Thomas James Connolly
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Fort Rock Cave: Assessing the Site’S Potential to Contribute to Ongoing Debates About How and When Humans Colonized the Great Basin
RETURN TO FORT ROCK CAVE: ASSESSING THE SITE’S POTENTIAL TO CONTRIBUTE TO ONGOING DEBATES ABOUT HOW AND WHEN HUMANS COLONIZED THE GREAT BASIN Thomas J. Connolly, Judson Byrd Finley, Geoffrey M. Smith, Dennis L. Jenkins, Pamela E. Endzweig, Brian L. O’Neill, and Paul W. Baxter Oregon’s Fort Rock Cave is iconic in respect to both the archaeology of the northern Great Basin and the history of debate about when the Great Basin was colonized. In 1938, Luther Cressman recovered dozens of sagebrush bark sandals from beneath Mt. Mazama ash that were later radiocarbon dated to between 10,500 and 9350 cal B.P. In 1970, Stephen Bedwell reported finding lithic tools associated with a date of more than 15,000 cal B.P., a date dismissed as unreasonably old by most researchers. Now, with evidence of a nearly 15,000-year-old occupation at the nearby Paisley Five Mile Point Caves, we returned to Fort Rock Cave to evaluate the validity of Bedwell’s claim, assess the stratigraphic integrity of remaining deposits, and determine the potential for future work at the site. Here, we report the results of additional fieldwork at Fort Rock Cave undertaken in 2015 and 2016, which supports the early Holocene occupation, but does not confirm a pre–10,500 cal B.P. human presence. La cueva de Fort Rock en Oregón es icónica por lo que representa para la arqueología de la parte norte de la Gran Cuenca y para la historia del debate sobre la primera ocupación de la Gran Cuenca. En 1938, Luther Cressman recuperó docenas de sandalias de corteza de artemisa debajo de una capa de cenizas del monte Mazama que fueron posteriormente fechadas por radiocarbono entre 10,500 y 9200 cal a.P. -
The Chewaucan Cave Cache: the Upper and Lower Chewaucan Marshes
Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology | Vol. 33, No. 1 (2013) | pp. 72–87 The Chewaucan Cave Cache: the Upper and Lower Chewaucan marshes. Warner provided a typed description of the cave location and A Specialized Tool Kit from the collector’s findings; that document is included in the Eastern Oregon museum accession file. He described the cave as being nearly filled to the ceiling with silt, stone, sticks, animal ELIZABETH A. KALLENBACH Museum of Natural and Cultural History bone, and feces. On their first day of excavation, the 1224 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1224 diggers sifted through fill and basalt rocks from roof fall, finding projectile points, charred animal bone, and The Chewaucan Cave cache, discovered in 1967 by relic pieces of cordage and matting. On the second day, they collectors digging in eastern Oregon, consists of a large discovered the large grass bag. grass bag that contained a number of other textiles and Warner’s description noted that the bag was leather, including two Catlow twined baskets, two large “located about eight feet in from the mouth of the cave folded linear nets, snares, a leather bag, a badger head and two feet below the surface.” It was covered by a pouch, other hide and cordage, as well as a decorated piece of tule matting, and lay on a bed of grass, with a basalt maul. One of the nets returned an Accelerator Mass sage rope looped around the bag. The bag contained Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon date of 340 ± 40 B.P. two large Catlow twined baskets, a leather bag, and The cache has been noted in previous publications, but leather-wrapped cordage and sinew bundles. -
The Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Record in the Northwestern Great Basin: What We Know, What We Don't Know, and How We M
PALEOAMERICA, 2017 Center for the Study of the First Americans http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2016.1272395 Texas A&M University REVIEW ARTICLE The Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Record in the Northwestern Great Basin: What We Know, What We Don’t Know, and How We May Be Wrong Geoffrey M. Smitha and Pat Barkerb aGreat Basin Paleoindian Research Unit, Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA; bNevada State Museum, Carson City, NV, USA ABSTRACT KEYWORDS The Great Basin has traditionally not featured prominently in discussions of how and when the New Great Basin; Paleoindian World was colonized; however, in recent years work at Oregon’s Paisley Five Mile Point Caves and archaeology; peopling of the other sites has highlighted the region’s importance to ongoing debates about the peopling of the Americas Americas. In this paper, we outline our current understanding of Paleoindian lifeways in the northwestern Great Basin, focusing primarily on developments in the past 20 years. We highlight several potential biases that have shaped traditional interpretations of Paleoindian lifeways and suggest that the foundations of ethnographically-documented behavior were present in the earliest period of human history in the region. 1. Introduction comprehensive review of Paleoindian archaeology was published two decades ago. We also highlight several The Great Basin has traditionally not been a focus of biases that have shaped traditional interpretations of Paleoindian research due to its paucity of stratified and early lifeways in the region. well-dated open-air sites, proboscidean kill sites, and demonstrable Clovis-aged occupations. Until recently, the region’s terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene (TP/ 2. -
