgenus of Odynerus Latreille, replacement for Oplopus Wesmael, 1836.

Hoplomerus Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. Zool., Index Univ.: 185. Unjustified

emendation of Oplomerus Westwood.

Hoplopus Agassiz, 1846, Nomencl. Zool., Index Univ.: 186. Unjustified

emendation of Oplopus Wesmael.

Odyneurus [!]Wolcott, 1924 (1923), J. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico 7 (1): 41.

4.2.9.1 Odynerus reniformis (Gmelin, 1790)

Fig. 15 (A-F)

? Vespa sexfasciata Fabricius, 1781, Spec. Ins. 1: 465 - “Italia” (male coll.

Fabricius).

Vespa reniformis Gmelin, 1790, in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1 (5): 2760

[female] - “in Europa” (Mus. Lesk.; destroyed).

Vespa melanochra Gmelin, 1790, in Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1 (5): 2760 [male] -

“in Europa” (Mus. Lesk.; destroyed).

Pterocheilus coxalis Herrich-Schaeffer, 1839, Fauna Insect. Germ. 173, Synopsis

Pterocheilus: 1 (key), 6, fig. 17, female, male

Odynerus reaumurii Dufour, 1839, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. (2): 11 90, female, male -

“environs de Saint-Séver” (dept. des Landes, France) [var.] (? Paris).

Odynerus dufourii Lepeletier, 1841, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. 2: 642, female - “Saint-

Séver” (coll. Lepeletier, ? Paris) [var. reaumurii].

Odynerus velox de Saussure, 1853, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 1: 217 (key), 228, female (in

subgenus Oplopus)

? Odynerus depressus André, 1883, Naturalista Sicil. 3: 232, female - “Sicilia”

(type depository unknown).

Odynerus reniformis; André, 1884 (syn.: depressus). - Berland, 1928, Faune France

19: 68 (key), 72, figs. 120-122.

Hoplomerus reniformis; Blüthgen, 1938a (1937), Konowia 16: 285 (synonymy;

melarwchroa [!]); 1943, Stettin. Entomol. Ztg. 104: 157-158 (ethology); 1951,

Mitt. Münch. Entomol. Ges. 41: 163 (ethology); 1952, Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol.

Ges. 25: 353.

Oplomerus reniformis; Blüthgen, 1960, Doriana 3, 107: 1; 1961, Abhand. Deutsch.

Akad. Wiss. Berl., Kl. Chem. Geol. Biol. 1961 (2): 70 (fig. 34), 79 (key), 80.

Oplomerus reniformis balcanicus Blüthgen, 1960, Doriana 3 (107): 5, female -

“Hanista, Macedonien” (Berlin); also from Taygetos [= Taiyetos] Mts.,

Peloponnisos. - Gusenleitner, 1998b, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 30 (1): 163, 174 (syn. of

O. reniformis).

Odynerus reniformis balcanicus; Blüthgen, 1961, Abhand. Deutsch. Akad. Wiss.

Berl., Kl. Chem. Geol. Biol. 1961 (2): 81 (Balkans).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Lodhran: Canal view Park,

04.vi.2015, 20-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♂.

Diagnostic Characters: Male: Body black with yellow marking; clypeus

completely yellow with apically deep emarginate; antennae black dorsally, scape

completely yellow and remaining segment light yellowish with last segment hooked apically in male; yellow spots on upper portion between the antennal space; temple with yellow mark; pronotum with large yellow mark; metanotum

completely yellow; tegula evenly rounded posteriorly, not emarginate the adjoining

parategula and usually not surpassing or reaching the apex of latter; propodeum with lateral carinae absent or some time weak; mesosoma and temples with long

hairs; MT with apically yellow band that somewhat extended from middle and

lateral side.

Remarks: This species is new record for Pakistan.

Distribution: Austria; Belarus; Bulgaria; England; France; Germany; Greece;

Italy; including Sicily; Macedonia; Spain (Mallorca); Switzerland; Turkey; central

Asia; rare in North Africa (Gusenleitner, 1998b) and recently reported from

Pakistan.

Bio-ecological Zone: Palearctic but rear in Afrotropical.

4.2.10 Genus Stenodynerus de Saussure, 1863

Stenodynerus de Saussure, 1863, Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 17: 228,

division of subgenus Odynerus of genus Odynerus Latreille (2 species). Placed

on Official List of International Generic Names in Zoology, Opinion 893, 1970,

Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 26: 187-191 (no. 1871). Type species: Odynerus

chinensis de Saussure, 1863, by subsequent designation of Bohart, 1939, Pan-

Pacif. Entomol. 15: 100; confirmed by Opinion 893 (no. 2328 of Official List

of Specific Names in Zoology).

Nannodynerus Blüthgen, 1938a(1937), Konowia 16: 281, subgenus of

“Euodynerus Blüthgen” [= Euodynerus Dalla Torre]; Deutsch. Entomol.

Zeitschr.: 453, 458 (genus). Type species: Odynerus teutonicus Blüthgèn, 1937,

by original designation.

Parhypodynerus Giordani Soika, 1973, Boll. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia 24: 110,

genus. Type species: Odynerus pavidus Kohl, 1905, by original designation.

The genus Stenodynerus was established by de Saussure (1863). More than

160 species and 26 additional subspecies have been recorded worldwide. This genus distributed in the Nearctic, Oriental, Palearctic and Neotropical Regions (Ma et al., 2016). Two species, Stenodynerus aequisculptus and Stenodynerus trotzinai, were previously reported by Gusenleitner (2006a) from Pakistan. During present study one new to science species Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et

Rafi, sp. nov. reported first time from Pakistan (Qasim et al., 2017).

4.2.10.1 Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi, sp. nov. ♀

Fig. 16 (A-F)

Material Examined: Holotype: ♀, Pakistan, Punjab province, Multan: 30.2674°

N, 71.5018° E, Elevation: 123 m, July, 2015 (leg. M. Qasim) [deposited in the

NIM, NARC Islamabad, Pakistan].

Etymology: The specific name punjabensis refers to the Punjab region where the

type specimens were collected.

Diagnostic Characters: Distinguished from the other species of genus

Stenodynerus by body black with yellow and light yellowish ferruginous markings and covered with dense and large punctures, clypeus truncate apically, T1 reticulate at declivity and S2 evenly convex.

Description: Female: Holotype body length from dorsal side approximately: Head

0.8 mm; Mesosoma length 3.23 mm; T1+T2 3.23 mm; forewing length

approximately 7 mm.

Structure: Clypeus apically truncate and with sparse punctures. Mandible five-

dentate with long distal tooth. Interantennal space with median prominence. Area

between eyes and antennae lacking macropunctures. Frons with coarse punctures.

Cephalic foveae shallow and small. Pronotum, scutum, scutellum and mesopleuron

densely punctate. Propodeum with large deep, shallow punctures as compared to

pronotum, scutum and scutellum. Humeri slightly pointed anteriorly with dorsal

carina present only laterally, pronotum anteriorly with shining and sloping surface

and with few punctures, median foveae forming a V-shaped depression. Parategula

with its hind margin strongly concave. T1 with coarse punctation appearing

reticulate at declivity. S1 with central longitudinal ridge, punctation reduced

adjacent to this. S2 with basal groove coarsely ridged; evenly convex, with

basomedian sulcus.

markings as follows: whole venter of scape; tegula largely; parategula; apical half

of fore and mid femora, apex of hind femur; all tibiae and tarsi.

Remarks: In the key by Gusenleitner (1981) this species comes closest to xanthomelas (Herrich-Schaeffer), which has been recorded from Iran. We have examined the specimens of xanthomelas in the collection of the AMNH, clypeus is different, being truncate apically in punjabensis and emarginate in xanthomelas. A truncate clypeus is also found in sapidus (Giordani Soika), which we have not seen, but according to Gusenleitner’s key the second metasomal sternum is different, being convex in punjabensis but flat in sapidus.

Distribution: Pakistan (Qasim et al., 2017).

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental.

4.2.11 Genus Subancistrocerus de Saussure, 1855

Subancistrocerus de Saussure, 1855, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 206, name for division I of

subgenus Ancistrocerus Wesmael of genus Odynerus Latreille in de Saussure,

1852, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 1: 126 declared available from date of publication by

Opinion 893 (ICZN, 1970). Type species: Odynerus sichelii de Saussure, 1855,

by subsequent designation of Bequaert, 1925, Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 51: 61;

confirmed by Opinion 893.

Epancistrocerus de Saussure, 1856, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 3: 352, in Errata, substitute

name for Subancistrocerus de Saussure. Type species: Odynerus sichelii de

Saussure, 1855, by subsequent designation of Bequaert, 1925, Trans. Am.

Entomol. Soc. 51: 61.

Subancystrocerus Dalla Torre, 1894, Cat. Hym. 9: 93 (incorrect spelling of

Subancistrocerus de Saussure).

The genus Subancistrocerus is mainly distributed in the Oriental Region, which contains 25 species and two additional subspecies (Carpenter, unpublished).

Five species and one additional subspecies are recorded from Ethiopian Region and two species from the Australian Region (Carpenter et al., 2010; Carpenter, unpublished, Girish Kumar, 2013). During present study this genus is reported first time from Pakistan with new to science species Subancistrocerus pakistanensis

Qasim, Carpenter et Rafique, sp. nov.

4.2.11.1 Subancistrocerus pakistanensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafique, sp.

nov.♀

Fig. 17 (A-F)

Material Examined: Holotype, ♀, Pakistan, Punjab province, Multan: Qasim

Bagh, 30.1974° N, 71.4743° E, Elev: 141 m, 04-viii-2015 (leg. M. Qasim)

[deposited in NIM, NARC Islamabad, Pakistan]; Paratype, ♀, same data as holotype, [deposited in AMNH, New York, USA]. Paratype, Multan: Bosan Road,

16.viii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Jinnah Park, 02-vii-2015, 17-viii-2016, Leg. M.

Qasim, 2♀; Ex. NIM.

Etymology: The specific name pakistanensis refers to the country name “Pakistan”

where the type specimens were collected.

Diagnostic Characters: Distinguished from the other species of this genus by body black with abundant whitish yellow markings; first metasomal segment is

narrow and short.

Description: Female: Holotype body length approximately from dorsal view (Head

0.53 mm, Mesosoma 2.81 mm, TI + TII 3.03 mm) forewing length approximately

5.21 mm.

Structure: Clypeus truncate apically, sparsely punctate and depressed medially;

labrum short; mandible five-dentate with long distal tooth; interantennal space with

median frontal prominence; area between eyes and antennae without

macropunctures; frons, vertex and temple with coarse punctures; vertex short;

cephalic foveae small and contiguous; pronotum, scutum, scutellum, propodeum

and mesopleuron densely punctate except metapleuron largely impunctate;

punctures larger and deeper than those on head; anterior face of pronotum with

median foveae surrounded with smooth area; propleuron with fine, dense

punctures; tegula campanulate; parategula from its hind margin strongly concave;

propodeum shallowly coarsely punctate, with submarginal carina projecting as long

tooth; metasomal tergum 1 with two transverse carinae; metasomal sternum 1

strongly ridged, forming what appear to be paired central pits; metasomal sternum

2 strongly convex, with basal groove coarsely ridged.

Body Color: Body black, with abundant whitish yellow markings as follows:

Clypeus whitish except for transverse mesal spot black, apical margin brownish;

mandible brownish, basally white and teeth blackish; all antennal articles black

except scape whitish ventrally; white spot between antennae somewhat expended

from middle; ocular sinus with white spot; temple with white spot; pronotum with

two triangular whitish spots; metanotum medially with white spot; tegula whitish

except medial stripe; parategula completely white; all femora brownish except

apically white on fore and mid femur; all tibiae dorsally whitish with basal small

brownish area in mid and hind tibiae and ventrally brownish; all tarsi brownish

except pro and mid tarsi whitish with apically brownish spots; T1, T2 and S2 with

white apical bands.

Remarks: In key of Giordani Soika (1994), this species runs down to sichelii (de

Saussure), the type of genus, which has been recorded from India. Like that species, the pale markings are whitish yellow. But the pale markings are much less abundant in sichelii than in this species, with the tegula being entirely black in all the specimens at the American Museum of Natural History. The first metasomal segment is differently shaped in two species, being narrower and shorter with two transverse carinae in the Pakistan specimens, which are also smaller in size.

Distribution: Pakistan.

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental.

4.2.12 Genus Xenorhynchium Van der Vecht, 1963

Xenorhynchium van der Vecht, 1963, Zool. Verh., Leiden 60:111, genus.

Type species Vespa nitidula Fabricius, 1798, by original designation and

monotypy.

The genus Xenorhynchium Van der Vecht is endemic to the Indian

subcontinent and recorded one species Xenorhynchium nitidulum from Indian subcontinent (Girish Kumar and Sharma 2015b). However, only one species i.e.

Xenorhynchium nitidulum (Fabricius, 1798) under this genus is recorded first time from Multan division.

4.2.12.1 Xenorhynchium nitidulum (Fabricius, 1798)

Fig. 18 (A-F)

Vespa nitidula Fabricius, 1798, Suppl. Entomol. Syst.: 262 - “in India orientali”

(København); 1804, Syst. Piez.: 260.

Rygchium nitidulum; de Saussure, 1852, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 1: 105, pl. 14 fig. 6 (male;

female; India). - Smith, 1857, Cat. Hym. Br. Mus. 5:43 (cat.).

Odynerus nitidulum; Dover and Rao, 1922, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. (N. S.) 18:

239 (in subgenus Rygchium; India).

Xenorhynchium nitidulum; van der Vecht, 1963, Zool. Verh., Leiden 60: 112, figs.

7d, 8h, 8i (notes on type; India). - Girish Kumar and Sharma, 2014, J. New

Biol. Rep. 3 (3): 234 (list), 249.

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Multan: Shar Shah Multan Cant,

02.vii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♂; Qasim Bagh, 16-viii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim; 03-

viii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Khanewal: Perowal Forest, 10-vi-2016, Leg. M.

Qasim, 1♂; Khanewal city Park, 26-vii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♂; Mian Channu

city, 13-vii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Male: Body size: (H+M+T1+T2) 14 mm. Clypeus from base and scape from ventral side with whitish-yellow and all segments of flagellar

ventrally brown, apical segment of antenna hooked, long somewhat flattened and

dilated from apical half, having rounded apex, in curled position, its last articles

almost reaches to the apex of ninth antennal segment; labrum triangularly pointed

from apex; tegula laterally enlarged exceeding from parategula posteriorly;

postscutellum raised strongly above from adjoining areas of propodeum; propodeum with the prominent angles laterally and the concave declivity sharply separated from lateral and dorsal areas; metasomal sternum 7 strongly excavated, punctate granulately, bordered by blunt ridge and with arcuate; elongated

parameral spine.

Body Color: Body black; wings with deep fuscous and broadly purple reflection

along costal margin of the forewing, the rest of fusco-hyaline.

Female: Body size: (H+M+T1+T2) 14 mm. Clypeus with pyriforme and bisinuate at their apical half, broadly emarginate apically; triangularly pointed labrum at their

apex; tegula laterally enlarged that exceeding posteriorly from the parategula;

postscutellum raised above strongly from the level of their adjoining areas of the

propodeum, prominent lateral angles at propodeum.

Colour description: Body black; brown from lower side of the ocular sinus, covered

with small fine silvery pile which dense on clypeus except from middle; from front side of face, sides of the mesosoma and on metasoma.

Previous record from Pakistan: Girish Kumar and Lambert (2011) reported this

species from Punjab: Lahore

Remarks: This species is recorded first time from Multan division.

Distribution: Bangladesh; India; Pakistan; Myanmar (Gusenleitner and Mald,

2009; Girish Kumar and Lambert, 2011).

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental.

SUBFAMILY POLISTINAE

The members of subfamily Polistinae are generally known as paper wasps.

This subfamily is divided into two tribes namely, Polistini and Ropalidiini and

contains 958 species under 26 genera (Pickett and Carpenter, 2010). The subfamily

Polistinae can be distinguished from others on the basis of their morphological characteristics such as hind wing with jugal lobe, metasoma subsessile or petiolate from dorsal view and smooth declivity laterally, metacoxa lacking of dorsal carina.

Uptill now 20 species under three genera have been reported from Pakistan.

During present study five species of subfamily Polistinae, two species belong to genus Polistes namely, Polistes indicus Stolfa and Polistes wattii Cameron and three species belong to genus Ropalidia namely, Ropalidia brevita Das and Gupta,

Ropalidia c. colorata van der Vecht and Ropalidia v. variegata (Smith) are recorded from Multan division.

Key to the genera of subfamily Polistinae

1. First segment of abdomen subsessile; conical from dorsal view; smoothly

rounded from their lateral view; propodeum have orifice acute in dorsal view;

apically the pronotal lobe having a distinct carina in front of the tegula

...... Polistes Latreille

-. First segment of abdomen with different shape; petiolate from dorsal view,

rounded propodeum in dorsal view; apically the pronotal lobe without a carina

in front of the tegula…...... Ropalidia Guerin-Meneville

Genus Polistes Latreille, 1802

Polistes Latreille, 1802, 363. Type species: “Polistes gallica, Fab.” [=Vespa gallica

Linnaeus], by subsequent designation of Latreille, 1810: 438.

Eupolistes Dalla Torre, 1904: 68, name for “Premiere division” of Polistes Latreille

in de Saussure, 1853, 45. Type species: Vespa gallica Linnaeus, by subsequent

designation of Richards 1973, 86.

Pseudopolistes Weyrauch, 1937: 266, 274. Unavailable; no type species

designated.

Sulcopolistes Blüthgen, 1938a, 5: 273, as subgenus of Polistes Latreille. Type

species: Polistes semenowi Morawitz, 1889, by original designation.

Polistula Weyrauch, 1938, 5: 273. Unavailable; no type species designated.

Polistula Weyrauch, 1939, 8: 148. Type species: Polistes kohli Dalla Torre, 1904

[=Polistes biglumis Linnaeus, 1758], by original designation. Validation by

type selection of Polistula Weyrauch, 1938.

Pseudopolistes Weyrauch, 1939, 8: 195. Validation by type selection of

Pseudopolistes Weyrauch, 1937. Type species: Polistes sulcifer Zimmermann,

by original designation.

Leptopolistes Blüthgen, 1943, 12: 99, 121, as subgenus of Polistes Latreille. Type

species: Polistes associus Kohl, by original designation.

This genus is one of the largest genus of family Vespidae. This genus

contains more than 200 species and subspecies throughout the World (Carpenter,

1996; unpublished). During present study two species of this genus were collected

from Multan division.

Key to species of genus Polistes Latreille, 1802

1. Clypeus punctate with deep punctures at lower half area. Vertex with reddish

brown. Body completely yellowish-brown. Antenna articles reddish-orange,

with first two completely and third partly black above (Fig. 19 (A-

F))...... Polistes indicus Stolfa

-. Clypeus totally punctate. Occipital carina in female complete; ocellus enclosed

with black mark. Mesonotum brownish without distinct yellow stripes.

Metasoma brown, mixed with yellow colour (Fig. 20 (A-

F))……………………………………………………...Polistes wattii Cameron

Polistes indicus Stolfa, 1934 Fig. 19

(A-F)

Polistes indicus Stolfa, 1934. Bull. Soc. Venez. Stor. Nat., 1: 47. des., fig. Type:

Pakistan: Punjab: Salt Range: Khewra (Calcutta). [In 1934, the type locality

was in India]. Das and Gupta, 1983. Oriental Ins., 17: 405. cat., syn., ref., distr.

Pakistan.

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Multan: Bosan Road, 16.iii.2015, 02-

vii-2015, 11-ix-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀; Shah Shamas Park, 16-viii-2015, 16-iii-

2016, 01-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♂; 2♀; Jalalpur Pirwala city, 17-vi-2015, Leg.

M. Qasim, 1♀; Khanbela, 01-viii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Shujabad city,

17.xi.2014, 03-v-2016, 01-x-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀; Khanewal: Yousaf Park,

10-xi-2014, 26-vii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Vehari: Mitroo Road Mailsi,

25.viii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Lodhran: Lodhran city, 20-iv-2015, 05-x-2015,

Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Miranpur Plantation reserved Forest, 05-viii-2015, Leg. M.

