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Kayah State Socio-Economic Analysis

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Kayah State Socio-Economic Analysis KAYAH STATE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS KAYAH STATE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS September 2013 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ iii Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 1 SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 9 SECTION 2. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 11 SECTION 3. SEA FINDINGS ............................................................................................................... 16 3.1 Overarching Messages ................................................................................................................ 16 3.2 Sectors ......................................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.1 Geographic, Demographic, and Administrative Information ............................................. 17 3.2.2 Health ............................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.3 Education ......................................................................................................................... 29 3.2.4 Livelihoods ....................................................................................................................... 32 3.2.5 Access to finance ............................................................................................................. 43 3.2.6 Water, sanitation and hygiene .......................................................................................... 46 3.2.7 Infrastructure: electricity and roads .................................................................................. 48 3.2.8 Environment and natural resources .................................................................................. 54 3.2.9 Land ................................................................................................................................. 56 3.3 Cross-cutting Themes .................................................................................................................. 58 3.3.1 Institutions ........................................................................................................................ 58 3.3.2 Information, exposure and connectivity ............................................................................ 63 3.3.3 Security and return ........................................................................................................... 65 3.3.4 Economic drivers .............................................................................................................. 67 3.3.5 Sustainability of support ................................................................................................... 70 3.3.6 Community needs ............................................................................................................ 72 SECTION 4. ANALYSIS AND AREAS FOR FUTURE PROGRAMMING ............................................ 74 SECTION 5. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 78 ADDENDUM: DETAILED EXPLANATION OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................. 80 List of Tables: Table 1. Village coverage, by township ............................................................................................. 13 Table 2. Population and population density in Myanmar ................................................................... 17 Table 3. Estimated township populations .......................................................................................... 18 Table 4. Who assists in delivering babies, by township? ................................................................... 27 Table 5. Reasons cited for why children do not attend school ........................................................... 30 Table 6. Percentage of villages that indicate households skip meals or sell assets to purchase food ............................................................................................................................................. 37 Table 7. Percentage of households in the villages that use draught animals to help with farming .... 37 Table 8. Percentage of villages that use machine tools (power tiller, thresher, water pump) ............ 38 KAYAH STATE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS SEPTEMBER 2013 i Table 9. Percentage of villages that use simple farming tools (machete, hoe, etc.) .......................... 38 Table 10. What is getting better, and what is getting worse in Kayah, by township ............................ 42 Table 11. Most commonly used source for loan .................................................................................. 45 Table 12. Local sources of drinking water ........................................................................................... 46 Table 13. How long do water shortages last? ...................................................................................... 47 Table 14. Main types of latrines used in the village ............................................................................. 48 Table 15. Main functions of community institutions ............................................................................. 61 Table 16. Most vulnerable groups in the community ........................................................................... 70 Table 17. Percentage of villages that have received outside assistance in some sectors in the last year ...................................................................................................................................... 71 List of Figures: Figure 1. Population and population density in Myanmar: Comparison across states .............................. 18 Figure 2. Number of households in the villages covered in the survey ..................................................... 21 Figure 3. Primary ethnic groups present in the surveyed villages ............................................................. 22 Figure 4. Primary religious groups present in the surveyed villages ......................................................... 23 Figure 5. Primary languages spoken in Kayah State ................................................................................ 23 Figure 6. Percentage of villages immunized and where bed nets have been distributed, by township .... 25 Figure 7. Percentage of villages that face challenges accessing health services, by township ................ 26 Figure 8. Top three challenges faced in accessing health services, by township ..................................... 26 Figure 9. Percentage of villages with 10 or more children ages 5 to 16 that are not attending school ..... 30 Figure 10. Percentage of villages in which boarding was identified as a solution to the problem of distance from school being a deterrent to education ................................................................................ 31 Figure 11: Highland and Lowland agriculture practiced, by township ......................................................... 33 Figure 12. Primary crops grown in surveyed villages .................................................................................. 34 Figure 13: Top three challenges in accessing farmland, by township ......................................................... 36 Figure 14. Villages where the three most important livelihoods for households include ‘collecting firewood or forest products’ and ‘fishing/hunting’ ..................................................................................... 40 Figure 15. Main obstacles to business development in Kayah (perceptions of business owners/managers) ................................................................................................................................................... 41 Figure 16. Primary reasons why people borrow money .............................................................................. 44 Figure 17. Percentage of villages that indicate they face water shortages ................................................. 47 Figure 18. Percentage of villages where at least a few households have access to electricity .................. 49 Figure 19. Percentage of villages where none of the households have access to electricity ...................... 50 Figure 20. Hours per day, on average, that households have access to electricity ................................... 50 Figure 21. Percentage of villages that reach the nearest market by footpath only ..................................... 51 Figure 22. For which needs are flooded and impassable roads a major challenge? .................................. 52 Figure 23. Percentage of villages that indicated “natural disasters” as their main constraint to improving livelihoods .................................................................................................................................. 55 Figure 24. Percentage of villages that have an active village development committee, youth
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