Prehistoric Basketry from the Fort Rock Basin, 1994
Prehistoric Basketry from the Fort Rock Basin and Vicinity by Thomas J. Connolly Abstract Dry cave sites in the Fort Rock Basin have produced a remarkable assemblage of woven artifacts, including basketry, matting, clothing, and cordage. This paper presents a review of sites from the basin and surrounding areas which have produced fiber artifacts, outlines fundamental details of the weaving tradition represented in these collections. and discusses the associated chronological evidence. These materials provide evidence for a continuous tradition of twined construction that spans 10,000 years, and was retained in the basketry of the historic Klamath-Modoc. Throughout the sequence, principal features include a predominance of z-twist wefts, common use of tule and related wetland plants, two-ply cord warps in close-twined baskets, and decoration with false embroidery and overlay techniques. The most obvious chronological pattern in the assemblages is seen in sandal forms. In the Fort Rock Basin, Fort Rock style sandals have been recovered exclusively from pre-Mazama contexts, while Multiple Warp sandals are known only from post-Mazama times. Introduction Basketry Fundamentals The archaeological renown of Oregon's Fort Rock basin vicinity stems not only from its contribution to establishing the antiquity of human occupation in the western hemisphere (Cressman 1939, 1940, 1951; Cressman et al. 1940), but from the exceptional record of perishable artifacts--basketry, sandals, matting, and eordage--found in dry caves of the area (Fig. 1). The basketry from sites throughout the Great Basin of the western U.S. represents "the longest and perhaps the best-controlled basketry sequence in the world" (Adovasio 1986:194). -
OLA Quarterly
OLA Quarterly Libraries, Museums and Oregon’s Cultural History OLAQFall 2012 Vol 18 • No 3 OLA Quarterly Oregon Library Association Fall 2012 http://www.olaweb.org Vol 18 • No 3 ISSN 1093-7374 The OLA Quarterly is an official publication of the Oregon Library Association. Please refer questions Libraries, Museums, and and input regarding the Quarterly to: Oregon’s Cultural History Kari Hauge OLA Quarterly Coordinator Albuquerque, NM 503-381-6516 [email protected] Graphic Production: Tobias Weiss Design 7345 SW Deerhaven Drive Corvallis, OR 97333 Paisley Caves (Photo by Nancy Slight-Gibney) phone 541-738-1897 [email protected] www.tobiasweissdesign.com Upcoming Issue Winter 2012 Professional Development, an Update from 2008 Introduction his story started a year ago at a chance meeting over a communal dinner at the iconic French Glen Hotel, in the shadow of the Steens Mountain, one of the most remote areas of Oregon. Small talk among strangers revealed that of the ten Tpeople at the table, two of us were librarians from the Willamette Valley—me and OLA Quarterly general editor, Kari Hauge. I was there with members of the Museum Advisory Committee from the Museum of Natural and Cultural History and shared my thoughts on the commonality of missions and challenges of libraries and museums. Being a good general editor, Kari convinced me to develop the idea into this issue of the OLA Quarterly. Libraries and museums share institutional missions of preservation, access, education, and outreach. All of us, librarians and museum professionals alike, are committed to preserving documents, artifacts, photographs, books, and digital files that comprise our state’s cultural history, while at the same time honoring our core mission to use and allow access to these documents and ob- jects to enrich and educate fellow Oregonians. -
Return to Fort Rock Cave: Assessing the Site’S Potential to Contribute to Ongoing Debates About How and When Humans Colonized the Great Basin
