The Erosion of the First Civil Rights Era: Congress and the Redemption of the White South, 1877-1891 Jeffery A. Jenkins Department of Politics University of Virginia
[email protected] Justin Peck Department of Government Wesleyan University
[email protected] With the Compromise of 1877, Reconstruction, as the Radical Republicans had designed it a decade earlier, had effectively ended. On this point, most historians are in agreement. But to assume that the GOP’s desire to contest the Democrats for control of the South had abated would be incorrect. The common view that a Jim Crow State and one-party Democratic system took hold immediately after Reconstruction and operated largely outside of the (more) democratic, two-party system that otherwise functioned in the country through the 1950s and 1960s (until civil and voting rights reforms were finally instituted) ignores a somewhat brief period that extended from the late-1870s through the early-1890s, when both parties vied for control of the South. While the Democrats clearly had the upper hand during this period, the GOP made a real (although not always consistent) effort, in a variety of ways, to prevent the South from becoming truly “solid” for the Democrats. This paper recounts that story, with a particular emphasis on how events played out in Congress. To guide the analysis, we break the paper into four sections: (1) the 45th and 46th Congresses, when black voters in the South face continued violence and intimidation in elections, even as President Hayes sought to build a new Southern GOP around Whig-leaning white voters, and the Democrats sought to repeal the Reconstruction-era Enforcement Acts and dared Hayes to stop them; (2) the 48th Congress, when a black GOP House member, James O’Hara of North Carolina, tacked an anti-discrimination amendment onto an interstate commerce bill, which caused a lengthy battle over the concept of “equal accommodations” in interstate passenger travel; (3) the 48th, 49th, 50th, and 51st Congresses, when Republican Senator Henry W.