Qasim, 1♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Male: Body size: 10.5-11 mm. Body with very fine silver pubescence. Head more extensive than thorax; clypeus rounded at apical edges and poorly developed from lateral angle, clypeus elevated from sides and with closely fine punctures; fine superficial punctures present on rest of head; interocular space more on vertex then that of clypeus; temple narrow and antenna less away from eye as compare to each other; mesopleuron with less developed carina; fine irregular striations present on ventral and dorsal side of metapleuron and strong striations present on propodium; gaster having fine puncture.

Body Color: Yellow brown; antenna reddish except black mark present on scape and spots on 2nd and 3rd segments. In few specimens the gastral tergite and their sternite black in colour with apical yellow bands.

Previous record from Pakistan: Dvořák (2007) reported this species from

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Peshawar. Gusenleitner (2007a) reported this species from

Gilgit-Baltistan: Gasdas, Ghizar valley, Thiee, Jaglot and Chilas. Mahmood et al.

(2012) recorded it from Punjab: Bahawalpur: Chak, 28 BC; Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa:

Kohat, Abad Khel, Sindh: Sukkur, Allahyar Pinhwar, Ghotki, Taj Mohammad Ruk;

Gilgit-Baltistan: Hunza, Chillas. Siddiqui et al. (2015) reported this species from

Punjab: Rawalpindi, Attock, Jhelum and Chakwal. Shah (2015) reported from

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Mansehra, Balakot, Baffa, Oghi, Battagram, Allai,

Abbottabad, Havelian and Ayubia. Faiz et al. (2016) reported this species from

Gilgit-Baltistan: Gilgit and Astore.

Remarks: This species is recorded first time from Multan division.

Distribution: Afghanistan; Iran; Iraq; India; Oman; Pakistan; U.A.E. (Carpenter,

1996; Gusenleitner, 2007a; Abbasi et al., 2008; Girish Kumar and Lambert, 2010).

Bio-ecological Zone: Afrotropical and Palearctic.

Polistes wattii Cameron, 1900 Fig. 20

(A-F)

Polistes wattii Cameron, 1900: 416. Type: Female, West Bengal (BMNH).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Multan: Jinnah Park, 02.v.2015, 2-v-

2016, 17-iv-2016, 15-vii-2016, 1-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 8♀; Shar Shah Multan

Cant, 07.x.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Bosan Road, 16.viii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim,

2♀; Qasim Bagh, 05.vi.2015, 02.vii.2015, 11.ix.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 4♂;

07.x.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Jalalpur Pirwala city, 07.vii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim,

2♀; 04.x.2015, 17-vii-2016, 3-vi-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 6♀; Khanbela,

09.viii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 4♀; Shujabad city, 01.vi.2015, 03-v-2016, Leg. M.

Qasim, 2♀; 16.ix.2015, 17-ix-2016, 01-x-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 5♀; Khanewal:

Jahanian, 12.ix.2015, 20.vi.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀; Khanewal Forest Park,

26.vii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀; Perowal Forest, 24.viii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 4♀;

Khanewal city Park, 14-vii-2016, 10.x.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 5♀; Fazal Park Road,

29-ix-2016, 26-viii-2016, 10-x-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 7♀; Kabirwala, 02.viii.2015,

17.v.2015, 01.ix.2015, 13-vi-2016, 21-07-2016, 28-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 11♀;

Mian Channu, 13-xi-2014, 06-ix-2015, 19.ix.2015, 26-x-2016, 28-vi-2016, Leg. M.

Qasim, 11♀; Vehari: Chandni Park, 18.ix.2015, 20.viii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 6♀;

Wildlife Park, 16.x.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀; Vehari city (Multan Road), 22-v-

2016, 23-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 6♀; Burewala, 03.viii.2015, 14-x-2015, 24-ix-

2016, 24-vii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 8♀; Mitroo Road Mailsi, 11.vii.2015,

20.ix.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 4♀; Tiba Sultan pur, 25-ix-2016, 15.x.2015, Leg. M.

Qasim, 6♀; Lodhran: Miranpur Plantation reserved Forest, 19.x.2015, Leg. M.

Qasim, 3♀; Canal view Park, 04.vi.2015, 05.viii.2015, 19-vi-2016, 18-vii-2016,

18-x-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 13♀; Kahror Pakka city, 10.vii.2015, 08.v.2015, 18-21- vi-2016, 10-vii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 6♀; Ali Pur Kanju, 03.ix.2015, 06-x-2016,

Leg. M. Qasim, 4♀; Dunyapur city, 16.vi.2015, 03.x.2015, 20-v-2016,

10.viii.2015, 4-viii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 8♀; Bungla Anhar Road, 10.vii.2015,

Leg. M. Qasim, 4♀; Makhdoom Aali, 8.vii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: Body size: 12-13 mm. Complete occipital carina; clypeus wider than long but finely punctate, in between with large scattered deep punctures; malar space with large scattered punctures; few scattered punctures

present on mandible; fine scattered punctures present on mesepisternum behind

epicnemial carina; metapleuron impunctate dorsally and ventrally; propodeum with

weak striations.

Body Color: Approximately uniform in yellow colour; hind tibia from upper surface black; T1 from middle having a thin transverse reddish-brown line, bisinuate reddish-brown line present on T2-T5 and S2-S5.

Male: Body size: 9.5-11 mm. Similar to female except for clypeus not reaching to the eye; proximal tooth broader and shorter than the other teeth; temple with wider area; apical segments of antenna as long as wide from its base and rounded at apex; apophyses of the subgenital plate narrow and long and not flattened apically, pubescent densely.

Previous record from Pakistan: Das and Gupta (1984; 1989) reported this species

from Punjab: Salt Range: Khewra; Sindh: Karachi. Gusenleitner (2007a) reported

this species from Islamabad; Punjab: Murree, Taxila. Mahmood et al. (2012)

recorded it from Islamabad; Punjab: Bahawalpur (Chak 28 BC), Habib Massan,

Abbaspur; Sindh: Ghotki, Drago, Sukkur, Rajab Ali Bharo, Allahyar Pinhwar,

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Dir, Peshawar, Kohat, Warsak, Abbottabad, Mansehra,

Mardan; Gilgit-Baltistan: Hunza, Diamer, Gilgit, Dassu, Basha, Chillas. Siddiqui et

al. (2015) reported it from Punjab: Rawalpindi, Attock. Shah (2015) reported from

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Mansehra. Faiz et al. (2016) reported this species from

Gilgit-Baltistan: Hunza-Nagar, Gilgit, Ghizer and Skardu.

Remarks: The species Polistes wattii Cameron first time recorded from Multan

divison. However, during present study this species is found commonly in all localities of Multan division.

Distribution: Afghanistan; China; India; Iran; Iraq; Mauritius; Oman; Pakistan;

Saudi Arabia; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; U.A.E. (Das and Gupta, 1989; Carpenter,

1996; Gusenleitner, 2007a; Girish Kumar, 2010).

Bio-ecological Zone: Afrotropical and Palearctic.

Genus Ropalidia Guérin-Méneville, 1831

Ropalidia Guérin-Méneville, 1831, in Duperrey, Voyage de la Coquille, Zoologie,

Atlas, Insectes: pl. 9 fig. 8, genus. Type species: Ropalidia maculiventris

Guerin-Meneville, 1831, by monotypy.

Anthreneida White, 1841, 321. Type species: Anthreneida coronata White, 1841

[=Vespa sumatrae Weber], by monotypy.

Icaria de Saussure, 1853, E't. Fam. Vespidae. 2: 22, pls. 4 and 5, genus (20

species). Type species: "I. maculiventris (Guer.)" [= Ropalidia maculiventris

Guerin-Meneville, 1831], by subsequent designation of Bingham, 1897, Fauna

Br. India, Hym. 1: 385.

Icharia Gribodo, 1892 (1891), Boll. Soc. Entomol Ital. 23: 243. Incorrect spelling

of Icaria de Saussure.

Icariastrum Dalla Torre, 1904, 72, name for group I of genus Icaria de Saussure in

de Saussure, 1862: 132. Type species: Icaria opulenta Smith, 1857, by

subsequent designation of Meade-Waldo, 1913: 46.

Icarielia Dalla Torre, 1904, 72, name for group II of genus Icaria de Saussure in

de Saussure, 1862: 132. Type species: Icaria flavopicta Smith, by subsequent

designation of Meade-Waldo, 1913: 46.

Polistratus Cameron, 1906, 59. Type species: Polistratus cariniscutis Cameron,

1906 [=Icaria brunnea Smith], by monotypy.

Zuba Cheesman, 1952, 12, 3 (key), 23, as subgenus of Ropalidia (14 species).

Unavailable: no type species designated.

Zuba Richards, 1978, 57, validation by type selection of Zuba Cheesman. Type

species: Icaria gregaria de Saussure, 1853, by original designation.

The wasps of this genus are mostly distinct in colors petiole shape and

small in size. This genus contains almost 180 species worldwide and 26 species

have been reported from Indian subregion (Kojima and Carpenter 1997; Kojima et al., 2007). From Pakistan 8 species have been reported under this genus by

different authors (Das and Gupta 1984, 1989; Kojima and Carpenter 1997;

Gusenleitner 2007a; Mahmood et al., 2012; Siddiqui et al., 2015). During present

study three species i.e. Ropalidia brevita Das and Gupta, Ropalidia c. colorata van

der Vecht and Ropalidia v. variegata (Smith) are recorded first time from Multan

division.

Key to species of genus Ropalidia Guerin-Meneville, 1831

1. Propodeum basely with pair of carinae; propodeal orifice narrow; MT2 with a

broad yellow band apically, width near the middle more than one-fourth of the

length of tergum; clypeus brown with yellow apical margin (Fig. 21 (A-F))

…...... Ropalidia brevita Das and Gupta

-. Propodeum basely without pair of carinae; propodeal orifice more or less

rounded, wider dorsally ...... 2

2. Median line of groove on propodeum not distinct; groove wider in middle;

Clypeus with a brown mark at base (Fig. 23 (A-

F))...... Ropalidia v. variegata (Smith)

-. Median line of groove on propodeum distinct with two longitudinal lines that

separated in the middle with black line; Clypeus with a black mark at base (Fig.

22 (A-F))……………...………...……..….Ropalidia c. colorata van der Vecht

Ropalidia brevita Das and Gupta, 1989 Fig. 21

(A-F)

Ropalidia spatulata van der Vecht, 1962, Zool. Verh., Leiden 57: 9 [partim].

Ropalidia brevita Das & Gupta, 1984 (1983), Orient. Insects 17: 416. Nomen

nudum.

Ropalidia brevita Das and Gupta, 1989, Orient. Insects Monogr. 11: 110 (key),

121, map 16, male, female (in marginata group of subgenus Anthreneida) -

"India: Dehli: University Ridge" (holotype male Calcutta); also from Uttar

Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Karnataka,

Kerala.

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Khanewal: Perowal Forest,

07.vi.2015, 10-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Khanewal Forest Park, 27-iv-2016,

Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Jahanian, 12.viii.2015, 14-vii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀;

Yousaf Park, 24-xi-2015, 12.viii.2016, 26-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀; Kabirwala,

13-vi-2016, 07.vii.2015, 01-x-2015, 27-x-2016, 12.xi.2014, 29-iv-2015, 17-viii-

2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 8♀; Abdul Hakim, 28.vi.2015, 22-viii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim,

2♀; Mian Channu, 13-vii-2015, 08-viii-2015, 27-vii-2016, 10-ix-2016, Leg. M.

Qasim, 7♀; Multan: Shar Shah Multan Cant, 16.iii.2015, 02-iv-2016 Leg. M.

Qasim, 2♀; Shah Shamas Park, 21.x.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Qasim Bagh, 3- viii-2016, 16-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Lodhran: Miranpur Plantation reserved

Forest, 20-iv-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Lodhran city, 05-viii-2015, Leg. M.

Qasim, 1♀; Vehari: Vehari city, 20-.viii.2015, 30-x-2015, 22-vi-2016, 06-viii-

2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 4♀; Chandni Park, 21-x-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Wildlife

Park, 29-vii-2015, 02-x-2015, 08-viii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀; Mailsi (Rasool

Pura), 09-xi-2014, 11.viii.2015, 13-vii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀; Tiba Sultan pur,

27-viii-2016, 09-x-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Burewala, 04.vi.2015, 24-ix-2016,

Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; 20.ix.2015, 11-v-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Azizabad Park

Burewala, 04.vii.2015, 29-xi-2015, 23-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: Body size: 12 mm. T1 dorsally wider proportionally with its maximum width closely half as wide as T2; propodeum having paired, basally longitudinal carinae, with poor or weak transverse striation and shallow punctures scattered between the basal carinae; with very narrow propodeal orifice.

Colour description: Body red with following yellow portions: antennal scape ventrally, band on clypeus apically, mandible (apart from at tip), inner orbit

beneath the ocular sinus (that faint sometimes), pronotum from anterior side,

postscutellum with two marks (sometimes fused), apical half of the propodeum

with two enlarged marks, mesosternum from side with faint mark, anterior portion

of fore and middle coxae, hind coxa with a line on their lateral side, tarsal segments

of for, mid and hind legs (highly variable), T1 with narrow apical band and T2 with

a broad apical band. The extents of black and yellow marking are variable. Male:

Similar to female in general appearance and in size; clypeus, supraclypeal portion,

inter antennal area and inner orbit below ocular sinus are entirely yellow; male last

antennal flagellomeres curved less strongly and apically bluntly pointed, about two

fold as long as their basal width.

Previous records from Pakistan: Mahmood et al. (2012) reported this species

from Islamabad; Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Mansehra, Ghari Habibullah, Abbottabad.

Siddiqui et al. (2015) reported it from Islamabad: Rawalpindi, Murree, Attock,

Chakwal and Jhelum. Shah (2015) reported it from Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa:

Battagram, Allai, Abbottabad, Havelian, Mansehra, Balakot and Oghi.

Remarks: This species is recorded first time from Multan division.

Distribution: India; Pakistan (Das and Gupta, 1989; Mahmood et al., 2012).

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental.

Ropalidia colorata colorata van der Vecht, 1941 Fig. 22

(A-F)

Ropalidia colorata colorata van der Vecht, 1941, Treubia 18: 111 (key), 151, male,

female - "Peshawar" [Pakistan] (London); also from India: Himachal Pradesh,

Kangra Valley; Pakistan: Northwest Frontier Province, Mauree Hills.

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Khanewal: Perowal Forest, 22-ix-

2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Kabirwala, 26-x-2016, 28-vi-2015, 14-ix-2015, Leg. M.

Qasim, 3♀; Abdul Hakim, 14.vii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Body length approximately from dorsal view: Female 8 mm. Female: Reddish with black and yellow markings. Yellow parts are: Clypeus

(except an black elongated mark at its base); mandible with orange tinge;

interantennal space; antennal scape with venteral line; inner orbit with a wide band,

temple with an interrupted line, pronotal carina very narrowly; a broad band on

scutellum at base; postscutellum, mesopleuron with elongated mark on their upper

part, propodeum with two longitudinal lines that separated in the middle with black

line; fore coxae in front, middle coxae with a line on sides; gastral petiole and

second gastral tergite with broad apical band and second gastral tergite basally with

a spot of variable size. The following parts are black: Clypeus with a mark at base;

supraclypeal area; antennal socket with a large mark; inner orbit with narrow line

on above of ocular sinus; ocelli enclosed with a broad band that connecting spots

above the antennal socket; occipital carina with a narrow line, occiput, propleuron,

subtegular area, margin of mesopleuron broadly from anteriorly and posteriorly,

metapleuron, propodeum with sides and a median line, mesosternum; trochanter,

mid and hind coxae, hind femur with a line, base of gastral petiole.

Previous records from Pakistan: van der Vecht (1941) described this species

from Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: “Peshawar” and also recorded it from Punjab: Murree

Hills.

Remarks: This species is reported first time from Multan division.

Distribution: India; Pakistan (Das and Gupta, 1984; Kojima and Carpenter, 1997).

Bio-ecological Zone: Oriental.

100

Ropalidia variegata variegata (Smith, 1852) Fig. 23

(A-F)

Epipona variegata Smith, 1852, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 9: 48, female - "Poona"

[India] (London).

Icaria variegata; de Saussure, 1854, IEt. Fam. Vesp. 2: 237, pl. 4, fig. 3a (nest)

[error: "La China"]. - Smith, 1857, Cat. Hym. Br. Mus. 5: 97 (cat.). - Home,

1870, Trans. Zool. Soc. London 7: 169, pl. 20 figs. 8, 9 (ethology).

Ropalidia variegata; Bequaert, 1918, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 39: 247. - Dover

and Rao, 1922, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (n. ser.) 18: 244.

Ropalidia variegata variegata; van der Vecht, 1941, Treubia 18: 112 (key), 154

(distr.); 1962, Zool. Verh., Leiden 57: 29 (in subgenus Anthreneida; taxonomy;

distr.).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Khanewal: Jahanian, 02.iv.2015, 07-

vi-2015, 10-x-2015, 26-v-2016, 10-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 7♀; Khanewal city

Park, 20.vi.2015, 12-viii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Yousaf Park, 12-viii-2016,

Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Kabirwala, 31-v-2015, 01-ix-2015, 21-vii-2016, Leg. M.

Qasim, 3♀; Abdul Hakim, 14.x.2015, 14-v-2016, 14-x-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀;

Mian Channu, 13-xi-2014, 05-v-2015, 18.vi.2015, 12-x-2015, 10-vii-2016, 27-vii-

2015, 21-viii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 7♀; 27-vii-2016, 26-x-2016, Leg. M. Qasim,

2♀; Vehari: Vehari city (Multan Road), 24-iv-2015, 3-vi-2015, 10-vii-2016, Leg.

M. Qasim, 3♀; Wild life Park, 30-x-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Chandni Park,

07.viii.2015, 16-x-2015, 23-ix-2016, M. Qasim, 3♀; Mailsi (Rasool Pura), 15-x-

101

2015, 25-v-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Askari Park Mailsi, 28-vii-2015, 11-v-2016,

Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀; Tiba Sultan pur, 25-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Burewala,

23.xi.2014, 25-iv-2015, 14-x-2015, 24-v-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 4♀; 24-ix-2016,

Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Azizabad Park Burewala, 28-vi-2015, 3-viii-2015, 23-vi-2016,

Leg. M. Qasim, 3♀; Multan: Qasim Bagh, 05.vi.2015, 02-vii-2015, Leg. M. Qasim,

2♀; Bosan Road, 15-vi-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Jalalpur Pirwala, 29-viii-2015,

Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Shujabad city, 27-viii- 2015, 23-x-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀;

Dharewala, 28-ix-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Lodhran: Lodhran city, 04-vi-2015, 4-

ix-2015, 5-viii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 4♀; Raja Pur, 04-x-2016, Leg. M. Qasim,

1♀; Kahror Pakka city, 23-vii-2015, 6-x-2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Bungla Anhar

Road, 23-viii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: Propodeum groove wider in the middle and its

median furrow indistinct; T1 with dorsal margin more or less convex in their lateral

view.

Colour description: Body reddish brown with prominent yellow markings. Yellow

markings as follows: Clypeus except base with reddish-brown mark; supraclypeal

area; mandible except their dark brown teeth; space between the antenna; inner

orbit up to their ocular sinus with a broad line; temple with broad line; antenna

ventrally; vertex with an interrupted line behind the ocelli; a spot between median

and the lateral ocelli that sometimes faint; pronotal carina with a line; scutellum with broad apical and basal margin, postscutellum, mesopleuron with a mark;

propodeum with two broad irregular marks that separated by a blackish-brown or

reddish- brown line; tegula from inner side, fore and mid coxae from front side and

102

hind coxa with greater part; fore and mid femur ventrally with a line and hind

femur with small mark on its sides; all tibiae with a line on above; T2 with two

large spots at the base and with a broad fascia apically that comparatively small

apical fascia on S2.

Previous records from Pakistan: Earlier Das and Gupta (1984) reported this species from Sindh: Karachi.

Remarks: This species is reported first time from Multan division.

Distribution: China; India; Indonesia; Myanmar; Malaysia; Nepal and Pakistan

(Das and Gupta, 1984; Kojima and Carpenter, 1997; Girish Kumar and Sharma,

2015b).

Bio-ecological Zone: Palearctic and Oriental.

