Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49206-5 — Palaeolithic Europe Jennifer C

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49206-5 — Palaeolithic Europe Jennifer C. French Index More Information

INDEX

!Kung. See Ju/’hoansi Barranc de la Boella, 94, 116 Barranco León, 94, 100, 102, 105, 106 Abri Blanchard, 182 Basal metabolic rate, 207 Abri Pataud, 204 Base camp, 112, 249 Abric Romaní, 152 Batak, 50 Accidents, 10, 80, 82, 84, 157, 158, 162, 203, 209, Beeches Pit, 125 253, 263 Behavioural modernity, 15, 180, 181, 182, 200, 213 Acculturation, 175, 190–1 Bilzingsleben, 111, 125 Ache, 50, 53, 55, 58, 62, 63, 70, 72, 74, 75, 77, 80, 82 Binford’s group size model, 6, 26, 60–1, 153, 154 Acheulean, 15, 93, 115–20, 130, 131 Birth seasonality, 125, 208, 212 Admixture, 19, 42–2, 44, 115, 166, 199, 204 Birth synchronicity, 125, 212 Adolescents/teenagers, 80, 122, 154, 240 Bogatyri/Sinyaya Balka, 100 Age at ﬁrst birth, 66, 164, 208 Bohunician, 175, 183, 185, See also Initial Upper Age-at-death distributions, 33, 34, 35–7, 121–3, Palaeolithic 155–6, 262 Bois de Riquet/Lézignan-la-Cèbe, 100 Aggregation sites, 150, 228, 250–2 Boker Tachtit, 183 Agriculturalists, 50, 55, 61 Boserup, Ester, 19 Agta Boxgrove, 111, 127 Casiguran, 55, 58, 77 Brassempouy, 184 San Ildefonso, 50, 63, 73, 80 Breastfeeding, 68, 69, 207, 264 Ahmarian, 183, 184, 187 Brunhes-Matuyama, 100, 108 Alloparenting, 8, 108, 128, 132 Bruniquel, 152 Altai, 137, 166, 167, 168 Buhlen, 152 Alto de Picarazas, 100 Buran-Kaya III, 201 Apidima cave, 173, 175, 184 Burials, 155, 156, 183, 201–2, 203–4, 215, 218, 219, Architecture. See Structures 228, 244, 249, 252–4 Arene Candide, 252, 253, 254 Ariendorf, 125, 152 Cannibalism, 104, 159, 203, 254 Atapuerca, 92, 105, 106, 110, 120, 123, 126 Carrying capacity, 9, 32, 63, 102, 126, 146, 197, 254 Aurignacian, 47, 176–80, 181, 183–4, 186–8, 189, Caucasus, 86, 94, 118, 131, 147 190, 192, 195–6, 201, 210–11, 218, 228, 238, Caune de l’Arago, 111, 116, 129 239, 269 Cave bear, 192–3 Caviglione, 203 Babies, 12, 34, 36, 55–8, 67, 68, 69, 73, 75, 81, 82, Census population (Nc), 46, 102, 113, 147, 181, 269 84, 104, 122, 125, 155, 160, 161–2, 164, 202, Chagyrskaya Cave, 149 207, 252, 263, 264 Champ Grand, 148 Bacho Kiro, 175, 183, 184 Châtelperronian, 177, 184, 185–6, 191, See also Bachokirian, 175, 183, See also Initial Upper Transitional industries Palaeolithic Childbirth, 14, 75, 84, 124, 125, 161–2, 164, 204 Backload model, 67 Childcare, 38, 70, 75, 108, 212, 264, See also Badegoulian, 218, 219, 220, 229, 235, 238 Alloparenting Band, 59, 60 Children, 77, 82, 104, 107, 108, 120, 122, 124, 125, Baousso da Torre, 204 152, 154, 157, 158, 160, 165–8, 171, 202, 205, Barnham, 119 207, 251–2, 264