RETURN TO FORT ROCK CAVE: ASSESSING THE SITE’S POTENTIAL TO CONTRIBUTE TO ONGOING DEBATES ABOUT HOW AND WHEN HUMANS COLONIZED THE GREAT BASIN Thomas J. Connolly, Judson Byrd Finley, Geoffrey M. Smith, Dennis L. Jenkins, Pamela E. Endzweig, Brian L. O’Neill, and Paul W. Baxter Oregon’s Fort Rock Cave is iconic in respect to both the archaeology of the northern Great Basin and the history of debate about when the Great Basin was colonized. In 1938, Luther Cressman recovered dozens of sagebrush bark sandals from beneath Mt. Mazama ash that were later radiocarbon dated to between 10,500 and 9350 cal B.P. In 1970, Stephen Bedwell reported finding lithic tools associated with a date of more than 15,000 cal B.P., a date dismissed as unreasonably old by most researchers. Now, with evidence of a nearly 15,000-year-old occupation at the nearby Paisley Five Mile Point Caves, we returned to Fort Rock Cave to evaluate the validity of Bedwell’s claim, assess the stratigraphic integrity of remaining deposits, and determine the potential for future work at the site. Here, we report the results of additional fieldwork at Fort Rock Cave undertaken in 2015 and 2016, which supports the early Holocene occupation, but does not confirm a pre–10,500 cal B.P. human presence. La cueva de Fort Rock en Oregón es icónica por lo que representa para la arqueología de la parte norte de la Gran Cuenca y para la historia del debate sobre la primera ocupación de la Gran Cuenca. En 1938, Luther Cressman recuperó docenas de sandalias de corteza de artemisa debajo de una capa de cenizas del monte Mazama que fueron posteriormente fechadas por radiocarbono entre 10,500 y 9200 cal a.P. -
America's Oldest Basketry"
RADIOCARBON, Vol 41, Nr 3,1999, p 309-313 ©1999 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona COMMENTS ON "AMERICA'S OLDEST BASKETRY" Thomas J Connolly State Museum of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403 USA William J Cannon Bureau of Land Management, Lakeview District, PO Box 151, Lakeview, Oregon 97630 USA ABSTRACT. A recent publication on directly dated basketry specimens from the western United States (Berger et al. 1998, Radiocarbon 40(2):615-20) contained some misleading information, and in a few cases discussed radiocarbon ages from unacknowledged sources. We provide the missing original citations along with some clarifications. We focus especially on the age of distinctive Fort Rock and Multiple Warp-style sandals, for which we provide additional previously unreported 14C ages. Direct dates on fibers from Fort Rock sandals from 3 different sites range in age from 10,500 cal BP to about 9200 cal BP. Contextual evidence suggests that Multiple Warp sandals may date as early as 6600 cal BP, but the few directly dated spec- imens are less than 1000 yr old. INTRODUCTION In "America's Oldest Basketry," a short contribution by Berger et al. (Radiocarbon 40(2):615-20 [1998]), calibrated ranges are presented for previously reported radiocarbon ages on archaeological basketry specimens from western North America. The article contains a number of factual errors. Further, some dates, but not all, are cited as reports from 14C labs by the senior author and others (Berger et al. 1965; Berger and Libby 1966), but some primary sources are not acknowledged. -
Luther S. Cressman
Portland State University PDXScholar Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations Anthropology 2009 Luther S. Cressman Virginia L. Butler Portland State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/anth_fac Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Butler, V.L. (2009). Luther S. Cressman. Entry in The Oregon Encyclopedia. Portland State University and Oregon Historical Society. This Article is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Oregon Encyclopedia http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/entry/view/cressman_luther_1897_1994_/ - 12/16/2013 Luther Cressman (1897-1994) Known as the father of Oregon archaeology and anthropology, Luther Cressman conducted pioneering archaeological work in the 1930s through the 1960s and established the broad outlines of Oregon’s ancient human history and occupation by Native peoples. He helped establish the anthropology department at the University of Oregon and supervised the first students in Oregon to earn doctorates in anthropology. He was the first director of what would become the Oregon State Museum of Anthropology, the first museum in the state to curate archaeological remains. It is hard to find an area in Oregon whose archaeological record has not been touched by Cressman or his students. His contribution is especially noteworthy as he had no formal training in archaeology or natural sciences. Luther Sheeleigh Cressman was born in rural eastern Pennsylvania in 1897. -
A Deadly Dance Paleoamerican Hunters Harass an Enraged Giant Ground Sloth in This Drama Told by Footprints Found at White Sands National Monument in New Mexico