SUBFAMILY VESPINAE

Morphologically this subfamily contains most specialized type of social wasps. They are commonly known as yellowjackets and hornets. The subfamily

Vespinae can be distinguished from others on the basis of their morphological characteristics such as hind wing without jugal lobe, metasoma sessile and truncate in first tergum from dorsal view and having rapidly declivity laterally, metacoxa with dorsal carina. Worldwide this family contains 69 species under four genera

(Pickett and Carpenter, 2010). Four genera viz., Vespa Linnaeus, Dolichovespula

Rohwer, Vespula Thompson and Provespa Ashmead are present in Pakistan.

However, during present work only genus Vespa Linnaeus is recorded from Multan division.

103

4.4 .1 Genus Vespa Linnaeus, 1758

Vespa Linnaeus, 1758: 343, 572. Type species: “Vespa crabro, Fab.” [=Vespa

crabro Linnaeus, 1758], by subsequent designation of Latreille, 1810: 438.

Macrovespa Dalla Torre, 1904: 64, group of genus Vespa Linnaeus. Type species:

Vespa crabro Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation of Bequaert 1930: 64.

Nyctovespa van der Vecht, 1959: 210, as subgenus of Vespa Linnaeus. Type

species: Vespa binghami du Buysson, 1905, by original designation.

Member of this genus are generally known as hornet wasps. This genus

represented 23 species throughout the world. These wasps are varies in size and

colors. They are mostly diurnal (Girish Kumar and Sharma, 2015b). Eight species

of this genus i.e. Vespa auraria Smith, Vespa basalis Smith, Vespa orientalis

Linnaeus, Vespa velutina Lepeletier, Vespa velutina pruthii van der Vecht, Vespa

analis nigrans Buysson, Vespa mandarinia mandarinia Smith, Vespa tropica

haematodes Bequard and Vespa tropica Linnaeus have been reported from

Pakistan. However, only one species i.e. Vespa orientalis Linnaeus under this

genus is recorded from Multan division.

.2 Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 Fig.

24 (A-F)

Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771: 540, “Oriente” (holotype ♀, Linnaean Society,

London).

Vespa turcica Drury, 1773, 74, pl. 39, fig. 1, index, [Turkey] “Smyrna”

(destroyed?).

104

Vespa quadripunctata Forskål, 1775: 84, [Egypt] “Kahirae” (Kobenhavn?).

Vespa crabro fusca Christ, 1791, 216, [Turkey] “Smirna” (destroyed).

Vespa aegyptiaca Vallot, 1802, 170, “Égypte” (type depository unknown).

Vespa nilotica Vallot, 1802, 170, “Égypte” (type depository unknown).

Vespa jurinei de Saussure, 1854, 133, “L’Albanie” (lectotype ♀ London).

Vespa orientalis var. Zavattarii Guiglia & Capra, 1933: 168, ♀, “Fezzan ... Ubari

[Libya] ... Oued Tizzi (Algeria)” (Genova).

Vespa orientalis var. somalica Giordani Soika, 1934b: 66(8), 184, ♀, “Somalia

italiana di Carim” (lectotype Venezia).

Vespa orientalis arabica Giordani Soika, 1957: 482, ♀, ♂, “Western Aden

Protectorate: Al Milah, 1600 ft.” (Holotype ♀, London).

Material Examined: PAKISTAN: Punjab: Multan: Bosan Road, 16.viii.2015,

Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Shar Shah Multan Cant, 07.x.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀;

Jinnah Park, 2-v-2016, 17-iv-2016, 15-vii-2016, 1-ix-2016, 02.v.2015, Leg. M.

Qasim, 6♀; Qasim bagh, 05.vi.2015, 02.vii.2015, 11.ix.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 3♂;

07.x.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Jalalpur Pirwala city, 07.vii.2015, 3-vi-2016, Leg.

M. Qasim, 3♀; Khanbela, 09.viii.2015, 04-x-2015, 17-vii-2016, Leg. M. Qasim,

3♀; Shujabad city, 01.vi.2015, 16.ix.2015, 03-v-2016, 17-ix-2016, 01-x-2016 Leg.

M. Qasim, 5♀; Khanewal: Jahanian, 20.vi.2015, 12.ix.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀;

Perowal Forest, 26.vii.2015, 24.viii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Khanewal Forest

Park, 26.vii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Khanewal city Park, 10.x.2015, 14-vii-

105

2016, Leg, M. Qasim, 3♀; Fazal Park Road, 26-viii-2016, 29-ix-2016, 10-x-2016,

Leg, M. Qasim, 3♀; Kabirwala, 17.v.2015, 02.viii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀;

Abdul Hakim, 01.ix.2015, 13-vi-2016, 21-07-2016, 28-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim,

4♀; Mian Channu, 13-xi-2014, 19.ix.2015, 06-ix-2015, 28-vi-2016, 26-x-2016,

Leg. M. Qasim, 5♀; Vehari: Mailsi (Rasool Pura), 11.vii.2015, 20.ix.2015, Leg. M.

Qasim, 2♀; Tiba Sultan pur, 15.x.2015, 25-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Vehari

city (Multan Road), 22-v-2016, 23-ix-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Chandni Park,

20.viii.2015, 18.ix.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Wildlife Park, 16.x.2015, Leg. M.

Qasim, 1♂; Burewala, 03.viii.2015, 14-x-2015, 24-vii-2016, 24-ix-2016, Leg. M.

Qasim, 4♀; Lodhran: Miranpur Plantation reserved Forest, 19.x.2015, Leg. M.

Qasim, 1♀; Canal view Park, 04.vi.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♂; 05.viii.2015, 19-vi-

2016, 18-vii-2016, 18-x-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 4♀; Dunyapur city, 16.vi.2015,

03.x.2015, 4-viii-2016, 20-v-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 4♀; Makhdoom Aali,

8.vii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; 10.viii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 1♀; Kahror Pakka city, 18-vii-2015, 21-vi-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 4♀; Ali Pur Kanju, 03.ix.2015, 06- x-2016, Leg. M. Qasim, 2♀; Bungla Anhar Road, 10.vii.2015, Leg. M. Qasim, 4♀.

Diagnostic Characters: Female: Body size: 22.5-27 mm. Clypeus with consistent

and prolonged but light punctures touching eye edge from lateral side; apical

portion of clypeus emarginate with rounded flaps; malar space short, antennal shield conspicuous; vertex somewhat wide; interocellar space practically equivalent to ocellocular space. Short, stiff, sparse and bristle like hairs on head and mesosoma; dorsally the metasoma hairless. Body Colour: Brown. Clypeus and antennal shield little darker in female, yellow in worker, scape yellowish-brown

dorsally; apical margin of T1 hardly, T3 and T4 almost completely yellow; T1 with

106

yellow mark emarginate medially; T3 and T4 with small blackish-brown spots; S3 completely and S4 partially yellow; wings brownish to hyaline; legs brownish.

Previous records from Pakistan: Earlier Das and Gupta, (1984; 1989) reported

this species from Punjab, Pakistan. Gusenleitner (2007a) reported this species from

Gilgit-Baltistan: Jaglot. Dvořák (2007) reported this species from Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa: Chitral (Bamboret valley) (Brun). Mahmood et al. (2012) reported it from Islamabad; Punjab: Fort Abbas, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Bannuu, Peshawar,

Kohat, Charsada, Warsak, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Mardan, Gilgit-Baltistan:

Chillas, Dassu, Gilgit, Nomal. Siddiqui et al. (2015) reported it from Islamabad;

Punjab: Rawalpindi, Attock, Murree and Chakwal. Shah (2015) reported it from

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Battagram, Allai, Abbottabad, Havelian, Mansehra, Baffa and Balakot. Faiz et al. (2016) reported this species from Gilgit-Baltistan: Ghizer and Astore.

Remarks: First time reported from Multan division.

Distribution: Afghanistan; Algeria; Albania; Bahrein; Bosnia & Herzegovina;

Bulgaria; China; Croatia; Cyprus; Egypt; Ethiopia; Georgia; Greece; Italy; Iraq;

Israel; Iran; India; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Lebanon; Libya; Macedonia;

Malta; Montenegro; Nepal; Oman; Pakistan; Russia; Romania; Saudi Arabia;

Somalia; Syria; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; U.A.E.; Yemen;

introduced into Czech Republic; Spain; Madagascar; Mexico; U.S.A. (not established) (Das and Gupta, 1984; 1989; Carpenter and Kojima,1997; Dvořák,

2007).

Bio-ecological Zone: Palearctic, Oriental and Afrotropical.

107

CHECKLIST OF VESPID FAUNA OF MULTAN DIVISION

ORDER HYMENOPTERA

SUBORDER ACULEATA

SUPERFAMILY VESPOIDAE

FAMILY VESPIDAE

Subfamily Eumeninae

Genus Allorhynchium Van der Vecht, 1963

Allorhynchium argentatum (Fabricius, 1804)

Allorhynchium metallicum (de Saussure, 1852)

Genus Antepipona de Saussure, 1855

Antepipona ceylonica (de Saussure, 1867)

Antepipona sibilans (Cameron, 1903)

Genus Antodynerus de Saussure, 1855

Antodynerus flavescens flavescens (Fabricius, 1775)

Antodynerus limbatus (de Saussure, 1852)

Genus Delta de Saussure, 1885

Delta campaniforme campaniforme (Fabricius, 1775)

108

Delta dimidiatipenne (de Saussure, 1852)

Delta esuriens esuriens (Fabricius, 1787)

Delta pyriforme pyriforme (Fabricius, 1775)

Genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802

Eumenes papillarius (Christ, 1791)

Eumenes punctatus de Saussure, 1852

Genus Indodynerus Gusenleitner, 2008

Indodynerus capitatus Gusenleitner, 2008

Genus Knemodynerus Bluthgen, 1940

Knemodynerus excellens (Pérez, 1907)

Genus Odynerus (Latreille, 1802)

Odynerus reniformis (Gmelin, 1790)

Genus Stenodynerus de Saussure, 1863

Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi, sp. nov.

Genus Subancistrocerus de Saussure, 1855

Subancistrocerus pakistanensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafique, sp. nov.

Genus Xenorhynchium Van der Vecht, 1963

109

Xenorhynchium nitidulum (Fabricius, 1798)

SUBFAMILY POLISTINAE

Genus Polistes Latreille, 1802

Polistes indicus Stolfa, 1934

Polistes wattii Cameron, 1900

Genus Ropalidia Guerin-Meneville, 1831

Ropalidia brevita Das and Gupta, 1989

Ropalidia colorata colorata van der Vecht, 1941

Ropalidia variegata variegata (Smith, 1852)

SUBFAMILY VESPINAE

Genus Vespa Linnaeus, 1758

Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771

110

BIODIVERSITY INDICES OF VESPID FAUNA OF MULTAN

DIVISION

During present study six diversity indices namely; Shannon-Wiener’s

diversity index, Simpson’s Index, Margalef’s Index, Menhinck’s Index, Shannon’s

equitability index and Nakamura’s Index were used for the calculation of richness, abundance and evenness. The calculated values of indices from all districts are given in (Table 16 to Table 20).

Shanon-Wiener’s diversity index

Shannon-Wiener diversity index measures the abundance and richness of

the calculated species in samplings area (Shannon-Wiener, 1963). The Shannon

index increases as both richness and evenness of the community increase.

The values of Shanon-Wiener’s diversity index of Vespidae from different

localities of district Multan range from 0.6592 to 1.717 (Table 16) indicated the

Vespidae is normally distributed. The lowest value 0.6592 at Khanbela which showed less richness and evenness of Vespidae species, while highest value 1.717

at Shujabad city indicated high richness and evenness. Whereas values of all remaining sampled localities lie between 1.591 at Jalalpur Pirwala city to 0.9325 at

Dharewala (Table 16).

In district Lodhran the values of this index ranged from 0.5225 to 1.436

(Table 17). The lowest value 0.5225 yielded at Ali Pur Kanju and highest value

1.436 at Miranpur Plantation reserved forest. All other visited places yielded values in between 0.6683 at Makhdoom Aali to 1.354 at Canal view Park (Table 17).

111

In district Khanewal the calculated values of Shannon-Wiener’s diversity

index of family Vespidae ranged from 0.6129 to 1.515 (Table 18). The lowest

value 0.6129 yielded at Khanewal forest Park, while highest value 1.515 yielded at

Kabirwala. Others visited stations of this district yielded the values in between

these two values (Table 18).

In district Vehari the calculated values ranged from 0.7117 to 1.472 (Table

19). The lowest value 0.7117 yielded at Mitroo Road Mailsi, while the highest

value 1.472 yielded at Vehari Multan Road. Others stations of this district yielded

the values in between 0.8618 at Askari Park Mailsi to 1.336 at Burewala city

(Table 19).

Among all four districts the lowest diversity was recorded from Ali Pur

Kanju (0.5225) in district Lodhran and on other hand highest diversity was

recorded from Shujabad city (1.717) in district Multan.

Simpson’s Index

This index is used to measure the abundance of individual in sampling unit

(Simpson, 1949) and also used to quantify the biodiversity of habitat. The Simpson index values vary from zero to one and if the value tends towards zero it indicates high diversity.

In present study the value of Simpson’s index of Vespidae from different localities of district Multan ranged from 0.3309 to 0.6794. The lowest value 0.3309

yielded at Khanbela and the highest value 0.6794 yielded at Qasim Bagh (Table

16). The calculated values of this index indicated that the diversity in reference to

112

evenness decreases and dominance of Vespidae species increases at Qasim Bagh while at Khanbela diversity of Vespidae increases and dominance decreases.

Whereas all remaining sampled localities yielded the values in between these two

(Table 16).

In district Lodhran the values of Simpson’s diversity index ranged from

0.2789 to 0.6328 (Table 17). The lowest value 0.2789 was at Ali Pur Kanju showed

the less dominance and higher diversity while highest value 0.6328 was at Canal

View Park showed the high dominance and less diversity. All other remaining

sampled localities yielded the values in between these two (Table 17).

The value of Simpson’s Index from district Khanewal ranged from 0.335 to

0.6842 (Table 18). The lowest value (0.335) was at Khanewal forest Park indicated the highest diversity and less dominance while highest value (0.6842) was at Mian

Channu indicated lower diversity and high dominance with in Vespidae species.

The values of other remaining sampled localities ranged from 0.4644 at Fazal Park

Khanewal to 0.6363 at Jahanian (Table 18).

The calculated values of Simpson’s Index from district Vehari ranged from

0.3471 to 0.7168 (Table 19). The lowest value 0.3471 yielded at Mitroo Road

Mailsi and the highest value 0.7168 yielded at Vehari Multan Road. The remaining visited localities ranged from 0.5903 at Burewala city to 0.4307 at Tiba Sultan Pur

(Table 19).

The data of all four districts indicated that diversity was low at Ali Pur

Kanju (0.27895) in district Lodhran and on other hand diversity was high at Vehari

Multan Road (0.7168) in district Vehari.

113

Richness

To calculate the richness following indices were used:

Margalef Index

This index is used to measure the richness of species distributed in sampling area (Margalef, 1969) and also used frequently in biological data.

The calculated values of Margalef Index for richness of Vespidae species from district Multan ranged from 0.8736 (Khanbela) to 2.616 (Bosan Road). The

yielded values from all other sites ranged from 1.063 (Shah Shamas Park) to 2.589

(Shujabad city) (Table 16). Data indicated that the richness was lower at Khanbela and high at Bosan Road. The values of Margalef’s Index from district Lodhran ranged from 0.572 (Bungla Anhar Road) to 2.313 (Miranpur Plantation reserved

Forest). The values of remaining sites ranged from 0.5824 (Ali PurKanju) to 1.595

(Canal view Park) (Table 17). The values indicated that the richness was lower at

Bungla Anhar Road while high at Miranpur Plantation reserved Forest.

The calculated values of this index from district Khanewal ranged from

0.6676 (Khanewal forest Park) to 1.859 (Perowal Forest) (Table 18). The yielded

values of remaining localities ranged from 0.8247 (Khanewal city Park) to 1.818

(Yousaf Park and Kabirwala). The calculated values indicated that the richness was

lower at Khanewal forest Park and high at Perowal Forest (Table 18). The calculated values of Margalef’s diversity index of family Vespidae from district

Vehari ranged from 0.9705 (Askari Park Mailsi) to 1.818 (Burewala city) (Table

19). The yielded values of remaining sites ranged from 1.057 (Mitroo Road Mailsi)

114

to 1.605 (Wlid life Park). Data indicated that the richness was lower at Askari Park

Mailsi and high at Burewala city (Table 19).

The calculated values of Margalef’s diversity index from all four districts ranged from 0.572 to 2.616 at Bungla Anhar Road in district Lodhran to Bosan

Road in district Multan.

Menhinck’s Index

Menhinick index, like Margalef's index, attempts to estimate species

richness but at the same time it is independent on the sample size. The evenly

represented species (very close values) shows more diversity than unevenly

represented values (broad range values).

The calculated values of Menhinck’s index of district Multan ranged from

0.7184 (Khanbela) to 1.47 (Jalalpur Pirwala city). The remaining localities of this

district ranged from 0.7625 (Shah Shamas Park) to 1.466 (Bosan Road), which

predicts less diversity (Table 16). While the calculated values of this index of

district Lodhran ranged from 0.5222 (Bungla Anhar Road) to 1.429 (Miranpur

Plantation reserved Forest) which also shows less diversity. The remaining

localities of this district ranged from 0.5388 (Ali Pur Kanju) to 1.067 (Canal view

Park) (Table 17).

The values of this index from district Khanewal ranged from 0.6489

(Khanewal city Park) to 1.167 (Yousaf Park and Kabirwala). The remaining localities of this district ranged from 0.6708 (Khanewal forest Park) to 1.155

(Jahanian) (Table 18), which predicts the more diversity.

115

The values of this index from district Vehari ranged from 0.7538 (Mitroo

Road Mailsi) to 1.167 (Burewala city), which represent evenly distributed species

and predicts more diversity. The remaining localities of this district ranged from

0.8528 (Askari Park Mailsi) to 1.08 (Wlid life Park) (Table 19) also shows more

diversity.

Among all four districts, the lowest value was recorded at Bungla Anhar

Road (0.5222) in district Lodhran and on other hand highest value was recorded at

Jalalpur Pirwala city (1.47) in district Multan.

Evenness

The species evenness was calculated by using the following indices:

Shannon’s equitability Index

Shannon’s equitability index measures the evenness (equitability) of the species in the sampling area. The close values of equitability index shows

equitability within floral and faunal species

The values of Shannon’s equitability index from district Multan ranged

from 0.4479 (Sher Shah Multan) to 0.6908 (Shujabad city) which shows equitability in species (Table 16). The remaining all localities of this district yielded value ranged from 0.4755 (Khanbela) to 0.6669 (Qasim Bagh) (Table 16).

The values of this index from district Lodhran ranged from 0.4756 (Ali Pur Kanju) to 0.6959 (Canal view Park) which also shows equitability in species. The remaining all localities of this district yielded value ranged from 0.509 (Raja Pur)

to 0.6649 (Bungla Anhar Road) (Table 17).

116

The calculated values of this index from district Khanewal ranged from

0.5045 (Perowal Forest) to 0.7495 (Mian Channu) which shows equitability in

species. Remaining all the sampled localities yielded the values in between these

two (Table 18). The calculated values of this index from district Vehari ranged

from 0.4422 (Mitroo Road Mailsi) to 0.8214 (Vehari (Multan Road) which shows

comparatively less equitability (Table 19). Remaining all the sampled localities

yielded the values in between these two (Table 19).

Among all four districts, the lowest value was recorded at Mitroo Road

Mailsi (0.4422) in district Vehari and on other hand highest value was obtained

from Vehari Multan Road (0.8214) in district Vehari.

Nakamura’s Index (RI)

Nakamura and Toshima’s index measure the evenness of the species. The calculated values of Nakamura and Toshima’s index ranges from 0 to 1. If the

values are closer to zero it indicates that more species are present in the sample

(Nakamura and Toshima, 1999).