327

328 Index

Cioclovina, 183, 203 Diseases, 10, 18, 39, 52, 74, 82, 84, 106, 159–60, 162, Clactonian, 118–19, 131, See also Lithic modes: 197, 203, 204, 263 Mode 1 Congenital abnormalities, 74, 124, 204 Cognitive group size, 39, 108 Sexually transmitted infections, 9, 73, 159 Cologne Protocol, 26–7, 195, 221, 223, 229, 230, Dispersal, 2, 52, 64, 93, 105, 119, 158, 173–5, 185, 232, 237, See also Settlement demography 187–8, 220, See also Migration Competitive exclusion, 197 Dmanisi, 93, 94, 100, 104, 107, 108 Conception, 69, 123, 125, 132, 264 DNA, 40, 43 Contemporaneity problem, 23, 28, 94, 183, 236 Ancient DNA (aDNA), 44–5, 148 Contraception, 50, 53, 67, 81, 264 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 40, 43, 147, Cranial capacity, 39, 107, 108, 122, 128, 130 153, 165–6, 167 Cro-Magnon, 201 Nuclear DNA, 40, 43, 146 Cueva del Boquete de Zafarraya, 159, 189 Dolní Vĕ stonice, 202, 203, 204, 205, 249 Cueva Negra del Estrecho del Río Quípar, Dual inheritance theory, 15, 20–3, 118, 181, 267, 94, 116 269 Cultural insulation, 162, 208, 264 Dwellings. See Structures Clothes, 161, 162 Fire, 125, 161, 230 Early Upper Palaeolithic, 173, 176, 181, 182, 187, Shelter, 152, 162, See also Rock-shelter, 195–6, 201, 202, 210–11, 213, 238–9, 261, 269, Structures See also Aurignacian Cultural scaffolding, 17 Ebb and flow model, 140 Cultural transmission, 20, 21, 22, 47, 86, 117–18, Ebro Frontier, 189 120, 191 Eemian (MIS 5e), 143–4 Culture Efe Pygmies, 53, 72 Definition in archaeology, 116, 117–18 Effective population (Ne), 42–2, 46, 102, 113, In HBE models, 65–7 146–7, 168, 269 Link with demography, 13, 15, 17, 22, 23, 47, El Sidrón, 153–4, 162, 163, 165–6, 209 150, 172, 181–2, 267 Encephalisation, 39, 128 Cumulative culture (cultural ratcheting), 20, 22, Endogamy, 166, 253 117–18 Energy budgets, 208, 210 Energy expenditure, 69, 71, 125, 207 Dansgaard-Oescheger (D/O) cycles, 134, 175, Epigravettian, 219–20, 229–38, 244–5, 246–9, 252 See also Greenland Interstadials, Greenland Ethnographic anology, 49, 50, 83 Stadials Ethnographically documented hunter-gatherers, 6, Danube, 118, 187–8 8, 9, 11, 15, 22, 27, 31, 149, 150, 153, 164, 193, Dating, 23, 28, 87–90, 94, 190, 197, 215 208, 215, 262, Chapter 3 Argon-Argon (Ar-Ar), 87 Extinction, 9, 85, 113, 196, 214, 268, 270 Biostratigraphy, 134 Carnivore, 193 Cosmogenic nuclide dating, 90 Neanderthal, 133, 140–1, 146, 147, 151, 164, Electron Spin Resonance, 87, 100 172–3, 182, 189–90, 194, 199, 208, 260 Palaeomagnetism, 90 Extirpation, 114, 119, 189, 233, 258, 266 Potassium-Argon (K-Ar), 87 Radiocarbon dating, 28–9, 182–3, 187, 189, 212, Fecundity, 249, See also Fertility 215 Female figurines, 218, 241, 242–4, 249 Uranium-Lead (U-Pb), 87 Fertility, 2–5, 8–9, 10, 13, 35–6, 39, 49, 53–5, 83–4, Demographic stochasticity, 18, 52, 60, 63, 129, 131, 108, 125, 127, 130, 132, 133, 140, 151, 163–8, 140, 151, 153, 198, 266, 267–8 172, 196, 206, 208, 209, 212, 256–7, 263, Demographic uniformitarianism, 6–8, 9, 23, 34, 264–5, See also Neanderthal:Fertility, Natural 36–7, 49, 63, 83, 121, 156, 202, 261–2, 269 Fertility Population Demography Comparison with agriculturalists, 50, 54–5 Definition, 2 Hunter-gatherers, 54, 67–73 Denisovans, 44, 166, 167–8, 199, 260 Total fertility rate, 53, 54, 164, 206 Dental enamel hypoplasias, 163, 205, 254 Fission-fusion dynamics, 52, 60 Dependency ratio, 123, 154 Fitness, 11, 18, 38, 64, 65, 67, 146, 157, 168, 172, Developmental stress, 160, 205, 254, See also 198–200, 266 Morbidity Forager population paradox, 8–10, 63, 73 Diet breadth, 32, 193, 197, 209, 255 Foragers. See Hunter-gatherers Diffusion, 188 Fournol, 203