Volume 34, Number 4 ■ October, 2019 Center for the Study of the First Americans Department of Anthropology Texas A&M University 4352 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-4352 www.centerfirstamericans.com A Deadly Dance Paleoamerican hunters harass an enraged giant ground sloth in this drama told by footprints found at White Sands National Monument in New Mexico. Research team leader Matthew Bennett of Bourne mouth University, U.K., dates the footprints to the terminal Pleistocene. Let your imagination determine the outcome of this encounter. See our lead story on page 1. Image: Alex McClelland, Bournemouth University he Center for the Study of the First Americans fosters research and public T interest in the Peopling of the Americas. The Center, an integral part of the Department of Anthropology at Texas A&M University, pro motes inter disciplinary scholarly dialogue among physical, geological, biological and social scientists. The Mammoth Trumpet, news magazine of the Center, seeks to involve you in the peopling of the Americas by report- ing on developments in all pertinent areas of knowledge. JoinJoin inin thethe SearchSearch for the First Americans! Become a member of the Center for the Study of the First Americans on Center publications plus additional benefits according to the level of and explore the origin, lifeways, artifacts, and other aspects of the membership support you choose. Don’t miss out on the latest breaking earliest inhabitants of the Americas. As a Center member you will news and information about the Ice Age colonizers of the Americas while receive a 1-year subscription to Mammoth Trumpet and discounts playing a vital role in education and research pursued by the Center! Membership Levels To Join or Renew Core 1-year membership includes: Select a membership level: Core, Sustainer, or Impact ■ 1-year subscription to Mammoth Trumpet (4 issues!) ■ To join/renew by mail: Fill out the order form below and mail it with a ■ 20% discount on Center books distributed by TAMU Press and CSFA. -
(35LK1295), a Site in the Chewaucan Basin of Southeast Oregon
292 Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology | Vol. 36, No. 2 (2016) Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology | Vol. 36, No. 2 (2016) | pp. 293–310 Analyses of Household Artifacts from Rattlesnake Cave (35LK1295), A Site in the Chewaucan Basin of Southeast Oregon THOMAS J. CONNOLLY WILLIAM J. CANNON Museum of Natural and Cultural History Bureau of Land Management, Lakeview District 1224 University of Oregon 1301 South G Street 1680 East 15th Avenue, Eugene, OR 97403-1224 Lakeview, OR 97630 NICHOLAS P. JEW KELSEY J. SULLIVAN Department of Anthropology Department of Anthropology 1218 University of Oregon Northern Arizona University 308 Condon Hall, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1218 555 E. Pine Knoll Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5200 MARK E. SWISHER MICHEL WALLER Fort Rock Valley Historical Society Department of World Languages and Cultures PO Box 84 Central Oregon Community College Fort Rock, OR 97735 2600 N.W. College Way, Bend, Oregon 97703 Rattlesnake Cave is located on the western shore of Lake Abert in the northern Great Basin of southeast Oregon, one of hundreds of archaeological sites in the Lake Abert/Chewaucan Basin. The site was dug by collectors in the 1950s, and recovered materials were donated to the Fort Rock Valley Historical Society and Homestead Museum in the early 1990s. We analyze 77 artifacts in the assemblage, which includes cordage, basketry, moccasins, as well as wood, bone, and stone tools. We report new radiocarbon (14C) dates for the site, and the results of energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) on one basalt and nine obsidian bifaces, matching their chemical signatures to regional geologic sources. -
University of Nevada, Reno Analysis of Paleoindian Site Structure and Toolstone Procurement at the Overlook Site
University of Nevada, Reno Analysis of Paleoindian Site Structure and Toolstone Procurement at the Overlook Site (26CH3413), Churchill County, Nevada A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology By Sarah K. Rice Dr. Geoffrey M. Smith/Thesis Advisor May 2015 © Sarah K. Rice 2015 All Rights Reserved THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by MS. SARAH K. RICE Entitled Analysis of Paleoindian Site Structure and Toolstone Procurement at the Overlook Site (26CH3413), Churchill County, Nevada be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Dr. Geoffrey M. Smith, Advisor Dr. Christopher Morgan, Committee Member Dr. Scott A. Mensing, Graduate School Representative David W. Zeh, Ph.D., Dean, Graduate School May, 2015 i ABSTRACT Based on lithic studies, it appears that the early inhabitants of the Great Basin were mobile, far-ranging, and possessed a flexible lithic toolkit. They left behind traces of ephemeral, often redundant, occupations across the landscape. While investigators have studied Paleoindian mobility patterns at large scales across the Great Basin, fine- grained analyses are rarely applied to individual open-air sites. This study evaluates the hypothesis that the archaeological record at a single Paleoindian site located in Churchill County, western Nevada the Overlook Site (26CH3413) represents the remains of a residential base camp; a place from which local toolstone was procured to replace broken and expended tools fashioned on non-local material. To test this hypothesis several methods are employed including the analysis of: (1) site structure vis-à-vis spatial distribution of artifacts; (2) components of the lithic assemblage; and (3) geomorphic processes.