The values of Nakamura’s diversity index from district Multan ranged from

0.583 (Sher Shah Multan) to 0.833 (Khanbela) (Table 16). Remaining all the sampled localities yielded the values in between these two. The values of this index from district Lodhran ranged from 0.611 (Miranpur Plantation reserved Forest) to 1

(Makhdoom Aali, Ali Pur Kanju and Bungla Anhar Road). Remaining all the sampled localities yielded the values in between these two (Table 17). The values of this index from district Khanewal ranged from 0.625 (Perowal Forest) to 1

117

(Khanewal forest Park). Remaining all the sampled localities yielded the values in between these two (Table 18).

The values of Nakamura index from district Vehari ranged from 0.642

(Burewala city) to 0.833 (Askari Park Mailsi) (Table 19). The remaining all localities of this district yielded value between 0.666 (Wild life Park) to 0.750

(Mitroo Road Mailsi, Tiba Sultan pur and Mailsi Rasool Pura) (Table 19).

Among all four districts, the lowest value was recorded 0.583 (Sher Shah

Multan) in district Multan and on other hand highest value was recorded 1 at

(Makhdoom Aali, Ali Pur Kanju and Bungla Anhar Road) in district Lodhran and

at (Khanewal forest Parka) in district Khanewal.

118

SUMMARY

Vespidae is the largest family of order Hymenoptera and cosmopolitan in

distribution. Members of this family are true wasps that belong to aculeate

Hymenoptera. Most species of these wasps are solitary but many are social. Adults are medium to large size generally predominantly brown or black color but are often extensively have white or yellow marking. This family plays a vital role in

the functioning of ecosystems and acts as pollinators of fruit and vegetable crops.

These wasps also play an important role in biological control of pests. Some wasps

are most important pests of beekeeping industry. While female wasps are

commonly known by their painful sting.

During the present study taxonomy and biodiversity of family Vespidae

was addressed. As a result, 24 species under 14 genera of three sub-families i.e.,

Eumeninae, Polistinae and Vespinae were identified. The identified species were

recorded as per following details: subfamily Eumeninae with 18 species under 11

genera among them, five species are new records for Pakistan; subfamily Polistinae

represented five species under two genera, whereas subfamily Vespinae with one

species under one genus. Out of 24 identified species, 21 species are recorded first

time for Multan division, from which 15 species belong to subfamily Eumeninae

i.e. Allorhynchium argentatum, Allorhynchium metallicum, Antepipona ceylonica,

Antodynerus flavescens flavescens, Antodynerus limbatus, Delta campaniforme campaniforme, Delta esuriens esuriens, Delta pyriforme pyriforme, Eumenes

papillarius, Eumenes punctatus, Indodynerus capitatus, Odynerus reniformi,

Stenodynerus punjabensis sp. nov., Subancistrocerus pakistanensis sp. nov.,

119

Xenorhynchium nitidulum; five species belong to subfamily Polistinae i.e. Polistes indicus, Polistes wattii, Ropalidia brevita, Ropalidia colorata colorata, Ropalidia

variegata variegate and one species of subfamily Vespinae i.e. Vespa orientalis.

However, five species i.e. Antepipona ceylonica, Delta campaniforme

campaniforme, Odynerus reniformis, Stenodynerus punjabensis sp. nov. and

Subancistrocerus pakistanensis sp. nov. are new record for Pakistan. Two species,

Stenodynerus punjabensis sp. nov. and Subancistrocerus pakistanensis sp. nov. are

new to science. Two genera Odynerus and Subancistrocerus are reported first time

from Pakistan.

Diversity was calculated using Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index and

Simpson’s index. Richness was calculated by using Menhinck index and Marglef’s

index and the evenness or equitability was calculated with Nakamura’s index and

Shannon’s equitability index. The result of diversity indices and richness from four

districts showed that the species of family Vespidae are normally distributed in the

study area. Results of Shannon equitability and Nakamura indices showed

Vespidae are evenly distributed. However, diversity and richness is low in some

localities of Multan division due to geographical and hard climatic conditions.

120

CONCLUSION

During study total 24 species under 14 genera of three sub-families i.e.,

Eumeninae, Vespinae and Polistinae were recorded. Among them subfamily

Eumeninae with 18 species under 11 genera, subfamily Polistinae represented five

species under two genera, whereas subfamily Vespinae with one species under one genus. Out of 24 identified species, 21 species are recorded first time for Multan division from which five species, i.e., Antepipona ceylonica, Delta campaniforme campaniforme, Odynerus reniformis, Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi, sp. nov. and Subancistrocerus pakistanensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafique,

sp. nov are new records for Pakistan. Out of five new to Pakistan species two

species namely Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi, sp. nov. and

Subancistrocerus pakistanensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafique, sp. nov. are also new

to science. Two genera Odynerus and Subancistrocerus are reported first time from

Pakistan. Result of diversity indices and richness showed that the Vespidae are

normally distributed without any significant difference. While Shannon equitability

and Nakamura indices showed Vespidae are evenly distributed. However, diversity

and richness was low in some localities of Multan division due to geographical and

hard climatic conditions.

121

Chapter 5

LITERATURE CITED

Abbasi, R., S. P. Rad, E. Ebrahimi and M. Sheidaei. 2008. Faunistic study of

vespid wasps in Zanjan province (Northwest of Iran) with some ecological

measures. Environmental Science, 6(1): 65-74.

Agassiz, L. 1846. Nomenclatoris Zoologici, Index Universalis. Soliduri, Jent et

Gassmann.

Akre, R. D., A. Greene, J. F. MacDonald, P. J. Landolt and H. G. Davis. 1980. The

yellow jackets of America north of Mexico. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook. No. 552: 102 pp.

Ali, S., A. Shehzad, M. A. Rafi and A. Zia. 2013. Insect pollinators of litchi from

district Haripur, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture Research, 26(3):

220-229.

André, E. 1884. Species des Hyménoptères d'Europe et d'Algierie. Les Guêpes. II.

Beaune, pp. 549-831.

Archer, M. E. 1981. The Euro-Asian species of the Vespula rufa group

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae), with descriptions of two new species and one

new subspecies. Kontyu Tokyo. 49(1): 54-64.

Archer, M. E. 1982. A Revision of the Subgenus Rugovespula nov. of the genus

Vespula (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Kontyu Tokyo, 50(2): 261-269.

122

Archer, M. E. 1989. A key to the world species of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera).

Academic Board Research Committee, Research Mononographs, 31: 291-

339.

Ashmead, W. H. 1904a. A list of the Hymenoptera of the Philippine Islands, with

descriptions of new species. Journal of the New York Entomological

Society, 12: 1-22.

Ashmead, W. H. 1904b. Description of a new genera and species of Hymenoptera

from the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the United States National

Museum, 28: 127-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.28-1387.127.

Bagriacik, N. and N. Samin. 2011. A checklist of Iranian Vespinae (Hymenoptera:

Vespoidea: Vespidae). Archives of Biological Science, 63 (2): 487-492.

Barthelemy, C. 2009. Notes on biology and nests of a hover wasp, Eustenogaster

nigra (Vespidae: Stenogastrinae), in Hong Kong. Hong Kong

Entomological Bulletin, 1: 26-31.

Barthelemy, C., J. X. Lee and J. I. Kojima. 2014. Provisional Distributional

Checklist of Hong Kong Social Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespinae,

Polistinae, Stenogastrinae). Hong Kong Entomological Society, 6 (1): 3-14.

Begum, A., M. A. Howlader and S. K. Bose. 1991. Ethological observations of

some solitary wasps (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae) in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 19: 129-136.

123

Bequaert, J. 1918. A revision of the Vespidae of the Belgian Congo based on the

Collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition, with a list of the

Ethiopian Diplopterous Wasps. Bulletin of the American Museum of

Natural History, 39 (1): 1-384.

Bequaert, J. 1925. Eumenes dyscherus H. de Saussure. A Neotropical, not an

African wasp, and other notes on synonymy (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the

Brooklyn Entomological Society, 20 (3): 134-140.

Bequaert, J. 1926. The genus Eumenes in South Africa with a revision of the

Ethiopian species. Annals of the South African Museum, 23 (3): 484-577.

Bequaert, J. 1928. A study of certain types of diplopterous wasps in the collection

of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural. History, (10)2:

138-176.

Bequaert, J. 1930. On the generic and subgeneric divisions of the Vespinae

(Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 25: 59-70.

Bingham, C. T. 1897. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma,

Hymenoptera, I. Wasps and Bees. Taylor and Francis, London, 579+ 1-

xxix.

Blüthgen, P. 1938a["1937"]. Systematisches Verzeichnis der Faltenvespen

Mitteleuropas, Skandinaviens und Englands. Konowia, 16: 270-295.

Blüthgen, P. 1938b Beiträge zur kenntnis der paläarktischen Eumeniden. Deutsche

Entomologische Zeitschrift, 434–496.

124

Blüthgen, P. 1939. Beiträge zur kenntnis der paläarktischen und eineger

äthiopischer Faltenwespen. Veröff. aus den Dtsch. Kolonial und Übersee

Mus. Brem., 2 (3): 233-267.

Blüthgen, P. 1940. Über Odynerus meyeri Cam.Od. meyeri Cam. var. albolimbatis

Schulth. Und Od. pseudolateralis M. W. Ent. Tidskrift 61: 41-45.

Blüthgen, P. 1943. Die europaischen Polistnen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte (Neue

Folge), 12: 94-129.

Blüthgen, P. 1954. Untersuchungen über palaearktische Eumenidae (Hym.,

Diploptera). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, III/ IV/ V: 224-268.

Blüthgen, P. 1956. Portuguese and Spanish Wasps. Memórias e estudos do Museu

zoológico da Universidade de Coimbra, 240: 1-23.

Blüthgen, P. 1960. Zur Unterscheidung der ♀♀ von Oplomerus (Spinicoxa)

reniformis (Gmel. 1790) und Oplomerus (Spinicoxa) albopictus

calcacaratus (F. Mor. 1885) (Hym., Eumeninae). Doriana, 3(107): 1-6.

Blüthgen, P. 1961, Die Faltenwespen Mitteleuropas (Hymenoptera, Diploptera).

Abh. Dt. Akad. Wiss. Berl., Klasse Chem. Geol. Biol. (2): 1-252, 66 figs.

Bodlah, I., J. A. Siddiqui, M. Akram and M. Naeem. 2015. New locality records of

Vespula flavicep (Vespidae: Hymenoptera) in Murree (Punjab). Asian

Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 3(1): 46-49.

125

Bodlah, I., M. Naeem, M. R. Khan, M. A. Bodlah and T. Akhter. 2012. Genus

Delta de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Eumeninae: Vespidae) from Punjab

province of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 44(3): 759-764.

Bodlah, I., M. A. Bodlah, T. Akhtar, M. Naeem and M. R. Khan. 2011. Record of

Delta dimidiatipenne (Saussure, 1852) (Hyzmenoptera: Vespidae:

Eumeninae) from Barani areas of Punjab province of Pakistan. Pakistan

Journal of Zoology, 43(5): 1018-1020.

Bohart, R. M. 1939. Taxonomy of the typical subgenus Odynerus in North

America (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Pan-Pacific Entomology, 15: 76-84.

Bohart, R. M. 1951. Vespidae. In: Muesebeck, C.F.W., Krombein, K.V. & Townes,

H.K. (Eds.), Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico, Synoptic Catalog.

United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 875-907 pp.

Borkent, C. J. and R. A. Cannings. 2004. Polistes dominulus (Christ)

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) in British Columbia: first collection

records of an invasive European paper wasp in Canada. Journal of the

Entomological Society of British Columbia, 101: 149-150.

Bradley, J. C. 1922. The taxonomy of the Masarid wasps, including a monograph

on the North American species. University of California Publications in

Entomology, 1: 369-464.

Brothers, D. M. and A. T. Fannamore. 1993. Superfamily Vespoidea. 161-278.

126

Buck, M., S. A. Marshall and D. K. Cheung. 2008. Identification Atlas of the

Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of the northeastern Nearctic region.

Canidian Journal of Arthropods Identification, 5: 492pp

Budrys, E., A. Budriene and Z. Nevronytė. 2009. Check-list of Eumeninae wasps

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) collected in Lithuania using trap-nests. New and

rare for Lithuania Insect Species, 21: 140-149.

Buyanjargal, B., A. R. Yurievich and A. Khaulenbek. 2013a. Distribution of Potter

Wasps (Vespidae, Eumeninae) In Mongolia. Bulletin of the Buryat State

University, 4: 84-90.

Buyanjargal, B., A. R. Yurievich and C. Gantigmaa. 2013b. Eusocial and Solitary

Vespoid Wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of Mongolia. Bulletin of the

Buryat State University, (4): 90-94.

Buysson, R. du. 1905["1904"]. Monographie des guêpes ou Vespa. Annales de la

Société Entomologique de France, 73 (3): 485-556.

Cameron, P. 1900. Descriptions of new genera and species of Hymenoptera.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6 (7): 410-419, 495-506, 530-539.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930008678415.

Cameron, P. 1901. On the Hymenoptera collected during the “Skeat Expedition” to

the Malay Peninsula, 1899-1900. Proceedings of Zoological Society of

London, 1901 (2): 16-44.

127

Cameron, P. 1903. Descriptions of nineteen new species of Larridae, Odynerus and

Apidae from Barrackpore. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society

of London, 1903: 117-132.

Cameron, P. 1906. Nova Guinea. Hymenoptera I (All families, except Apidae and

Formicidae). In: Résultats de l’Expédition Scientifique Néerlandaise à la

Nouvelle-Guinée en 1903 sous les auspices dde Arthur Wichmann Chef de

l’Expédition, Zoologie, 5 (1): 41-65.

Cameron, P. 1907. On a new genus and some new species on Aculeate

Hymenoptera from Baluchistan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History

Society, 18(1): 130-136.

Cameron, P. 1908. A contribution to the Aculeate Hymenoptera of the Bombay

Presidency. Journal of Bombay Natatural History Society, 18 (2): 300-311.

Cameron, P. 1909. On some undescribed bees and wasps captured by Lieut-Col

C.G. Nurse in India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 19 (1):

129-138.

Cameron, P. 1913. On some new and other species of Hymenoptera in the

collections of the Zoological Branch of the Forest Research Institute Dehra

Dun. The Indian Forest Record, 4(2): 26-28.

Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. Zoological Catalogue of Australia,

2: 150-303.

128

Carpenter, J. M. 1982. The phylogenatic relationships and natural classification of

the Vespoidea. Systematic Entomology, 7: 11-38.

Carpenter, J. M. 1996. Distributional checklist of species of the genus Polistes

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae; Polistini). American Museum

Novitates, 3188: 1-39.

Carpenter, J. M. 2003. Keys to the genera of social wasps of South-East Asia

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Entomological Science, 6: 183-192.

Carpenter, J. M. and B. R. Garcete-Barrett. 2002. A key to the Neotropical genera

of Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Boletín del Museo Nacional de

Historia Natural del Paraguay, 14(1-2): 52-73.

Carpenter, J. M. and J. I. Kojima. 1997. Checklist of the species in the subfamily

Vespinae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Natural History Bulletin of

Ibaraki University, 1: 51-92.

Carpenter, J. M. and J. I. Kojima. 2002. A new species of paper wasp from Costa

Rica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae, Epiponini). Journal of the New

York Entomological Society, 110(2): 212-223.

Carpenter, J. M. and L. P. T. Nguyen. 2003. Keys to the genera of social wasps of

South-East Asia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Entomological Science, 6: 183-

192.

129

Carpenter, J. M. and M. Madl. 2009. A catalogue of the Vespidae of the Malagasy

Subregion (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 41(2):

1871-1935.

Carpenter, J. M., J. Gusenleitner and M. Madl. 2010. A catalogue of the Eumeninae

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) of the Ethiopian Region excluding Malagasy

Subregion. Part II: Genera Delta de Saussure 1885 to Zethus Fabricius 1804

and species incertae sedis. Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 42 (1): 95-315.

Carpenter, J. M., L. Dvořák, J. I. Kojima, L. T. Nguyen, A. Perrard and K. M.

Pickett. 2011. Taxonomic notes on the Vespinae of Yunnan (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae). American Museum Novitates, 3709(2): 1-10.

Castro, L. and L. Dvořák. 2010. New and noteworthy records of vespid wasps

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from the Palaearctic region (III). Acta Musei

Moraviae, Scientiae Biologicae, (Brno), 95: 37-53.

Castro, L., A. A. Rodríguez and A. T. Burrial. 2013. First European records of an

alien paper wasp: Polistes (Aphanilopterus) major Palisot de Beauvois,

1818 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in northern Spain. Zootaxa, 3681(1): 89-92

Chandler, L. 1965. The Social Wasps in Indiana (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Indiana

Academy of Science, 197-204.

Chaudhry, G. U., M. I. Chaudhry and S. M. Khan. 1966. Survey of Insect fauna of

forests of Pakistan. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawer, 167pp.

130

Cheesman, L. E. 1952. Ropalidia of Papuasia. Annals and Magazine of Natural

History, 12(5): 1-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222935208654259.

Choi, M. B., J. K. Kim and J. W. Lee. 2013. Checklist and Distribution of Korean

Vespidae revisited. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 52(2): 85-91.

Christ, J. L. 1791. Naturgeschichte, Klassification und Nomenclatur der Insekten

vom Bienen, Wespen und Ameisengeschlecht; als der fünften Klasse fünfte

Ordnung des Linneischen Natursystems von den Insekten: Hymenoptera.

Mit häutigen Flügeln. Hermannische Buchhandlung, Frankfurt am Main,

535 pp.

Cretin, E. 1903. Some observations on Eumenes dimidiatipennis. Journal of the

Bombay Natural History Society, 14: 820-824.

Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1889. Hymenopterologische Notizen. Weiner

Entomologische Zeitung, 8 (3): 124-125.

Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1894. Catalogus Hymenopterorum 9, Vespidae

(Diploptera). Leipzig, 181 pp.

Dalla Torre, K. W. von. 1904. Hymenoptera, Vespidae. Genera Insectorum, 19: 1-

108.

Danforth, B. N. and C. D. Michener. 1988. Wing folding in the Hymenoptera.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 8l (2): 342-349.

Das, B. P. and V. K. Gupta. 1984 ["1983"]. A catalogue of the families

Stenogastridae and Vespidae from the Indian subregion (Hymenoptera:

131

Vespidae). Oriental Insects, 17: 395-464.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1983.10433698.

Das, B. P. and V. K. Gupta. 1989. The social wasps of India and the adjacent

countries. Oriental Insects Monograph, 11: 1-292.

de Saussure, H. 1852. Études sur la Famille des Vespides 1. Monographie des

Guêpes solitaires ou de la tribu des Euméniens. Masson,V., Paris and

Kessmann, J., Genéva, 1-128 pp.

de Saussure, H. 1853. Études sur la Famille des Vespides 1. Monographie des

Guêpes solitaires ou de la tribu des Euméniens. Masson ,V., Paris and J.

Kessmann, Genéve, i-l + 129-286 pp.

de Saussure, H. 1854. Études sur la Famille_des Vespides 2. Monographie des

Guêpes sociales ou de la tribu des Vespiens. Masson,V. Paris and J.

Kessmann, Genéva, 97-256 pp.

de Saussure, H. 1854-56. Etudes sur la Famille des Vespides. Troisième Partie,

comprenant la Monographie des Masariens et un Supplement à la

monographie des Euméniens. V. Masson, Paris & J. Kessmann & J.

Cherbuliez, Genève, 352 pp. + 15 pls. (1854) 1-48 + pl. 1-5; (1855) 49-288

+ pl. 6-14; (1856) 289-352 + pl. 15, 16.

de Saussure, H. 1862. Sur divers Vespides Asiatiques et Africains du Musée de

Leyden. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 23 (4-6): 177-207.

132

de Saussure, H. 1863. Mélanges hyménoptérologiques II. Vespides. Mémoires de

la Société de physique et d’histoire naturelle de Genève, 17(1): 173-244.

de Saussure, H. 1867. Reise der Oesterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde.

Zoologie, 2: 1-156.

de Saussure, H. 1875. Synopsis of American wasps. Smithsonian Miscellaneous

Collections, 254, 392 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.60259.

De-Geer, C. 1773. Mémoires pour Servir à l’Histoire des Insectes, 3. P. Hesselberg,

Stockholm, 696 pp.

Dong, D. Z., Y. Z. Wang, Y. H. He and R. w. Wang. 2002. A new species of

Vespula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Yunnan China. Journal of

Southeast Agricultural University, 24(5): 396-397.