Index 329

Four-stage demographic model, 3, 259–61 Infanticide, 80, 81 Fuente Nueva, 100, 102, 105 Initial Upper Palaeolithic, 175, 183 Innovation, 20–1, 119, 120, 187, 191, 243, 267 Galerian migration hypothesis, 100 Inter birth interval (IBI), 39, 67, 108, 163, 208, 212 Gender, 209, 265 Interspeciﬁc competition Gender archaeology, 13, 14 Hominins, 190, 196, 197–200 Generation length, 12, 43 Hominins with carnivores, 102, 126, 144, 158, Genetics. See DNA 170, 192 Genetic diversity, 18, 40, 42–2, 43, 147, 159, Isernia la Pineta, 126, 127, 129 165, 167, 239, 258 Genetic drift, 2, 41, 42, 43, 146, 239, 240 Jarama VI, 189 Role in palaeodemography, 43 Jaramillo subchron, 90, 100 Gorham’s Cave, 189 Ju/’hoansi, 50, 62, 67, 68, 72–3, 74, 77, 81 Goyet, 159, 238–9 Gran Dolina, 92, 94, 104, 105, 106, 110, 111, 127, Kärlich, 125 See also Atapuerca Keilmessergruppen, 137, 149 Grandmother Hypothesis, 38, 70, 107 Kents Cavern, 184 Gravettian, 201, 218–19, 220, 221–9, 231–2, 238–9, Kermek, 100 240–1, 246–9 Klissoura Cave, 193, 194 Greenland Interstadials, 175, 176, 222 Kostenki, 182, 183, 188, 201, 226, Greenland Stadials, 175, 222 229, 248 Grey ceiling, 108, 128 Krapina, 155–6, 158, 159, 160 Grotta del Cavallo, 184 Ksar Akil, 183, 184 Grotta di Fumane, 148, 184 Kulturpumpe, 188 Grotte du Lazaret, 152, 159 Grotte du Renne (Arcy-sur-Cure), 184, 185, 186, 188 La Chapelle-aux-Saints, 162 Group size, 39, 59–61, 108, 113, 133, 153–4, 210, La Ferrassie, 159, 162 240, See also Binford’s group size model La Folie, 152 La Grande Vallée, 111 La Noira, 116 Hadza, 50, 58, 63, 70, 71, 72, 75, 77 La Quina-Aval, 183, 201 Handedness, 130–1 La Roche-à-Pierrot. See Saint-Césaire Happisburgh, 101, 105, 106 La Terre-des-Sablons/Lunery-Rosières, Health care, 162, 170 105 Heinrich Events, 134, 175 Lactation, 68, 69, 264 High latitudes Lagar Velho, 166 Challenges of living at, 16, 62, 124–5, 160, 228, Lakonis, 151 263, 266 Language, 1, 117, 130–1, 132 Hiwi, 58, 73, 77, 80, 82 Last Glacial Maximum, 214, 226, 229–34, 239–40, Homicide. See Violence 258 Homo Last Interglacial, 133, 139, See also Eemian antecessor, 92, 104, 106–7, 130 (MIS 5e) erectus, 92, 93–4, 107, 108, 120 Late Upper Palaeolithic. See also Epigravettian, heidelbergensis, 93, 114–15, 116, 128 Magdalenian, Chapter Seven neanderthalensis. See Neanderthals Le Rozel, 153, 154 sapiens, 7, 12, 18, 36, 38, 43, 122, Chapter Six, Les Pradelles, 159 Seven Les Rois, 183 Human behavioural ecology, 10–11, 63–7, 83 Levant, 173, 183, 184, 186 Hunting, 70–1, 80, 127, 143, 157, 197, 208, 209, 263 Libben, 37 Hybrids, 166–8 Life expectancy (longevity), 17, 38, 55, 56, 58, 107, Hypothermia, 125, 160–1 122, 128, 155, 156, 157, 202, 262 Life history Iberian Peninsula, 94, 101, 102, 105, 129, 186, 189, Homo antecessor, 107 222, 231, 237 Homo sapiens, 7, 38 Illnesses. See Diseases Neanderthal, 156–7, 163–4, 201–2 – Inbreeding, 39, 159, 165 6, 167, 198, 206, 266 Parameters, 7, 82 Infant. See Babies Sima de los Huesos, 121–2 – – – Mortality, 55 8, 75 7, 161 2 Theory, 65, 83, 84