Dorji, P., W. Klein and T. Nidup. 2017. Taxonomic study of social vespid wasps

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespinae and Polistinae) in Bhutan. Journal of

Insect Biodiversity and Systematics, 3(2): 91-104.

Dover, C. 1921. The wasps and bees of Barkuda Island. Records of Indian

Museum, 22: 381-391.

Dover, C. 1925["1924"]. Further notes on the Indian Diplopterous wasps. Journal

of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (new series), 22: 289-305.

Dover, C. 1929. Wasps and Bees in Raffles Museum Singapore. Bulletin of Raffles

Museum Singapore, 2: 43-70.

133

Dover, C. and H. S. Rao. 1922. A note on the diplopterous wasps in the collection

of the Indian Museum. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (new

series), 18: 235-249.

Drury, D. 1773. Illustrations of Natural History, 2. B. White, London, vii + 90 pp.,

50 pls.

Dubatolov, V. V. 1998. Social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae: Polistinae,

Vespinae) of Siberia in the collection of Siberian Zoological Museum. Far

Eastern Entomologist, 57: 1-11.

Dubatolov, V. V. 2011. Social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae: Polistinae,

Vespinae) of the Bastak Nature Reserve (Jewish Autonomous Province,

Amur Basin). Amurian Zoological Journal, 3(1): 60-63.

Dubatolov, V.V. and A. Dolgikh. 2009. Social Wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae:

Polistinae, Vespinae) of the Bolshekhekhtsirsky Nature Reserve (The

Khabarovsk Suburbs), With Notes on their Distribution in the Lower Amur.

Amurian Zoological Journal, 1(1): 76-82.

Dubatolov, V. V. and D. A. Milko. 2004. Social wasps of the subfamily Vespinae

(Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of the Kyrghyz Republic. Entomological Science,

7: 63-71.

Dufour, L. 1839, Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire de l'industrie et des

métamorphoses des Odynères, et description de quelques nouvelles espèces

de ce genre d'insectes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, (2)11: 85-103.

134

Dvořák, L. 2006. First record of Dolichovespula adulterina (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae) from Romania. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 46:

219-220.

Dvořák, L. 2007. The social wasp fauna of Pakistan (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).

Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 39(1): 51-55.

Dvořák, L. 2009. Social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespinae) in the

collection of the Silesian Museum in Opava (Czech Republic). Cas. Slez.

Muz. Opava., 58: 169-174.

Dvořák, L. and G. Ramel. 2009. Social wasps of Wetland Kerkini, Northern

Greece (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespinae, Polistinae). Linzer Biologische

Beiträge, 41(2): 1937-1948.

Dvořák, L. and J. M. Carpenter. 2008. The first record of the paper wasp Polistes

smithii neavei von Schulthess, 1921, from the Middle East (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae), with notes on the social wasp fauna of Yemen. Zoology in the

Middle East, 44(1): 119-120.

Dvořák, L. and J. M. Carpenter. 2010. New records of vespid wasps from Yemen

with synonymy in Belonogaster (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae and

Eumeninae). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 42(1): 561-563.

Dvořák, L. and L. Castro. 2007. New and noteworthy records of Vespid wasps

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from the Palaearctic region. Acta Entomologica

Musei Nationalis Pragae, 47: 229-236.

135

Dvořák, L. and S. P. M. Roberts. 2006. Key to the paper and social wasps of

Central Europe Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Acta Entomologica Musei

Nationalis Pragae, 46: 221-244.

Dvořák, L., H. Ghahari, J. M. Carpenter and R. Abbasi. 2012. On the distribution

and taxonomy of Vespine wasps of Iran (Hymenoptera: Vespidae:

Vespinae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae Biologicae, (Brno): 97(2): 69-

86.

Eardley, C., F. Koch and A. Wood. 2009. Polistes dominulus (Christ, 1791)

(Hymenoptera: Polistinae: Vespidae) newly recorded from South Africa.

African Entomology, 17(2): 226-227.

Ebrahimi, E. and J. M. Carpenter. 2008. Catalog of the vespid wasps of Iran

(Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Zootaxa, 1785: 1-42.

Ebrahimi, E. and J. M. Carpenter. 2012. Distribution pattern of the hornets Vespa

orientalis and V. crabro in Iran: (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Zoology in the

Middle East, 56(1): 63-66.

Eck, R. 1998. Eine neue Art der Vespula vulgaris-Gruppe aus Asien (Insecta:

Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Reichenbachia Staatliches Museum für

Tierkdunde Dresden, 32(43): 299-302.

Fabricius, J. C. 1775. Systema Entomologiae. Flensburgi et Lipsiae, 832 pp.

Fabricius, J. C. 1781. Species Insectorum, 1. Hamburg et Kilonii, 552 pp.

Fabricius, J. C. 1787. Mantissa Insectorum. Hafniae, 348 pp.

136

Fabricius, J. C. 1793. Entomologia Systematica, 2. Hafniae, 519 pp.

Fabricius, J. C. 1798. Supplementum entomologiae systematicae. Hafniae, [2]+572

pp.

Fabricius, J. C. 1804. Systema Piezatorum. Brunsvigae, 439 pp.

Faiz, A., M. A. Rafi, A. Zia, A. Shah, S. W. Shah, R. U. Khan and M. Saeed. 2016.

Wasp fauna of (Eumeninae: Vespinae and Polistinae) in forests of Gilgit-

Baltistan (Pakistan). Pure and Applied Biology, 5(4): (accepted). Online

http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2016.50073.

Fateryga, A. 2010. Trophic relations between vespid wasps (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae) and flowering plants in the Crimea. Entomological Review,

90(6): 698-705.

Forskål, P. 1775. Descriptiones Animalium Avium, Amphibiorum, Piscium,

Insectorum, Vermium; quae in itinere Orientalie observavit. Ed. C.

Niebuhr. Mölleri, Hauniae, 164 + 15 pp.

Galloway, T. D. 2008. Social vespid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespinae

and Polistinae) in Manitoba, with the first record of the European

paper wasp, Polistes dominula, for the province. Proceedings of the

Entomological Society of Manitoba Canada. 66: 41.

Garcete-Barrett, B. R. 2003. A new species of Zethus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae:

Eumeninae) from Eastern Paraguay. Boletín del Museo Nacional de

Historia Natural del Paraguay, 14(1-2): 49-51.

137

Garcete-Barrett, B. R., U. Drechsel and J. M. Carpenter. 2014. Parachartergus

smithii (de Saussure, 1854), a new record of social wasp from Paraguay

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae). Paraguay Biodiversidad, 1(3): 12-15.

Giordani Soika, A. 1934a. Un nuovo genere egiziano di Eumenini (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae). Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Égypte, 4: 436-

439.

Giordani Soika, A. 1934b. Due nuovi Vespidi della Somalia Italiana. Bollettino

della Società Entomologica Italiana, 66(8): 183-184.

Giordani Soika, A. 1941. Studi sui Vespidi Solitari. Boll. Soc. Veneziana Stor.

Nat., 2(3): 130-279.

Giordani Soika, A. 1952. Sulle caratteristiche biogeografiche della Palestina,

Arabia ed Egitto, con un contributo alla conoscenza degli Zethini ed

Eumenini della Palestina. Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di

Venezia, 6(1): 5-62.

Giordani Soika, A. 1957. Expedition to S W Arabia 1937-38. 31- Hymenoptera.

British Museum (Natural History) London, 1: 471-484.

Giordani Soika, A. 1961a. South African Animal Life Hymenoptera (Aculeata):

Vespidae, 8: 441-451.

Giordani Soika, A. 1961b. Les lignees philetiques des Eumenes s. l. du globe

(Hymenoptera: Vesppidae). Verhandlungen XI Internationaler Kongress für

Entomology Wien, 1: 240-245.

138

Giordani Soika, A. 1961c. Notulae vespidologicae XVIII. Atti della Societa

Italiana di Scienze naturali, 100: 377pp.

Giordani Soika, A. 1970. Contributo alla conoscenza degli Eumenidi del Medio

Oriente. Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 20/21:

27-183.

Giordani Soika, A. 1973. Descrizione di nuovi Eumenidi. Bollettino del Museo

Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 24: 97-131.

Giordani Soika, A. 1982[“1981”]. Revisione delle specie orientali del genere

Antepipona Sauss Hym. Vespoidea). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia

Naturale di Venezia, 32: 205-257.

Giordani Soika, A. 1986. Eumenidi Paleartici nuovi o poco noti. Bollettino del

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 35: 91-162.

Giordani Soika, A. 1989. Terzo contributo alla conoscenza degli Eumenidi

afrotropicali (Hymenoptera). Lavori Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali,

14 (1): 19-68.

Giordani Soika, A. 1992. Di alcuni Eumenidi nuovi o poco noti (Hymenoptera

Vespoidea). Lavori Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, 17: 41-68.

Giordani Soika, A. 1994. Ricerche sistematiche su alcuni generi di eumenidi della

region eorientale e della Papuasia (Hymenoptera, Vespoidea). Annali del

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria”, 90: 1-348.

139

Girish Kumar, P. 2010. New distributional records of some species of the subgenus

Polistes Gyrostoma Kirby (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from various states of

India and adjacent countries. Zoological Survey of India, 110(4): 41-45.

Girish Kumar, P. 2013. A revision of the genus Subancistrocerus de Saussure

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from Indian Subcontinent. In: Gupta

V. K, Verma A. K (Eds), Animal Diversity, Natural History and

Conservation, 2: 53-68.

Girish Kumar, P. and G. Sharma. 2014. Taxonomic studies on Vespid wasps

(Vespidae: Vespoidea: Hymenoptera: Insecta) of Rajasthan, India with six

new records from the State. Journal on New Biological Reports, 3(3): 240-

258.

Girish Kumar, P. and G. Sharma. 2015a. A review of the genus Allorhynchium van

der Vecht, 1963 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from the Indian

subcontinent. Prommalia, 3: 20-34.

Girish Kumar, P. and G. Sharma. 2015b. Taxonomic Studies on Vespid wasp

(Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Vespidae) in Chhattisgarh, India. Journal of

Threatened Taxa, 7(14): 8096-8127.

Girish Kumar, P. and J. M. Carpenter. 2013. A taxonomic review of the genus

Antodynerus de Saussure, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from

the Indian subcontinent. Zootaxa, 3731(2): 267-278.

140

Girish Kumar, P. and K. Lambert. 2010. New record of Polistes (Polistes) indicus

Stolfa from India (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae). Uttar Pradesh

Journal of Zoology, 30(2): 193-196.

Girish Kumar, P. and K. Lambert. 2011. Redescription and new distributional

records of Xenorhynchium nitidulum (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae:

Eumeninae) from various states of India. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology,

31(3): 311-316

Girish Kumar, P. and P. M Sureshan. 2016. New record of the species

Ectopioglossa sublaevis (Smith, 1857) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae:

Eumeninae) from the Indian subcontinent. Zoological Survey of India,

116(4): 489-492.

Girish Kumar, P., A. K. R. Mathato and Y. Patel. 2012a. On a collection of

aculeate Hymenoptera from Bhuj, Gujarat. Bugs ‘R’ All, 19: 2230-7052.

Girish Kumar, P., G. Srinivasan and J. M. Carpenter. 2013a. A taxonomic study on

the genus Tropidodynerus Blüthgen (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)

from the Indian sub-continent. Prommalia, 1(1): 162-174.

Girish Kumar, P., G. Srinivasan and J. M. Carpenter. 2015. A new species of

Lissodynerus Giordani Soika (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from

Rutland Island, southern Andaman, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa,

7(10): 7664-7667.

Girish Kumar, P., J. M. Carpenter and G. Sharma, 2014b. A review of the genus

Paraleptomenes Giordani Soika, 1970 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae:

141

Eumeninae: Odynerini) from the Indian subcontinent, with the description

of a new species from the eastern Himalayas. Zootaxa, 3802(1): 131-143.

Girish Kumar, P., J. M. Carpenter and P. Sureshan. 2012b. New record of the

genus Cochlischnogaster Dong and otsuka (Hymenoptera: Vespidae:

Stenogastrinae) from the Indian subcontinent. Rec. Zoological Survey of

India, 112: 113-119

Girish Kumar, P., J. M. Carpenter and P. Sureshan. 2016a. Additions to the

knowledge of the genus Allorhynchium van der Vecht from the Indian

subcontinent with the description of a new species from Kerala

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Halteres, 7: 29-34.

Girish Kumar, P., J. M. Carpenter and P. M. Sureshan. 2016b. A taxonomic review

of the genus Antepipona de Saussure, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae:

Eumeninae) from India. Zootaxa, 4150 (5): 501-536.

Girish Kumar, P., J. M. Carpenter, K. Lambert and K. M. Shareef. 2014a.

Additional notes on the genus Apodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from the Indian subcontinent.

Halteres, 5: 47-51.

Girish Kumar, P., K. Lambert and K. P. M. Shareef. 2013b. New distributional

records of Indodynerus capitatus Gusenleitner, 2008 (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae: Eumeninae). Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 33(1): 81-83.

Girish Kumar, P., P. M Sureshan and K. G. Emiliyamma. 2016c. First record of

the genus Coeleumenes van der vecht from peninsular India with the

142

species C. burmanicus (Bingham) from Kerala (Hymenoptera: Vespidae:

Eumeninae). Zoological Survey of India, 116(4): 493-496.

Gmelin, F. 1790. Caroli a Linné Systema Naturae, 1(5): 2225-3019.

Goulet, H. and J. T. Huber. 1993. Hymenoptera of the world: an identification

guide to families. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, 668 pp.

Gravely, F. H. 1915. Notes on the habits of Indian insects, myriapods and

arachnids. Records of Indian Museum, 11: 483-539.

Gribodo, G. 1892["1891"]. Contribuzioni Immenotterologiche. Sopra alcune specie

nuove o poco conosciute di Imenotteri Diplotteri. Bollettino della Societa

Entomologica Italiana, 23: 242-300.

Guérin-Méneville, F. E. 1831. Insectes. in: Duperrey, L. (Ed.), Voyage autour du

monde execute sur la corvette la Coquille, 1822-1825, par L. J. Duperrey,

Zoologie, II (pt. 2, Div. 1), Atlas, pls. XX-XXI.

Guichard, K. M. 1986 [“1985”]. Wasps of the family Eumenidae (Hymenoptera:

Vespoidea) of the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 7: 202-229.

Guiglia, D. and F. Capra. 1933. Rassegna delle Vespe Italiane. Memorie della

Società Entomologica Italiana, 12: 163-179.

Gusenleitner, J. 1972. Bemerkenswertes uber Faltenwespen. (Diploptera,

Hymenoptera). Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen, 21: 73-78.

143

Gusenleitner, J. 1973. Übersicht über die derzeit bekannten west paläarktischen

Arten der Gattung Eumenes LATR (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea). Bollettino

del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 22/23: 67-117.

Gusenleitner, J. 1981. Revision der paläarktischen Stenodynerus-Arten

(Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 51: 209-305.

Gusenleitner, J. 1987. Über Eumenidae aus Nepal (Hymenoptera Vespoidea).

Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 19 (1): 255-270.

Gusenleitner, J. 1988a. Über Eumenidae aus Thailand, mit einer

Bestimmungstabelle fur orientalischer Labus-Arten (Hymenoptera

Vespoidea). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 20 (1): 173-198.

Gusenleitner, J. 1998b. Bestimmungstabellen mittel- und südeuropäischer

Eumeniden (Vespoidea, Hymenoptera), Teil 8. Die Gattungen Odynerus

Latreille 1802, Gymnomerus Blüthgen 1938, Paragymnomerus Blüthgen

1938 und Tropidodynerus Blüthgen 1939.). Linzer Biologische Beiträge,

30(1): 163-181.

Gusenleitner, J. 2004. Über Vespoidea aus Kenya und Tanzania (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae, Eumenidae, Masaridae). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 36(1): 137-

149.

Gusenleitner, J. 2005. Eine Aufsammlung von Faltenwespen in Burkina Faso

(Hymenoptera: Eumenidae, Vespidae). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 37(1):

407-413.

144

Gusenleitner, J. 2006a. Über Eumeninae, aufgesammelt in Pakistan (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 38(2): 1295-1305.

Gusenleitner, J. 2006b. ÜberAufsammlungen von Faltenwespen in Indien

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 38(1): 677-695.

Gusenleitner, J. 2007a. Über Vespidae aus Pakistan (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).

Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 39 (2): 969-972.

Gusenleitner, J. 2007b. Über bemerkenswerte Faltenwespen aus der äthiopischen

Region. Teil 5 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae, Masarinae). Linzer

Biologische Beiträge, 39(2): 957-968.

Gusenleitner, J. 2008a. Bemerkenswerte Faltenwespen-Funde aus der

Orientalischen Region Teil 4. Mit einem Anhang über eine Art aus Neu-

Kaledonien (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Eumeninae). Linzer Biologische

Beiträge, 40(2): 1495-1503.

Gusenleitner, J. 2008b. Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). In: Schuster R. (Hrsg.),

Biosystematics and Ecology Series No. 24. Checklisten der Fauna

Österreichs, No. 3: 31-40.

Gusenleitner, J. 2010. Über bemerkenswerte Faltenwespen aus der athiopischen

Region Teil 6 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Linzer Biologische

Beiträge, 42 (2): 1323-1346.

145

Gusenleitner, J. 2011. Eine Aufsammlung von Faltenwespen aus Laos im

Biologiezentrum Linz (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespinae, Stenogastrinae,

Polistinae, Eumeninae). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 43(2): 13 51-1368.

Gusenleitner, J. 2014. Zwei neue Eumeninae aus dem Oman Mit Ergänzungen

zum Katalog der Eumeninae der Äthiopischen Region (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae: Eumeninae). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 46(1): 531-536.

Gusenleitner, J. and M. Madl. 2009. Notes on Vespidae (Hymenoptera) of

Mauritius. Entomofauna, 30(27): 465-471.

Gusenleitner, J. and M. Madl. 2012. Notes on Eumeninae (Insecta: Hymenoptera:

Vespidae) of the Ethiopian Region based on the material of the

Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Austria). Annalen des Naturhistorischen

Museums in Wien. Series B für Botanik und Zoologie, 114: 9-25.

Gusenleitner, J., M. Fallahzadeh, A. Haghighi and A. Dousti. 2013. Two new

species of Eumeninae from Iran (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Linzer

Biologische Beiträge, 45(1): 109-116.

Haddad, N., L. Dvořák, O. Adwan, H. Mdanat and A. Bataynah. 2007. New data

on Vespid wasp fauna of Jordan (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Linzer

Biologische Beiträge, 39(1): 137-142.

Herrich-Schaeffer, G. A. W. 1839. Die wanzenartigen Insekten. Getreu nach der

Natur abgebildet und beschrieben. (Fortsetzung des Hahn’schen Werkes.

(Vulume 4, 1839-Volume 9 and Alphabetisches synonymisches

Verzeichniss, 1853). F? Band, C.H. Zeh, Nbg., 108 pp.

146

Hesler, S. L. 2010. Polistes dominula (Christ, 1791). (Hymenoptera: Vespidae:

Polistinae) found in South Dakota, U. S. A. Insecta Mundi, 145: 1-3.

Hoa, D. T., L. N. T. Phuong and J. I. Kojima. 2012. Taxonomic notes on the genus

Euodynerus Dalla Torre (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from

Northern Vietnam. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc, 34(4): 422-426.

Horne, C. 1870. Notes on the habits of some hymenopterous insects from the

north-west provinces of India. With an appendix, containing descriptions of

some new species of Apidae and Vespidae collected by Mr. Horne: by

Frederick Smith, of the British Museum. Transactions of the Zoological

Society Society of London, 7: 161-196, pls. 19-22.

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). 1970. Opinion

893. Eumenidae names of Saussure (Hymenoptera): Grant of availability to

certain names proposed for secondary divisions of genera. Bulletin of

Zoological Nomenclature, 26: 187-191.

Illiger, K. 1807. Vergleichung der Gattungen der Hautflügler Piezata Fabricus

Hymenoptera Linneaus. Jur. Magazine Insektenk.6: 189-199.

Iwata, K. 1942. Comparative studies on the habits of solitary wasps. Tenthredo, 4:

1-146.

Jacobson, R. S., R. W. Matthews and J. F. Macdonalda. 1978. Systematic study of

the Vespula vulgaris group with a description of a new yellow jacket

species in Eastern North America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Annals of the

Entomological Society of America, 71(3): 299-312.

147

Jensen, O. M. 1962. Sudden death due to stings from bees and wasps. Acta

Pathologica Et Immunologica Scandinavica, 54(1): 9-29.

Jizhu, Z. 1989. A Checklist of Superfamily Vespoidea in Fujian Province, China

Biological Control Research Institute, 04.

Jurine, L. 1807. Nouvelle Méthode de Classer les Hymenopteres et les Dipteres.

Hymenopteres. J. J. Paschoud, Geneva, 1: 319 + 4 pp.

Kirby, W. and W. Spence. 1815. An introduction to Entomology, or elements of

the natural history of Insects. London. 1(1): xxiv+512pp., 3 pls.

Kim, J. K. 1999. Taxonomic review of genus Stenodynerus Saussure (Eumeninae,

Vespidae, Hymenoptera) with description of a new species in Korea.

Korean Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(4): 347-354.

Kim, J. K. 2003. Taxonomic Review of the genus Anterhynchium Saussure

(Eumeninae, Vespidae, Hymenoptera) from East Asia. Entomological

Research, 33(2): 105-117.

Kim, J. K. 2005. Taxonomic review on the Far Eastern species of the genus

Discoelius Latreille (Hymenoptera: Eumeninae, Vespidae). Entomological

Research, 35(2): 111-116.

Kim, J. K. 2012. Taxonomic Review of the genus Euodynerus (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae: Eumeninae) in the Korean Peninsula. Animal Systematics,

Evolution and Diversity, 28(3): 161-167.

148

Kim, J. K. and B. Yoon. 1996. A new species of Dolichovespula (Insecta:

Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Korea. Korean Journal Systematic Zoology,

12(3): 199-202.

Kim, J. K. and S. G. Lee. 2006. Taxonomic review of the genus Symmorphus

Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from the Far East.

Entomological Research, 36(1): 27-41.

Kim, J. K. and S. Yamane. 2001 A revision of Eumenes Latreille (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae) from the Far East Asia, with description of one new species and

one new subspecies. Entomological Science, 4 (2): 139-155.

Kim, J. K. and S. H. Bang. 2007. Taxonomic Review of the Genus

Pararrhynchium Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from

Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 10(4): 301-305.

Kim, J. K. and Y. Seiki. 2007. Description of a new species of Pararrhynchium

Saussure (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from Taiwan with a

catalogue of the Pararrhynchium species. Zootaxa, 1556: 61-68.

Kohl, F. F. 1905. Hymenopterentypen aus der neotropischen Fauna.

Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch- Botanischen

Gesellschaft in Wien, 55: 338-366.

Kojima, J. I. 1996. Taxonomy of the Ropalidia flavopicta complex (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae: Polistinae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 70(22): 325-347.

149

Kojima, J. I. 2001. Taxonomic notes on types of the social wasp tribe Ropalidiini

(Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) housed mainly in the

Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Genève. Natural History Bulletin of Ibaraki

University, 5: 1-22.

Kojima, J. I. and J. M. Carpenter. 1997. Catalog of species in the Polistine tribe

Ropalidiini (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae). American Museum

Novitates, 3199: 1-96.

Kojima, J. I., F. Saito and L. T. P. Nguyen. 2011. On the species-group taxa of

Taiwanese social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) described and/or treated

by J. Sonan. Zootaxa, 2920: 42-64.

Kojima, J. I., K. Lambert, L. T. Nguyen and F. Saito. 2007. Taxonomic notes on

the paper wasps of the genus Ropalidia in the Indian subcontinent

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Entomological Science, 10(4): 373-393.

Kostylev, G. 1940. Espèces nouvelles et peu connues de Vespides, d’Euménides et

de Masarides paléarctiques (Hymenoptera). II. Bulletin de la Société des

naturalistes de Moscou, Section Biologique, 49 (5-6): 24-42.

Kriechbaumer, J. 1879. Eumeniden-Studien. Entomol. Nachr., 5: 57-59.

Krombein, K. V. 1991. Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, XIX: Natural

history notes in several families (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae, Vespidae,

Pompilidae, and Crabronidae). Smithsonian Institution Press.

150

Lambert, K. 2004. Two new species and a new subspecies of Antepipona Saussure

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from India with a key to species. In: Perspectives

on Biosystematics and Biodiversity (Eds., K. Rajmohana et al.). Prof. T. C.

Narendran Commemoration Volume, 553-566.

Lambert, K., K. M. Shareef and P. Girish Kumar. 2012. New Record of Polistes

(Polistella) strigosus Bequaert (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) from

South India. Biological Forum-An International Journal, 4(2): 8-9.

Lambert, K., T. C. Narendran and P. Girish Kumar. 2005a. Taxonomic study of

three new species of Ropalidia Guerin (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from

Kerala, India. Journal of Current Science, 7(1): 267-276.

Lambert, K., T. C. Narendran and P. Girish Kumar. 2005b. Three new species of

Ropalidia Guerin (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from southern India. Zoos Print

Journal, 20: 1920-1923.

Lambert, K., T. C. Narendran and P. Girish Kumar. 2007. A new record of

Ancistrocerus tinctipennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from India.

Journal of Entomological Research, 31(2): 169-171.

Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Crustacées et

des Insectes. Sonnini’s suites à Buffon, Paris, 468 pp.

Latreille, P. A. 1810. Considérations Générales sur l’Ordre Naturel des Animaux

Composant les Classes des Crustacés, des Arachnides, et des Insectes. F.

Schoell, Paris, 444 pp.

151

Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, A. L. M. 1841. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes-

Hyménoptères. Paris: Rore, 2: 1-680.

Li, T. and B. Chen. 2014. The taxonomic accounts of the genus Symmorphus

Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from China, with

descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys, (389): 9-26.

Li, T. and B. Chen. 2015. Two new species of the newly recorded subgenus

Tropidodynerus Blüthgen (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from

China, with a key to the known species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research,

(43): 9-18.

Li, T. and B. Chen. 2016. Two newly recorded genera Stenodyneriellus and

Lissodynerus with three new species from China (Hymenoptera, Vespidae,

Eumeninae). Two new species of the newly recorded subgenus

Tropidodynerus Blüthgen, 49: 111pp.

Lien, N. T. P. and J. I. Kojima. 2013. Distribution of social wasps in Vietnam

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Tap Chi Sinh Hoc, 35(3): 16-25.

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 1(10): 824 pp.

Linnaeus, C. 1771. Mantissa Plantarum, part II (Regni Animalus Appendix). L.

Salvii, Holmiae, 521-552 pp.

Lopes, R. B. and F. B. Noll. 2014. Notes on the Neotropical Zethus Fabricius, 1804

(Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) with the description of two new

species from Brazil. Zootaxa, 3784(2): 179-186.

152

Lopes, R. B. and M. G. Hermes. 2015. A new species of Zethus (Zethusculus) de

Saussure (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from southern Brazil.

Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 59: 138-140.

López, S., M. González and A. Goldarazena. 2011. Vespa velutina lepeletier, 1836

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae): first records in Iberian Peninsula. EPPO

Bulletin, 41(3): 439-441.

Ma, Z., B. Chen and T. Li. 2016. A taxonomic account of the genus Stenodynerus

from China, with descriptions of five new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae,

Eumeninae). ZooKeys, 595: 17-48. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.595.7734.

Madl, M. 2012. Notes on the genus Provespa Ashmead, 1903 (Insecta:

Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespinae) based on the material of the

Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Austria). Annalen des Naturhistorischen

Museums in Wien, Serie B, 114: 27-35.

Mahmood, K., M. Ullah, A. Aziz, S. A. Hasan and M. Inayatullah. 2012. To the

knowledge of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) of Pakistan. Zootaxa, 3318: 26-50.

Margalef, S. R. 1969. Diversity and stability: A practical proposal: a model of

inters- dependence. Book Haven Symposia Biology, 22: 25-37.

Martin, S. 1995. Hornets (Hymenoptera: Vespinae) of Malaysia. Malayan Nature

Journal, 49: 71-82.

Matthews, R. W., M. A. Goodisman, A. D. Austin and R. Bashford. 2000. The

introduced English wasp Vespula vulgaris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

153

newly recorded invading native forests in Tasmania. Australian Journal of

Entomology, 39(3): 177-179.

Meade-Waldo, G. 1910. New species of Diploptera in the collection of the British

Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5: 30-51.

Meade-Waldo, G. 1913. New species of Diploptera in the collection of the British

Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8(11): 44-54.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931308693291.

Menhinick, E. F. 1964. A Comparison of some species-individuals diversity

indices applied to samples of field Insects. Ecology, 45: 859-861.

Móczár, L. 1937. Rendszertani tanulmány a hazai kürtösdarazsakról (Odynerus)

Latr. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 3: 1-63.

Monceau, K., O. Bonnard and D. Thiéry. 2014. Vespa velutina: a new invasive

predator of honeybees in Europe. Journal of Pest Science, 87(1): 1-16.

Morawitz, F. 1889. Hymenopterologische Mittheilungen. Horae Societatis

Entomologicae Rossicae, 23: 540-554.

Morawitz, F. 1895. Materialien ZU einer Vespidenfauna des Russischen Reiches.

Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 29, 407-493.

Nakamura, H. and H. Toshima. 1999. A Method for Environmental Evaluation

Using Indicator Groups of Butterflies and RI index. Japanese Journal of

Environmental Entomology and Zoology, 10: 143-59.

154

Nguyen, L. T. P. 2015a. Potter wasps of the genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from Vietnam, with description of a

new species and key to species. Zootaxa, 3974(4): 564-572.

Nguyen, L. T. P. 2015b. Taxonomic Notes on the Genus Delta de Saussure

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from Vietnam. Animal Systematics,

Evaluation and Diversity, 31(2): 95-100.

Nguyen, L. T. P. 2015c. Two new species of the genus Pararrhynchium de

Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from northern Vietnam.

Zootaxa, 3974(2): 170-176.

Nguyen, L. T. P. 2015d. Taxonomic notes on the species of the genus

Anterhynchium de Saussure, 1863 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)

from Vietnam, with description of a new species. Zootaxa, 3915(1): 132-

138.

Nguyen, L. T. P. 2016. A new record of the genus Discoelius Latreille, 1809

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from Northern Vietnam with

description of two new species. Zootaxa, 4154(5): 589-594.

Nguyen, L. T. P. and J. I. Kojima. 2014. Distribution and nests of paper wasps of

Polistes (Polistella) in northeastern Vietnam, with description of a new

species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae). ZooKeys, 368: 45-63.

Nguyen, L. T. P. and J. M. Carpenter. 2002. Vespidae of Vietnam (Insecta:

Hymenoptera) 1. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 110(2):

199-211.

155

Nguyen, L. T. P. and J. M. Carpenter. 2013. Taxonomic notes on the species of the

genus Malayepipona Giordani Soika (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)

from northern Vietnam, with description of three new species. Raffles

Bulletin of Zoology, 61(2): 727-734.

Nguyen, L. T. P. and Z. Xu. 2014. Two new species of the genus Okinawepipona

Yamane (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from Vietnam and China.

Zootaxa, 3795(1): 038-044.

Nguyen, L. T. P., F. Saito, J. I. Kojima and J. M. Carpenter. 2006a. Vespidae of

Viet Nam (Insecta: Hymenoptera) 2. Taxonomic notes on Vespinae.

Zoological Science, 23(1): 95-104.

Nguyen, L. T. P., H. T. Dong, J. I. Kojima and J. M. Carpenter. 2014. An

Annotated Distributional Checklist of Solitary Wasps of the Subfamily

Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) of Vietnam. Entomologica

Americana, 120(1): 7-17.

Nguyen, L. T. P., J. I. Kojima and F. Saito. 2011. Polistes (Polistella) wasps

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) from mountainous areas of northern

Vietnam, with description of five new species. Zootaxa, 3060: 1-30.

Nguyen, L. T. P., J. I. Kojima, F. Saito and J. M. Carpenter. 2006b. Vespidae

(Hymenoptera) of Vietnam 3: Synoptic key to Vietnamese species of the

Polistinae genus Ropalidia, with notes on taxonomy and distribution.

Entomological Science, 9(1): 93-107.

156

Nguyen, L. T. P., T. T. Vu, J. X. Q. Lee and J. M. Carpenter. 2017. Taxonomic

notes on the Polistes stigma group (Hymenoptera, Vespidae: Polistinae)

from continental Southeast Asia, with descriptions of three new species and

a key to species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 65: 269-279.

Nidup, T., W. Klein and P. Dorji. 2017. New records off hover wasps

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Stenogastrinae) from Bhutan. Journal of

Threatened Taxa, 9(7): 10487-10489.

Nugroho, H., J. I. Kojima and J. M. Carpenter. 2012 [2011]. Checklist of vespid

species (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae) occurring in Indonesian

Archipelago. Treubia, 38: 71-186.

Nugroho, H., J. I. Kojima and R. Ubaidillah. 2013. Review of potter wasps with a

petiolate metasoma excluding so-called" Zethinae"(Hymenoptera:

Vespidae: Eumeninae) in the Lesser Sunda Islands of the Indonesian

Archipelago. Zootaxa, 3608(1): 1-25.

Nugroho, H., J. I. Kojima and R. Ubaidillah. 2014. Synonymy of the potter wasp

genus Philippodynerus Gusenleitner (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae)

with Apodynerus Giordani Soika, with taxonomic notes on Apodynerus

species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 36: 131-151.

Nugroho, H., R. Ubaidillah and J. I. Kojima. 2010. Potter wasps of the genus

Eumenes Latreille (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) in the western

part of the Papuan Region, with description of two new species and

157

taxonomic notes on E. inconspicuus Smith. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,

58(2): 179-187.

Nurse, C. G. 1903. New species of Indian aculeate Hymenoptera. Annals and

Magazine of Natural History, 11(7): 393-403.

Nurse, C. G. 1904. New species of Indian aculeate Hymenoptera. Journal of the

Bombay Natural History Society, 16: 19-26.

Olivier, G. A. 1792 (1791). Encyclopedie methodique histoire naturelle. Insectes 6.

Paris (Panckoucke), 704 pp.

Paiva, C. A. 1907. Records of Hemiptera and Hymenoptera from the Himalayas.

Records of the Indian Museum, 1: 13-20.

Pannure, A., V. V. Belavadi and J. M. Carpenter. 2016. Taxonomic studies on

potter wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) of south India. Zootaxa,

4171(1): 1-50.

Pannure, A., V. V. Belavadi and J. M. Carpenter. 2017. A new species of the genus

Discoelius Latreille, 1809 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from

India. Zootaxa, 4272 (4): 583-586.

Pérez, J. 1907. Hyménoptéres [mission] J. Bonnier et Ch. Perez, golfe Persique,

1901. Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique Paris, T., 41, 485-

505.

158

Perrard, A., A. Nel and J. M. Carpenter. 2014. A new paper wasp from Late

Eocene of France (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae). Zootaxa, 3753(6):

542-548.

Pham, P. H. 2014. A checklist of Ropalidiini wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae:

Polistinae) in Indochina. Archives of Biological Sciences, 66(3): 1061-

1074.

Pickett, K. M. and J. M. Carpenter. 2010. Simultaneous analysis and the origin of

eusociality in the Vespidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Arthropod Systematics

& Phylogeny, 68(1): 3-33.

Prezoto, F., M. M. de-Souza, A. Elpino-Campos and K. Del-Claro. 2009. New

Records of Social Wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in the Brazilian

Tropical Savanna. Sociobiology, 54(3): 759 pp.

Qasim, M., J. M. Carpenter, M. A. Rafi, M. R. Khan and M. R. Khan. 2017. A new

species of Stenodynerus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from

Pakistan. Zootaxa, 4370 (3): 271-274.

Rad, S. P., R. Abassi and E. Ebrahimi. 2006. Two new records for the fauna of

solitary wasps of the subfamily Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in

Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 39(1): 117-119.

Rad, S. P., R. Abbasi, G. Soleimani and L. Dvořák. 2010. New and supplementary

information on the vespid fauna of Iran: (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Zoology

in the Middle East, 50(1): 95-100.

159

Rafi, M. A., J. M. Carpenter, M. Qasim, A. Shehzad, A. Zia, M. R. Khan, M. I.

Mastoi, F. Naz, M. Ilyas, M. Shah and A. R. Bhatti. 2017. The vespid fauna

of Pakistan. Zootaxa, (Accepted).

Ranabhat, N. B. and A. S. Tamrakar. 2008. Study on seasonal activity of predatory

wasps attacking honey bee Apis cerana Fab. colonies in southern belt of

Kaski District, Nepal. Journal of Natural History Museum, 23: 125-128.

Rasool, M., M. Zahid and M. Shah. 2017. Solitary Wasps (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae: Eumeninae) of Swat Pakistan, with two species newly reported

from the country and three unidentified species. Journal of Entomology and

Zoology Studies, 5(2): 648-653.

Richards, O. W. 1962. A Revisional Study of the Masarid Wasps (Hymenoptera,

Vespidae). British Museum (Natural History), London.

Richards, O.W. 1973. The subgenera of Polistes Latreille (Hymenoptera,

Vespidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia Rev Bras Biol, 17: 85-103.

Richards, O. W. 1978. The Australian social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).

Australian Journal of Zoology Suppliment Series, 26(61): 1-132.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AJZS061.

Richter, M. R. 1990. Hunting social wasp interactions: influence of prey size,

arrival order, and wasp species. Ecology, 71(3): 1018-1030.

160

Rothney, G. A. J. 1903. The aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore, Bengal.

Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 51(1): 93-116.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1903.tb01128.x.

Saito, F. 2009. New Species of the Hover Wasp Genus Eustenogaster (Insecta:

Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Stenogastrinae) from Southeast Asia. Species

diversity: An International Journal for Taxonomy, Systematics, Speciation,

Biogeography, and Life History Research of Animals, 14(1): 15-25.

Saito, F. and J. I. Kojima. 2005. Taxonomy and biogeography of Australian species

of the Ropalidia stigma group and R. variegata group (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae). Entomological Science, 8(2): 179-188.

Saito, F. and J. I. Kojima. 2007. A taxonomic revision of the hover wasp genus

Eustenogaster van der Vecht (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae:

Stenogastrinae). Zootaxa, 1556: 1-30.

Saito, F., L. T. P. Nguyen, J. M. Carpenter and J. I. Kojima. 2006. A new

Eustenogater species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Stenogastrinae), the first

hover wasp known to overwinter on the nest. American Museum Novitates,

3534: 1-11.

Saito-Morooka, F., L. T. P. Nguyen and J. I. Kojima. 2015. Review of the paper

wasps of the Parapolybia indica species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae,

Polistinae) in eastern parts of Asia. Zootaxa, 3947(2): 215-235.

161

Sajjad, A. and S. Saeed. 2010. Floral host plant range of syrphid flies (Syrphidae:

Diptera) under natural conditions in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan

Journal of Botany, 42(2): 1187-1200.

Schulz, W. A. 1912. Aelteste und alte Hymenopteren skandinavischer Autoren.

Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 57 (1-2): 52-102.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.19120570109

Shah, M. 2015. Biosystematics of wasps species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from

Hazara Region, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Ph.D Thesis, Hazara

University Mansehra, 152pp.

Shannon, E. R. and W. Wiener. 1963. The Mathematical Theory of

Communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana Ill., 117 pp.

Shareef, K. M., K. Lambert and P. Girish Kumar. 2013. New record of

Pseudozumia indica (de Saussure, 1855) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae:

Eumeninae) from Peninsular India. An International Journal, 5(2): 100-103

Siddiqui, J. A., I. Bodlah, J. M. Carpenter, M. Naeem, M. Ahmad and M. A.

Bodlah. 2015. Vespidae (Hymenoptera) of the Pothwar region of Punjab,

Pakistan. Zootaxa, 3914(5): 501-524.

Simpson, E. H. 1949. Measurement of Diversity. Nature, London, 688pp.

Smit, J. 2000. The wasps of Madeira (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae, Pompilidae,

Vespidae, Sphecidae). Entomofauna, 13: 165-180.