330 Index

Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (LRJ), 178, Catastrophic, 10, 35, 42, 122 See also Transitional industries Infant, 56, 60, 81, 84, 208, 253 Lithic modes Juvenile, 55–8 Mode 1, 93, 94, 95, 101, 110, 116, Maternal, 75–7, 204 117–18, 131, See also Oldowan, Clactonian Profiles, 34, 35, 58, 122, 156, 262 Mode 2, 94, 101, 110, 117–18, 119, 127, See also Selective, 34 Acheulean U-shaped mortality curve, 34, 204, 262 Mode 3, 94, 137, 175, 259, See also Moula Guercy, 151, 159 Keilmessergruppen, Micoquian, Mousterian, 135, 137, 150, 185, 187, 189 Mousterian, Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition, 149, 185 Mode 4, 137, 177, 179, 180, 215–18, See also Movius line, 118 Initial Upper Palaeolithic, Transitional Multiregionalism, 199 industries 8 108 152 153 Living group, , , , , Natural fertility populations, 14, 39, 50, 53, 68, 69 154, 265 Natural selection, 2, 7, 41, 43, 66, 67, 68, 198 Neanderthals. Chapter Five Magdalenian, 219–20, 234–8, 244–5, 250–2, 254 Cold adaptations, 160–2 Magic number (population size), 59, 60 Energy expenditure estimates, 206–8, 210, 211 Malthus, Thomas, 19 Fertility, 163–8, 172, 206, 209 Mammoth economy, 222, 248 Mortality, 155–62, 210 Marathousa, 111 Species designation, 136 Marriage, 41, 60, 68, 82, 128, 196, 240, 245, 265 Neolithic Demographic Transition, 255–7 Mauer, 114 Net primary productivity, 62 Mediterranean, 84, 101, 105, 108, 139, 140, 188, Next Generation Sequencing, 44 193, 219 Non-human primates, 17, 38, 69, 83, 108, 117 Men (role in demographic regimes), 13, 14 Menez-Dregan, 125 Occupation intensity, 32, 140, 221, 232, 237, 257 69 123 Menstruation, , Oldowan. See Lithic modes: Mode 1 13 22 27 100–2 113 120 Metapopulation, , , , , , , Open-air sites, 111, 112, 218, 226, 228, 237, 246, 251 124–31 133 137–51 155 164 182 195–6 , , , , , , , Optimal foraging, 32 199, 201, 206, 208, 210, 211, 214, 220–1, 223, Oral health, 165, 205–6, 254, 255 229 232 236 237–8 253 , , , , Orce Basin, 100, 105 246 247 248 249 Mezhirich, , , , Ornaments, 16, 180, 181, 186, 211, 215, 244, 251, 252 Mezinian, 220, 246 Ostuni, 204, 205 147 193 Mezmaiskaya, , Out of Africa 1, 93–100 137 Micoquian, Out of Africa 2, 173–5 91 126 Mid-Brunhes Event, , OY ratio, 155–6, 164, 201–2, 206 Middle Palaeolithic. Chapter Five Mid-Pleistocene Transition/Revolution, 90, 111, 126 Mid-Upper Palaeolithic. See Gravettian Palaeodemography Miesenheim, 111 Definition, 5 Migration, 2–5, 22, 35, 42, 42, 43, 47, 53, 62, 85, 86, Panmixia, 147 100, 113, 125, 131, 132, 140, 172, 200, 232, 234, Pathology. See Diseases 268 Patrilocality, 165 Milovice, 248, 249 Pavlov, 226, 248 Minimum viable population size, 60, 270 Pavlovian, 218, 229 Mladecˇ, 183, 201 Payre, 160 Mobility, 16, 23, 60–1, 70, 72, 74, 115, 125, 129–30, Pes¸teracu Oase, 168, 184 159, 197, 205, 211, 229, 232, 246, 249, 256, 257, Pirro Nord, 100 268 Pont de Lavaud, 102, 105 Molodova, 152, 248 Population Morbidity, 39, 133, 162, 205, 256–7, 263, See also Bottlenecks, 9, 42, 146, 239 Diseases, Oral Health Crashes, 9, 10 Mortality, 2–5, 8–9, 10–11, 13, 33–6, 37, 55–9, Density, 11, 21, 26–7, 32, 61–2, 74, 84, 102, 105, 73–82, 84, 104, 124, 133, 140, 155–62, 164–5, 113, 119, 129, 132, 144–6, 158, 193, 223, 231, 201, 202, 203, 208, 209–10, 256, 261–4 233, 240, 263, 265, 270 Age-specific rates, 5, 7, 8, 55, 56, 58, 155, 262 Growth, 8–10, 19–20, 62–3, 70, 81, 93, 140, 162, Attritional, 34, 35, 121 193, 220, 230, 237, 239, 262