162

Smith, F. 1852 Descriptions of some hymenopterous insects captured in India, with

notes on their economy, by Ezra T. Downes, Esq. who presented them to

the honourable East India Company. Annals and Magazine of Natural

History, 9 (2): 44-50.

Smith, F. 1857. Catalogue of Hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British

Museum, 5: 1- 147.

Smith, F. 1871. A catalogue of the Aculeate Hymenoptera and Ichneumonidae of

India and eastern Archipelago, with introductary remarks by A. R. Wallace.

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 11: 285-415.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1871.tb01662.x.

Sonan, J. 1938. Notes on the Vespoidea in Japan (Hymenoptera). Transactions of

the Natural History Society Formosa, 28: 77-81.

Spradbery, J. P. 1973. Wasps: an Account of the biology and natural history of

solitary and social wasps. University of Washington Press, 408 pp.

Srinivasan, G. and P. Girish Kumar. 2010. New records of potter wasps

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India: five

genera and ten species. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 2(12): 1313-1322.

Starr, C. K. 1992. The social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) of Taiwan. Bulletin

of the National Museum of Natural Science, 3: 93-138.

Stebbing, E. P. 1905. Insect life in India and how to study it, being a simple

account of the more important families of insects with examples of the

163

damage they do crops, tea, coffee and indigo concerns, fruit and forest trees

in India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 16: 664-685.

Stolfa, E. 1934. Due nuovi Vespidi indiani. Bollettino della Società veneziana di

storia naturale, 1: 47-49.

Tan, J. L., K. Van-Achterberg and X. X. Chen. 2014a. Pictorial key to species of

the genus Ropalidia Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)

from China, with description of one new species. Zookeys, 391: 1-35.

Tan, J. L., K. Van-Achterberg, M. J. Duan and X. X. Chen. 2014b. An illustrated

key to the species of subgenus Gyrostoma Kirby, 1828 (Hymenoptera,

Vespidae, Polistinae) from China, with discovery of Polistes (Gyrostoma)

tenuispunctia Kim, 2001. Zootaxa, 3785(3): 377-399.

Tie-sheng, L. 1981. Remarks on some Vespoidea (Hymenoptera) from Fujian with

description of a new species. Wuyi Science Journal, 1: 197-199.

Tie-sheng, L. 1982. On the Vespoidea from Yunnan Province, China. Zoological

Research, 01.

Vallot, J. N. 1802. Concordance Systématique Servant de Table de Matières à

l’Ouvrage de Réaumur Intitulé: Memoires pour servir a l’histoire des

insectes. Paris, 196 + 2 pp.

van der Vecht, J. 1941. The Indo-Australian species of the genus Ropalidia (=

Icaria). Part I. Treubia, 18: 103-190.

164

van der Vecht, J. 1957. The Vespinae of the Indo Malayan and Papuan areas

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Zoological Verhandelingen, 34: 1-83.

van der Vecht, J. 1959. Notes on Oriental Vespinae, including some species from

China and Japan (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, 36:

205-232.

van der Vecht, J. 1962. The Indo-Australian species of the genus Ropalidia (Icaria)

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (second part). Zoological Verhandelingen,

(Leiden). 57: 1-72, 8 pls.

van der Vecht, J. 1963. Studies on Indo-Australian and East-Asiatic Eumenidae

(Hymenoptera: Vespoidea). Zoological Verhandelingen, 60: 1-116.

van der Vecht, J. 1966. The east-Asiatic and Indo-Australian species of Polybioides

du Buysson and Parapolybia de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).

Zoological Verhandelingen, 82: 1-42, 3 pIs.

van der Vecht, J. 1967. The status of certain genus-groups names in the Eumenidae

(Hymenoptera, Vespoidea). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 24 (1):

27-33.

van der Vecht, J. and J. C. Fischer. 1972. Palaearctic Eumenidae. Hymenopterorum

Catalogus (Novo Editio), 8: 1-197.

von Schulthess, A. 1910. Systematische Uebersicht der äthiopischen Eumenesarten

(Hymenoptera, Vespidae) und vorläufige Beschreibung einiger neuer Arten

und Varietäten. Societas Entomologica, 25 (5): 17-19.

165

von Schulthess, A. 1913. Neue aethiopsiche Eumeniden. Societas Entomologica,

28: 1-3.

von Schulthess, A. 1914. Vespidae aus Ceylon, Malacca, Java and Sumatra.

Zoologische Jahrbuecher Systematik, 37: 253-266.

von Schulthess, A. 1921[“1920”]. Sitzung der mathematisch-

naturwssenschaftlichen Klasse vom 16, Dezember 1920. Anzeiger Akad.

Wiss. Wien, Math. Natur. Kl., No. 27: 285-286.

Wesmael, C. 1836. Supplément. Bull. Acad. R. Belg. Cl. Sci. 3: 44-54.

Westwood, J. O. 1840. An introduction to the modern clasification of insects 2.xi +

587pp. London.

Weyrauch, W. 1937. Zur Systemakik und Biologie der Kuckswespen Pseudovespa,

Pseudovespula und Pseudopolistes. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für

Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere, 52: 243-290.

Weyrauch, W. 1938. Zur systematik und Biologie der palaearktischen Polisten.

Arb. Physiol. Angewandte Entomol. Berlin-Dahlem, 5: 273-278.

Weyrauch, W. 1939. Zur Systematik der palaarkkischen Polistinen auf biologischer

Grundlage. Arc. Naturgeschichte, (Neue Folge), 8 (2): 145-197.

White, A. 1841. Description of a South American wasp which collects honey.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series, 1(7): 315-322.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03745484109442703.

166

Wolcott, G. N. 1924 (1923). “Insectae Portoricensis.” A preliminary check-list of

the insects of Porto Rico, with descriptions of some new species. Journal of

the Department of Agriculture of Puerto Rico, 7: 1-303.

Yamane, S. and S. Yamane. 1979. Polistine wasps from Nepal (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae). Insecta Matsumurana, Series Entomology, New series, 15: 1-37.

Yamane, S. K., R. E. Wagner and S. Yamane. 1980. A tentative revision of the

subgenus Paravespula of eastern Asia (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Insecta

Matsumurana, Series Entomology, New series, 19: 1-46.

Yeh, W. C. and S. S. Lu. 2007. New Records of Three Potter Wasps

(Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) from Taiwan. Epsilon, 1: 4pp.

Yildirim, E. 2008. The present situation of some families of Hymenoptera in

Turkey. Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 40(2): 973-978.

Yildirim, E. 2014. A new species of Onychopterochelius Blüthgen (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae: Eumeninae) from Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 60(3):

222-225.

Yildirim, E. and H. Ozbek. 1992. Turkiye Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea:

Vespidae) turleri uzerinde sistematik ve faunisti calismalar. Türkiye

Entomoloji Dergisi, 16(4): 227-242.

Yildirim, E. and H. Ozbek. 1995. Turkiye'den yeni Eumenidae (Hymenoptera,

Vespidea) türleri. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 19(4): 241-246.

167

Yildirim, E. and H. Ozbek. 1996. Zararlilari baski altinda tutmada Vespoidea

(Hymenoptera) tirlerinin onemi the importance of Vespoidea

(Hymenoptera) species as biological control agents. Journal of the Faculty

of Agriculture, 27(3): 439-447.

Yildirim, E. and J. Gusenleitner. 2007. The present situation of the Vespidae-fauna

of Turkey (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 39(1):

105-109.

Yildirim, E. and J. Gusenleitner. 2009. The present situation of the Vespidae-fauna

of Turkey (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 41(1):

937-941.

Yildirim, E. and J. Gusenleitner. 2012. Contribution to the knowledge of the

Vespidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) of Turkey, with a checklist of the

Turkish species. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 36(3): 361-374.

You, J., B. Chen and T. Li. 2013. Two new species of the genus Ancistrocerus

Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from China, with a key to

the Oriental species. ZooKeys, (303): 77pp.

Zavattari, E. 1912. Descrizione di una nuova species di Odynerus del Kashmir

(Odynerus (Symmorphus) calciatii). Bollettino del Musei di Zoologia ed

Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino, 27 (657): 1-2.

Zhi, D. D., W. Y. Zhen, H. Y. Hui and W. R. Wu. 2004. A new species of the

Genus Vespula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Nujiang of Yunnan

Province. Journal of South West Agriculture University, 26(2): 1000-2642.

168

Zhou, X., B. Chen and T. Li. 2013. Two new species of the genus Discoelius

Latreille (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from China, with a key to

the Chinese species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 32: 45-54.

Zirngiebl, L. 1953. Zur Wespen-Fauna der Pfalz. Mitteilungen der Pollichia, Series

3, 1: 160-179.

169

Table 1. List of different sampled localities along with latitude, longitude and altitude of district Multan

Sr. No. Name of Localities Latitude Longitude Elevation

1 Shar Shah Multan Cant 30.1785959° N 71.41377211° E 122 m

2 Bosan Road (B.Z.U.) 30.2674443° N 71.50180757° E 123m

3 Shah Shamas Park 30.20350454° N 71.48371875° E 121m

4 Qasim Bagh 30.19748661° N 71.47430956° E 141m

5 Jinnah Park 30.18905718° N 71.51028872° E 118m

6 Shujabad city 29.8764183° N 71.31711620° E 116 m

7 Dharewala 29.90181801° N 71.30969301° E 115m

8 Jalalpur Pirwala city 29.50528350° N 71.22208320° E 110 m

9 Khanbela 29.47763903 ° N 71.13214097° E 105m

Table 2. List of different sampled localities along with latitude, longitude and altitude of district Lodhran

Sr. No. Name of Localities Latitude Longitude Elevation

1 Lodhran city 29.53271384° N 71.63036317° E 118m

2 Canal view Park 29.51016291° N 71.63429528° E 118m

3 Raja Pur 29.58420601° N 71.67291101° E 116m

4 Miranpur Plantation reserved 29.71377407° N 71.55798912° E 118 m forest 5 Kahror Paka city 29.64376280° N 71.91642170° E 124 m

6 Alipur Kanju 29.67765025° N 71.86999714° E 123 m

7 Bungla Anhar Road 29.62140765° N 71.90983385° E 124m

8 Dunyapur city 29.81069165° N 71.73451066° E 121m

9 Makhdoom Aali 29.7990387° N 71.5525907° E 116 m

170

Table 3. List of different sampled localities along with latitude, longitude and altitude of district Khanewal

Sr. No. Name of Localities Latitude Longitude Elevation

1 Khanewal city Park 30.30159973° N 71.9149986° E 132 m

2 Perowal Forest 30.34441367° N 72.03262707° E 143m

3 Yousaf Park 30.30138785° N 71.92210838° E 136 m

4 Khanewal Forest Park 30.31944691° N 71.96449101° E 137 m

5 Fazal Park Road 30.29014412° N 71.91735148° E 132 m

6 Jahanian 30.03157558° N 71.81063175° E 128 m

7 Mian Channu 30.44300378° N 72.35391319° E 150 m

8 Kabirwala 30.4010623° N 71.8630625° E 136 m

9 Abdul Hakeem 30.54773717° N 72.13732481° E 142 m

Table 4. List of different sampled localities along with latitude, longitude and altitude of district Vehari

Sr. No. Name of Localities Latitude Longitude Elevation

1 30.0452462° N 72.3488721° E 140 m Vehari city (Multan Road) 2 Wildlife Park 30.03675842° N 72.35068917° E 141m

3 Chandni Park 30.04485723° N 72.36194074° E 140m

4 Mailsi (Rasool Pura) 29.80497569° N 72.16302871° E 130 m

5 Askari Park Mailsi 29.79045158° N 72.17658162° E 135m

6 Mitroo Road Mailsi 29.81025412° N 72.17158735° E 134m

7 Tiba Sultan pur 29.9753829° N 71.88231111° E 126 m

8 Burewala city 30.1646087° N 72.69105911° E 150 m

9 30.16203921° N 72.67085105° E 145m Azizabad Park Burewala

171

Table 5. Biogeographical affiliations of Vespid fauna of Multan division

No. Species Name

Sr. rotropical Nearctic Oriental Plearctic Neotropic Australian Af

1. Allorhynchium argentatum - - - - + - 2. Allorhynchium metallicum - - - - + - 3. Antepipona ceylonica - - - - + - 4. Antepipona sibilans - - - - + - 5. Antodynerus f. flavescens - - - - + - 6. Antodynerus limbatus - - - - + - 7. Delta campaniformis - + - - + - 8. Delta dimidiatipenne + - - - - + 9. Delta e. esuriens + - - - + - 10. Delta p. pyriforme - - - - + - 11. Eumenes papillarius - - - - - +

12. Eumenes punctatus - - - - - + 13. Indodynerus capitatus - - - - + - 14. Knemodynerus excellens + - - - + + 15. Odynerus reniformis + - - - - + 16. Stenodynerus punjabensis sp. nov. - - - - + - 17 Subancistrocerus pakistanensis sp. nov. - - - - + - 18. Xenorhynchium nitidulum - - - - + - 29. Polistes indicus + - - - - + 20. Polistes wattii + - - - - + 21. Ropalidia brevita - - - - + - 22. Ropalidia c. colorata - - - - + - 23. Ropalidia v. variegate - - - - + + 24. Vespa orientalis + - - - + +

172

Table 6. Rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from different localities of district Multan

city

Multan Park

Bagh

Road

Pirwala

Shamas

Species city Park Total Rank Shah

Khanbela Dharewala Bosan Qasim Jinnah Shah Shujabad Jalalpur Sher 1 Polistes wattii 78 38 35 48 29 38 55 29 25 375 2 Vespa orientalis 10 12 20 16 9 8 10 12 4 101 3 Antodynerus limbatus 2 1 0 3 0 4 3 2 1 16 4 Delta dimidiatipenne 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 0 13 5 Antodynerus f. flavescens 0 4 0 2 0 3 0 3 0 12 6 Delta esuriens esuriens 1 2 2 1 0 2 2 2 0 12 7 Polistes indicus 0 3 0 0 3 3 0 1 1 11 8 Antepipona sibilans 0 1 2 1 0 1 2 2 0 9 9 Ropalidia v. variegate 0 2 2 0 0 2 1 2 0 9 10 Allorhynchium metallicum 1 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 11 Subancistrocerus pakistanensis sp. nov. 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 12 Ropalidia brevita 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 13 Eumenes papillarius 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 14 Eumenes punctatus 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 4 15 Allorhynchium argentatum 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 16 Xenorhynchium nitidulum 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 17 Indodynerus capitatus 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 18 Knemodynerus excellens 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 19 Stenodynerus punjabensis sp. nov. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 20 Delta p. pyriforme 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Total No. of individuals (∑N) 106 67 72 76 43 70 74 56 31 595 13 12 10 10 5 12 7 11 4 20 No. of Species (S)

173

Table 7. Rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from different localities of district Lodhran

city

Road

Aali

Park

city

Forest

Pur Kanju

Plantation

Species Pakka view

Anh Total Rank

Pur

Raja Dunyapur Lodhran Ali reserved Makhdoom Canal Kahror Bungla Miranpur

1 Polistes wattii 33 24 27 29 23 33 39 26 24 258 2 Vespa orientalis 11 9 6 8 7 7 18 4 7 77 3 Ropalidia v. variegate 4 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 2 11 4 Antepipona sibilans 1 0 0 2 0 3 1 0 0 7 5 Allorhynchium metallicum 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 6 6 Antodynerus limbatus 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 Delta dimidiatipenne 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 4 8 Knemodynerus excellens 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 9 Polistes indicus 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 10 Antepipona ceylonica 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 11 Delta p. pyriforme 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 12 Odynerus reniformis 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 13 Ropalidia brevita 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 14 Allorhynchium argentatum 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2

15 Delta esuriens esuriens 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Total No. of individuals (∑N) 52 43 35 49 31 48 63 31 33 385 6 7 4 10 3 6 7 3 3 15 No. of Species (S)

174

Table 8. Rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from different localities of district Khanewal

Park

hanewal

Park Forest

city

Hakim forest

Species Channu

Total Rank Jahanian Park Kabirwala

Yousaf Abdul Mian Perowal Khanewal Fazal Khanewal

1 Polistes wattii 20 29 21 27 52 16 21 25 19 230 2 Vespa orientalis 14 8 6 7 10 3 6 2 2 58 3 Ropalidia brevita 0 3 0 2 2 1 2 8 4 22 4 Ropalidia v. variegate 3 1 0 7 0 0 3 3 8 25 5 Allorhynchium metallicum 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 3 3 11 6 Delta dimidiatipenne 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 6 7 Ropalidia c. colorata 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 0 5 8 Indodynerus capitatus 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 4 9 Allorhynchium argentatum 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 10 Xenorhynchium nitidulum 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 11 Delta esuriens esuriens 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 Eumenes punctatus 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 13 Knemodynerus excellens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 14 Antepipona sibilans 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 15 Polistes indicus 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 16 Eumenes papillarius 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Total No. of individuals (∑N) 38 47 30 48 74 20 37 47 38 379 4 8 4 8 9 3 7 8 7 16 No. of Species (S)

175

Table 9. Rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from different localities of district Vehari

Road) Pura

pur

Mailsi Mailsi city

Park Park

Park

Species life

Park Road Total Rank Rasool

Sultan

(Multan

Burewal Chandni Wlid Azizabad Tiba Mailsi Askari Mitroo Vehari

1 Polistes wattii 14 22 31 29 17 23 35 20 16 207 2 Vespa orientalis 8 5 3 4 1 1 6 3 2 33 3 Ropalidia v. variegate 3 3 1 5 3 2 0 1 3 21 4 Ropalidia brevita 4 1 3 4 3 3 0 2 0 20 5 Allorhynchium metallicum 1 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 7 6 Eumenes papillarius 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 6 7 Delta dimidiatipenne 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 8 Allorhynchium argentatum 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

9 Delta esuriens esuriens 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 10 Delta c. campaniforme 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 Knemodynerus excellens 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 Polistes indicus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Total No. of individuals (∑N) 32 34 42 47 25 31 44 27 22 304 6 6 7 8 5 6 5 5 4 12 No. of Species (S)

176

Table 10. Collective rank list of collected taxa of family Vespidae from different districts of Multan division

Species Rank Vehari Multan Lodhran Khanewal Abundance

1 Polistes wattii 1070 375 230 258 207 2 Vespa orientalis 269 101 58 77 33 3 Ropalidia v. variegate 66 9 25 11 21 4 Ropalidia brevita 49 5 22 2 20 5 Allorhynchium metallicum 29 5 11 6 7 6 Delta dimidiatipenne 27 13 6 4 4 7 Antodynerus limbatus 20 16 0 4 0 8 Antepipona sibilans 18 9 2 7 0 9 Polistes indicus 17 11 2 3 1 10 Delta esuriens esuriens 16 12 2 1 1 11 Antodynerus f. flavescens 12 12 0 0 0 12 Allorhynchium argentatum 11 3 4 2 2 13 Eumenes papillarius 11 4 1 0 6 14 Knemodynerus excellens 9 3 2 3 1 15 Indodynerus capitatus 7 3 4 0 0 16 Eumenes punctatus 6 4 2 0 0 17 Xenorhynchium nitidulum 6 3 3 0 0 18 Subancistrocerus pakistanensis sp. nov. 5 5 0 0 0 19 Ropalidia c. colorata 5 0 5 0 0 20 Delta p. pyriforme 3 1 0 2 0 21 Antepipona ceylonica 3 0 0 3 0 22 Odynerus reniformis 2 0 0 2 0 23 Delta c. campaniforme 1 0 0 0 1 24 Stenodynerus punjabensis sp. nov. 1 1 0 0 0 Total No. of individuals (∑N) 1663 595 379 385 304 24 20 16 15 12 No. of Species (S)

177

Table 11. Rank list along with relative abundance of family Vespidae from different localities of district Multan

city

Park

city

Multan Park

Bagh

Road

Species Pirwala

Rank Total Shamas Shah

Khanbela Dharewala Bosan Qasim Jinnah Shujabad Sher Shah Jalalpur

1 Allorhynchium argentatum 0.5 1.89 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.79 0 2 Allorhynchium metallicum 0.84 0.94 0 2.78 0 0 2.86 0 0 0 3 Antepipona sibilans 1.51 0 1.49 2.78 1.32 0 1.43 2.7 3.57 0 4 Antodynerus f. flavescens 2.02 0 5.97 0 2.63 0 4.29 0 5.36 0 5 Antodynerus limbatus 2.69 1.89 1.49 0 3.95 0 5.71 4.05 3.57 3.23 6 Delta dimidiatipenne 2.18 1.89 1.49 4.17 1.32 2.33 4.29 1.35 1.79 0 7 Delta esuriens esuriens 2.02 0.94 2.99 2.78 1.32 0 2.86 2.7 3.57 0 8 Delta p. pyriforme 0.17 0.94 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Eumenes papillarius 0.67 1.89 0 0 0 0 2.86 0 0 0 10 Eumenes punctatus 0.67 0 1.49 0 0 0 2.86 0 1.79 0 11 Indodynerus capitatus 0.5 1.89 0 0 1.32 0 0 0 0 0 12 Knemodynerus excellens 0.5 1.89 0 0 1.32 0 0 0 0 0 13 Stenodynerus punjabensis sp. nov. 0.17 0 1.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subancistrocerus pakistanensis sp. 14 0.84 0 1.49 2.78 2.63 0 0 0 0 0 nov. 15 Xenorhynchium nitidulum 0.5 0.94 0 2.78 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 Polistes indicus 1.85 0 4.48 0 0 6.98 4.29 0 1.79 3.23 17 Polistes wattii 63 73.6 56.7 48.6 63.2 67.4 54.3 74.3 51.8 80.6 18 Ropalidia brevita 0.84 1.89 0 2.78 0 2.33 0 0 0 0 19 Ropalidia v. variegate 1.51 0 2.99 2.78 0 0 2.86 1.35 3.57 0

20 Vespa orientalis 17 9.43 17.9 27.8 21.1 20.9 11.4 13.5 21.4 12.9

178

Table 12. Rank list along with relative abundance of family Vespidae from different localities of district Lodhran

Forest

city

Road

Aali

Park

reserved city

Pur Kanju

Species Pakka view

Anhar Rank Total aja

Pur

R Dunyapur Lodhran Ali Plantation Makhdoom Canal Kahror Bungla Miranpur

1 Allorhynchium argentatum 0.52 0 0 0 0 0 4.17 0 0 0

2 Allorhynchium metallicum 1.56 0 0 2.86 2.04 0 4.17 1.59 3.23 0

3 Antepipona ceylonica 0.78 0 4.65 0 0 0 2.08 0 0 0

4 Antepipona sibilans 1.82 1.92 0 0 4.08 0 6.25 1.59 0 0

5 Antodynerus limbatus 1.04 0 6.98 0 2.04 0 0 0 0 0

6 Delta dimidiatipenne 1.04 0 0 0 6.12 0 0 1.59 0 0

7 Delta esuriens esuriens 0.26 0 0 0 2.04 0 0 0 0 0

8 Delta p. pyriforme 0.52 0 2.33 0 0 0 0 1.59 0 0

9 Knemodynerus excellens 0.78 0 4.65 0 0 3.2 0 0 0 0

10 Odynerus reniformis 0.52 0 4.65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 Polistes indicus 0.78 3.85 0 0 2.04 0 0 0 0 0

12 Polistes wattii 67 63.5 55.8 77.1 59.2 74 68.8 61.9 83.9 72.7

13 Ropalidia brevita 0.52 1.92 0 0 2.04 0 0 0 0 0

14 Ropalidia v. variegate 2.86 7.69 0 2.86 4.08 0 0 3.17 0 6.06

15 Vespa orientalis 20 21.2 20.9 17.1 16.3 23 14.6 28.6 12.9 21.2

179

Table 13. Rank list along with relative abundance of family Vespidae from different localities of district Khanewal

Park

Park Forest city

Khanewal

Hakim forest

Species Channu

Rank Total Jahanian Park

Kabirwala Yousaf Abdul Mian Perowal Khanewal Fazal Khanewal

1 Allorhynchium argentatum 1.06 0 0 3.33 0 4.05 0 0 0 0

2 Allorhynchium metallicum 2.9 0 4.26 0 2.08 0 0 5.41 6.38 7.89

3 Antepipona sibilans 0.53 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.41 0 0

4 Delta dimidiatipenne 1.58 0 2.13 6.67 0 1.35 0 0 2.13 2.63

5 Delta esuriens esuriens 0.53 0 2.13 0 2.08 0 0 0 0 0

6 Eumenes papillarius 0.26 0 0 0 0 1.35 0 0 0 0

7 Eumenes punctatus 0.53 0 0 0 4.17 0 0 0 0 0

8 Indodynerus capitatus 1.06 0 0 0 2.08 4.05 0 0 0 0

9 Knemodynerus excellens 0.53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.26 0

10 Xenorhynchium nitidulum 0.79 2.63 0 0 0 1.35 0 0 0 2.63

11 Polistes indicus 0.53 0 4.26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 Polistes wattii 60.7 52.6 61.7 70 56.3 70.3 80 56.8 53.2 50

13 Ropalidia brevita 5.8 0 6.38 0 4.17 2.7 5 5.41 17 10.5

14 Ropalidia c. colorata 1.32 0 0 0 0 1.35 0 2.7 6.38 0

15 Ropalidia v. variegate 6.6 7.89 2.13 0 14.6 0 0 8.11 6.38 21.1

16 Vespa orientalis 15.3 36.8 17 20 14.6 13.5 15 16.2 4.26 5.26

180

Table 14. Rank list along with relative abundance of family Vespidae from different localities of district Vehari

)

Road Pura

pur

Mailsi city Mailsi

Park

Park Park

Species life

Road Park Rank Total Rasool

Sultan

(Multan

Burewala Wlid Chandni Azizabad Tiba Mailsi Askari Mitroo Vehari

1 Allorhynchium argentatum 0.66 0 2.94 2.38 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 Allorhynchium metallicum 2.3 3.13 0 4.76 4.26 4 3.23 0 0 0

3 Delta dimidiatipenne 1.32 6.25 0 0 2.13 0 3.23 0 0 0

4 Delta esuriens esuriens 0.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.27 0 0

5 Delta c. campaniforme 0.33 0 0 0 2.13 0 0 0 0 0

6 Eumenes papillarius 1.97 0 5.88 0 2.13 0 0 2.27 3.7 4.55

7 Knemodynerus excellens 0.33 0 0 2.38 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 Polistes indicus 0.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.27 0 0

9 Polistes wattii 68.1 43.8 64.7 73.8 61.7 68 74.2 79.5 74.1 72.7

10 Ropalidia brevita 6.58 12.5 2.94 7.14 8.51 12 9.68 0 7.41 0

11 Ropalidia v. variegate 6.91 9.38 8.82 2.38 10.6 12 6.45 0 3.7 13.6

12 Vespa orientalis 10.9 25 14.7 7.14 8.51 4 3.23 13.6 11.1 9.09

181

Table 15. Collective rank list along with relative abundance of family Vespidae from different districts of Multan division

ri Species Name Rank Total Veha Multan Lodhran Khanewal

1 Allorhynchium argentatum 0.66 0.5 1.06 0.52 0.66 2 Allorhynchium metallicum 1.74 0.84 2.9 1.56 2.3 3 Antepipona ceylonica 0.18 0 0 0.78 0 4 Antepipona sibilans 1.08 1.51 0.53 1.82 0 5 Antodynerus f. flavescens 0.72 2.02 0 0 0 6 Antodynerus limbatus 1.2 2.69 0 1.04 0 7 Delta dimidiatipenne 1.62 2.18 1.58 1.04 1.32 8 Delta esuriens esuriens 0.96 2.02 0.53 0.26 0.33 9 Delta p. pyriforme 0.18 0.17 0 0.52 0 10 Delta c. campaniforme 0.06 0 0 0 0.33 11 Eumenes papillarius 0.66 0.67 0.26 0 1.97 12 Eumenes punctatus 0.36 0.67 0.53 0 0 13 Indodynerus capitatus 0.42 0.5 1.06 0 0 14 Knemodynerus excellens 0.54 0.5 0.53 0.78 0.33 15 Odynerus reniformis 0.12 0 0 0.52 0 16 Stenodynerus punjabensis sp. nov. 0.06 0.17 0 0 0 17 Subancistrocerus pakistanensis sp. nov. 0.3 0.84 0 0 0 18 Xenorhynchium nitidulum 0.36 0.5 0.79 0 0 19 Polistes indicus 1.02 1.85 0.53 0.78 0.33 20 Polistes wattii 64.3 63 60.7 67 68.1 21 Ropalidia brevita 2.95 0.84 5.8 0.52 6.58 22 Ropalidia c. colorata 0.3 0 1.32 0 0 23 Ropalidia v. variegate 3.97 1.51 6.6 2.86 6.91 24 Vespa orientalis 16.2 17 15.3 20 10.9

182

Table 16. Calculated values of diversity indices of family Vespidae from different localities of district Multan

Shannon Name of Simpson Margalef Menhinck Wiener’s Equitability (J) RI Index Localities (1-D) Index (R) Index (R) Index (H) Sher Shah 1.149 0.4468 2.573 1.263 0.4479 0.583 Multan Bosan Road 1.523 0.6376 2.616 1.466 0.613 0.590 Qasim Bagh 1.536 0.6794 2.104 1.179 0.6669 0.611 Jinnah Park 1.222 0.553 2.078 1.147 0.5308 0.611 Shah 0.9537 0.4954 1.063 0.7625 0.5926 0.750 Shamas Park Shujabad 1.717 0.6792 2.589 1.434 0.6908 0.590 city Dharewala 0.9325 0.4259 1.394 0.8137 0.4792 0.666 Jalalpur 1.591 0.6767 2.484 1.47 0.6636 0.600 Pirwala city Khanbela 0.6592 0.3309 0.8736 0.7184 0.4755 0.833

Table 17. Calculated values of diversity indices of family Vespidae from different localities of district Lodhran

Shannon Name of Simpson Margalef Menhinck Wiener’s Equitability (J) RI Index Localities (1-D) Index (R) Index (R) Index (H) Lodhran city 1.092 0.5444 1.265 0.8321 0.6093 0.700 Canal view 1.354 0.6328 1.595 1.067 0.6959 0.666 Park Raja Pur 0.7057 0.3739 0.8438 0.6761 0.509 0.833 Miranpur Plantation 1.436 0.6139 2.313 1.429 0.6235 0.611 reserved Forest Makhdoom 0.6683 0.3975 0.5824 0.5388 0.6083 1 Aali Dunyapur 1.057 0.4983 1.292 0.866 0.59 0.700 Kahror 1.027 0.5331 1.448 0.8819 0.528 0.666 Pakka city Ali Pur 0.5225 0.2789 0.5824 0.5388 0.4756 1 Kanju Bungla 0.7304 0.4224 0.572 0.5222 0.6649 1 Anhar Road

183

Table 18. Calculated values of diversity indices of family Vespidae from different localities of district Khanewal

Shannon Name of Simpson Margalef Menhinck Equitability Wiener’s RI Index Localities (1-D) Index (R) Index (R) (J) Index (H) Khanewal city 1.002 0.5803 0.8247 0.6489 0.7227 0.750 Park Yousaf Park 1.289 0.5813 1.818 1.167 0.6201 0.642 Fazal Park 0.8655 0.4644 0.882 0.7303 0.6243 0.750 Khanewal Jahanian 1.392 0.6363 1.808 1.155 0.6694 0.642

Perowal Forest 1.109 0.4832 1.859 1.046 0.5045 0.625 Khanewal 0.6129 0.335 0.6676 0.6708 0.5579 1 forest Park Abdul Hakim 1.391 0.6355 1.662 1.151 0.7148 0.666

Kabirwala 1.515 0.6718 1.818 1.167 0.7284 0.642

Mian Channu 1.458 0.6842 1.649 1.136 0.7495 0.666

Table 19. Calculated values of diversity indices of family Vespidae from different localities of district Vehari

Shannon Name of Simpson Margalef Menhinck Equitability Wiener’s RI Index Localities (1-D) Index (R) Index (R) (J) Index (H) Vehari (Multan 1.472 0.7168 1.443 1.061 0.8214 0.700 Road) Chandni Park 1.152 0.5467 1.418 1.029 0.6429 0.700

Wlid life Park 1.013 0.441 1.605 1.08 0.5206 0.666

Burewala city 1.336 0.5903 1.818 1.167 0.6424 0.642

Azizabad Park 1.029 0.5056 1.243 1 0.6391 0.750 Mailsi Rasool 0.9566 0.4329 1.456 1.078 0.5339 0.700 Pura Mitroo Road 0.7117 0.3471 1.057 0.7538 0.4422 0.750 Mailsi Tiba Sultan pur 0.9034 0.4307 1.214 0.9623 0.5613 0.750 Askari Park Mailsi 0.8618 0.4421 0.9705 0.8528 0.6217 0.833

184

Figure 1. Allorhynchium argentatum. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (lateral view); F, wing.

185

Figure 2. Allorhynchium metallicum. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

186

Figure 3. Antepipona ceylonica. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

187

Figure 4. Antepipona sibilans. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

188

Figure 5. Antodynerus flavescens flavescens. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

189

Figure 6. Antodynerus limbatus. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

190

Figure 7. Delta campaniforme campaniforme. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

191

Figure 8. Delta dimidiatipenne. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

192

Figure 9. Delta esuriens esuriens. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

193

Figure 10. Delta pyriforme pyriforme. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, habitus.

194

Figure 11. Eumenes papillarius. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

195

Figure 12. Eumenes punctatus. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (lateral view); F, wing.

196

Figure 13. Indodynerus capitatus. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

197

Figure 14. Knemodynerus excellens. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

198

Figure 15. Odynerus reniformis. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

199

Figure 16. Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi, sp. nov. ♀. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

200

Figure 17. Subancistrocerus pakistanensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafique, sp. nov. ♀. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

201

Figure 18. Xenorhynchium nitidulum. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

202

Figure 19. Polistes indicus. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

203

Figure 20. Polistes wattii. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

204

Figure 21. Ropalidia brevita. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

205

Figure 22. Ropalidia colorata colorata. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

206

Figure 23. Ropalidia variegata variegata. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

207

Figure 24. Vespa orientalis. A, habitus; B, head (frontal view); C, mesosoma (dorsal view); D, mesosoma (lateral view); E, metasoma (dorsal view); F, wing.

208

Figure 25. Map of Pakistan

209

Figure 26. Map of Multan division

210

Figure 27. Map of District Multan

211

Figure 28. Map of District Lodhran

212

Figure 29. Map of District Khanewal

213

Figure 30. Map of District Vehari

214

Zootaxa 4370 (3): 271–274 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press Correspondence ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4370.3.5 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:59AB64B3-3507-4F9F-997B-015D05E64AA4

A new species of Stenodynerus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from Pakistan

MUHAMMAD QASIM 1, JAMES M. CARPENTER2, MUHAMMAD ATHER RAFI 3, 1 1 MUHAMMAD RAFIQUE KHAN & MUHAMMAD RAHIM KHAN 1Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jummu and Kashmir, Pakistan. E-mail:[email protected] 2Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA. E-mail: [email protected] 3National Insect Museum, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection, National Agriculture Research Centre, Park road, Islamabad, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected] Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

A new species of Eumeninae, Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi, is described from Pakistan. A key to the Stenodynerus species of Pakistan is also included. Key words: new species, Potter wasps, Punjab, Multan, Pakistan

Stenodynerus is a large genus of potter wasps that was established by de Saussure (1863). There are 166 species and 26 additional subspecies recorded worldwide (Carpenter, unpublished). The genus is distributed in the Oriental, Nearctic, Palearctic and Neotropical Regions (Ma et al. 2016). Species of Stenodynerus are known to hunt leaf-mining microlepidopterous larvae of several different families, and to provision nests in pre-existing cavities. Two species, Stenodynerus aequisculptus (Kostylev) and Stenodynerus trotzinai (Morawitz), were previously reported by Gusenleitner (2006) from Pakistan. The new species described herein was collected in Multan Punjab province. It belongs to the genus Stenodynerus but does not closely resemble any described species. In the description, metasomal terga and sterna are denoted as T1, S1, and so on.

Stenodynerus punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi, sp. nov.(Figs. 1–4) Type material. Holotype: ♀, Pakistan, Punjab province, Multan: 30.2674° N, 71.5018° E, Elevation: 123 m, July, 2015 (leg. M. Qasim) [deposited in the National Insect Museum (NIM), National Agriculture Research Centre Islamabad, Pakistan]. Etymology. The specific name punjabensis refers to the Punjab region where the type specimens were collected. Diagnosis. Distinguished from other species of Stenodynerus by body black with yellow and light yellowish ferruginous markings and covered with dense and large punctures, clypeus truncate apically, T1 reticulate at declivity and S2 evenly convex. Description. Female: Holotype body length from dorsal side approximately: Head 0.8 mm; Mesosoma 3.23 mm; T1+T2 3.23 mm; forewing length approximately 7 mm. Structure: Clypeus apically truncate and with sparse punctures. Mandible five-dentate with long distal tooth. Interantennal space with median prominence. Area between eyes and antennae lacking macropunctures. Frons with coarse punctures. Cephalic foveae shallow and small. Pronotum, scutum, scutellum and mesopleuron densely punctate. Propodeum with large deep, shallow punctures as compared to pronotum, scutum and scutellum. Humeri slightly pointed anteriorly with dorsal carina present only laterally, pronotum anteriorly with shining and sloping surface and with few punctures, median foveae forming a V-shaped depression. Parategula with its hind margin strongly concave. T1 with coarse punctation appearing reticulate at declivity. S1 with central longitudinal ridge, punctation reduced adjacent to this. S2 with basal groove coarsely ridged; evenly convex, with basomedian sulcus.

Accepted by K. Williams: 27 Oct. 2017; published: 11 Jan. 2018 271

FIGURE 1. Stenodynerus punjabensis, habitus (dorsal view).

FIGURE 2. Stenodynerus punjabensis, habitus (lateral view).

FIGURE 3. Stenodynerus punjabensis, head (frontal view)

FIGURE 4. Stenodynerus punjabensis, mesosoma (dorsal view).

Color: Body black with yellow markings as follows: Transverse band across basal half of the clypeus; dorsal base of scape; interantennal spot; spot on temple; a thick transverse band, briefly interrupted medially, on pronotum; large mesopleural spot; whole metanotum; apical bands on T1, T2 and S2. Light yellowish ferruginous markings as follows: whole venter of scape; tegula largely; parategula; apical half of fore and mid femora, apex of hind femur; all tibiae and tarsi. Remarks. In the key by Gusenleitner (1981) this species comes closest to xanthomelas (Herrich-Schaeffer), which has been recorded from Iran. We have examined specimens of xanthomelas in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History, and the clypeus is different, being truncate apically in punjabensis and emarginate in xanthomelas. A truncate clypeus is also found in sapidus (Giordani Soika), which we have not seen, but according to Gusenleitner’s key the second metasomal sternum is different, being convex in punjabensis but flat in sapidus. The key by Gusenleitner (1981) may be modified (and translated) to key out the species now known from Pakistan as follows.

Keys to species of the genus Stenodynerus de Saussure from Pakistan 1. TI at declivity with coarse punctation, much stronger than on mesonotum, appearing reticulate ...... punjabensis Qasim, Carpenter et Rafi - TI at declivity not or not much more strongly punctate than on the mesonotum ...... 2 2. Propodeum with dorsal surface extending backwards about half metanotal width; scutellum and propodeum without yellow markings ...... aequisculptus (Kostylev) - Propodeum with dorsal surface extending backwards about metanotal width; scutellum and propodeum with yellow markings ...... trotzinai (Morawitz)

Acknowledgements We are grateful to Dr Kevin Williams and the anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions that helped to improve this article. We are thankful to the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan for funding, which made this study possible.

References de Saussure, H. (1863) Mélanges Hyménopterologiques II. Mémoires de la Socièté de Physique etd’ Histoire Naturelle de Genève, 17, 1–3. Gusenleitner, J. (1981) Revision der paläarktischen Stenodynerus-Arten (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 51, 209–305. Gusenleitner, J. (2006) ÜberEumeninae, aufgesammelt in Pakistan (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 38 (2), 1295–1305. Ma, Z., Chen, B. & Li, T. (2016) A taxonomic account of the genus Stenodynerus from China, with descriptions of five new species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). ZooKeys, 595, 17–48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.595.7734