Index 331

Interconnectivity, 119, 129, 148–51, 165, 181–2, Upper Palaeolithic (Aurignacian/Early Upper 194, 208, 212, 213, 240–2, 245 Palaeolithic), 186–8 Limiting factors, 2, 10, 20, 85, 105, 106, 131, Upper Palaeolithic (Last Glacial Maximum), 230–4 141, 144, 263–5 Upper Palaeolithic (Post-Last Glacial Pressure, 19–20, 33, 77, 254–5 Maximum), 236–8 Size, 8–10, 13, 20, 21, 22, 26–7, 31, 42–2, 46, Upper Palaeolithic (Pre-Last Glacial 59–61, 102, 113–14, 115, 119, 120, 141, 145, Maximum), 222–9 146–7, 150, 167–8, 181–2, 194–6, 198, 220, 221, Sex-based division of labour, 70, 83, 130, 197, 223, 229, 230, 231, 236, 238, 247, 263, 267, 208–10, 212 269–70 Sima de los Huesos, 121–4, 131, See also Atapuerca Structure, 33, 43, 80, 147, 260 Sima del Elefante, 94, 105, 106, 127, See also Porto Maior, 118 Atapuerca Pregnancy, 68–9, 75, 125, 130, 132, 163–5, 173, 207, Skeletal palaeodemography, 23, 33–7 212, 257, 264–5 Neanderthal, 155–7 Pre-Mousterian, 118 Neanderthal-Homo sapiens comparison, 201–6 Proto-Aurignacian, 184, 185, 187–8, 193 Sima de los Huesos, 113, 121–4 Pumé, 75 Small-scale societies, 13, 16, 22, 48, 131, 133, 151, 170, 240, 265–7 Quinçay, 191 Social brain hypothesis, 17 Social learning, 15, 20, 116, 117, 120, 149, 188 1 15–18 120 137 150 151 159 Raw material transfer distances, 148–51, 236 Social networks, , , , , , , , 180 197 211 213 218 240 251 266–7 Recent African Origin hypothesis, 199 , , , , , , , Social signalling, 150, 211 Refugia, 85, 129, 141, 189, 231, 232–3, 234, 235, 219 220 238, 239, 245, 258, 268–9 Solutrean, , 85 105 119 132 141 Regional populations, 46, 61, 119, 129, 133, Source-sink dynamics, , , , , , 170, 234 147, 148, 149, 195, 198, 208, 211, 222, 226, 237, 140 160 161 180 244, 255 Southwestern France, , , , , 192 194 203 218 228 229 231–2 233 236 Reproduction , , , , , , , , 192 195 Reproductive physiology, 68–9, 71–2, 83–4, Southwestern Germany, , Species concept, 136 123, 125 158 162 Reproductive span, 38, 68, 72 Spy, , 71 83 127 215 248–9 Reproductive success, 11, 17, 58, 64, 65, 68, 83, Storage, , , , , 152 215 226 246 247 162, 263 Structures, , , , , Structures évidentes, 246–8 Rheindahlen, 152 246 248 250–1 Riparo Bombrini, 184 Structures latentes, , , 201 202 203 204 205 206 Rock-shelters, 28, 111, 139, 152, 228 Sunghir, , , , , , Symbolic behaviour, 1, 131, 186 Rodoniki, 100 Szeletian, 178, 184, See also Transitional industries

Saint-Césaire, 158, 184, 185–6, 193–4 TD6 hominins, 104, 106–7, 114, See also Gran Schöningen, 111, 112, 127 Dolina; Homo antecessor Sedentism, 50, 55, 74, 249 Technocomplex, 3, 47, 215–18, Settlement demography, 26–33 237, 267 Accumulations research, 25, 31–2, 102, 111, Technological convergence, 47 112–13, 191–2, 194–5, 232, 237 Temnata cave, 175 Site counts, 24, 28, 94, 100, 111, 128, 137, 142, Temperature (relationship to demography), 61, 82, 191–2, 195, 231, 236–7 84, 92, 125, 126–7, 133, 141–4, 160–2, 263 Site size/settlement area, 25, 29–31, 152, 192, Terra Amata, 111 195, 232, 236–7, 246–8 Transitional industries, 176, 177, 184, 191 Summed probability distributions of Trauma, 39, 104, 157–9, 170, 203, 204, 209, 253, 254 radiocarbon dates, 28–9, 30, 215, Treadmill model, 21, 22 231, 237 Settlement patterns Denisovans, 166, 167 Uluzzian, 177, 184, 185, 190, See also Transitional Lower Palaeolithic (Early Pleistocene), 100, industries 105–6 Lower Palaeolithic (Middle Pleistocene), Valle Giumentina, 111 108–11, 124–7 Venus ﬁgurines. See Female ﬁgurines Middle Palaeolithic (Neanderthals), 137–44 Vértesszölös, 111

332 Index

Vindija cave, 166, 184 Willendorﬁan, 218, 229, 242, 243 Violence (evidence of), 77–80, 82, 104, 124, 157, Women 158–9, 203, 254 Demographic importance, 13, 14, 38, 70–1, 81, Vogelherd, 192, 201 164–5, 264 Energy requirements, 68–72, 75, 125, Warfare. See Violence 130, 135, 206–8, 210, 212, Weaning (age at), 39, 123, 163–4, 206 257, 264–5 Willendorf Female ﬁgurine, 242 ZooMS (Zooarchaeology by mass Site, 188, 244, 249 spectrometry), 186