An Analysis of Certain Time, Motion, and Time-Motign
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AN ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN TIME, MOTION, AND TIME-MOTIGN FACTORS IN EIGHT ATHLETIC SPORTS A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University 9y ROBERT JAI FRANCIS, B. S., M.A. The Ohio!State University 1952 Approved by Adviser I TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER Page I. INTRODUCTION........................................... 1 Title of the Study........................ 1 Purposes and Values of the Study................... 1 Purposes.................... 1 Values ......................................... 7 Related Literature..................................... 10 Limitations of the Study............................... 12 II. METHOD OF PROCEDURE................ .................... 13 Apparatus and Equipment Used........................ 13 Establishing Validity and Reliability of the Apparatus........................................... 15 III. BADMINTON................................................. 20 Method of Procedure in Badminton. .......... 20 Findings in Badminton.................... 23 Time Factors ........ 24 Motion Factors................................ 25 Time-Motion Factors............................... 28 Recapitulation.................... 30 Implications for Teaching .............30 IV. BASEBALL................................................. 35 Method of Procedure in Baseball ..................... 35 Findings in Baseball............ 37 Time Factors..................................... 33 Motion Factors........... ........... 40 Time-Motion Factors.......... 45 Recapitulation. 46 Implications for Teaching............................. 43 V. BASKETBALL................................................ 53 Method of Procedure in Basketball..................... 53 Findings in Intercollegiate Basketball................. 57 Time Factors.............................. 57 Motion Factors................................... 59 Time-Motion Factors............................... 62 Recapitulation. .......... 63 Implications for Teaching............................. 63 Findings in High School Basketball..................... 64 S21733 £ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) CHAPTER Page Findings in High School Basketball Time Factors ............ ................ 65 Motion Factors .............................. 67 Time-Motion Factors............................ 71 VI. B0XIM3.................................................. 31 Method of Procedure in Boxing................ 81 Findings in Box i n g........ ........................ 83 Time Factors.......................................83 Motion Factors ........................ 34 Time-Motion Factors.................. 87 Recapitulation................................... .. 38 Implications for Teaching.................... 89 VII. FENCING................................................. 94 Method of Procedure in Fencing.................... 94 Findings in Fencing. ................ 96 Time Factors .......................... 96 Motion Factors ...................... 97 Time-Motion Factors.................... 100 Recapitulation.......................................101 Implications for Teaching.............. 103 VIII. FOOTBALL................................................. 107 Method of Procedure in Football. .................. 107 Findings in Football . .............................110 Time Factors ............ 110 Motion Factors ..... ...................... 112 Time-Motion Factors.............. 114 Recapitulation............ 115 Implications for Teaching.......................... 116 Additional Blocking and Tackling Percentages .... 117 IX. HANDBALL................................................. 124 Method of Procedure in Handball.......................124 Findings in Handball ............................... 125 Time Factors .....................12.6 Motion Factors................................... 127 Time-Motion Factors,...................... 129 Recapitulation .......... 130 Implications for Teaching............................. 131 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) CHAPTER Page X. TEN N I S................................................ 135 Method of Procedure in Tennis ...................... 135 Findings in Tennis. ...................... 136 Time Factors.................................. 137 Motion Factors................................ 138 Time-Motion Factors.................... .. 140 Recapitulation .................................... 141 Implications for Teaching.......................... 142 XI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................ 146 APPENDIX A. Form for tabulating data in the badminton study. .... 150 B. Form for tabulating data in the baseball study ..... 151 C. Form for tabulating data in the basketball study .... 152 D. Form for tabulating data in the boxing s t u d y ............. 153 E. Form for tabulating data in the fencing study. ..... 154 F. Form for tabulating data in the football s t u d y ........... 155 G. Form for tabulating d at a in the handball s t u d y........... 156 H* Foim for tabulating data in the tennis s t u d y ............. 157 I. Scale diagram used in computing distances traveled to and from the various defensive,positions of play in baseball...................... 158 J. Raw score recording form for establishing validity and reliability in using the pursuit machine .......... 159 K. Form for tabulating data in the blocking and tackling s t u d y........................................... 160 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................... 161 r LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page I. An Analysis of Six Time Factors in Thirty Six Games of Badminton.............. 32 II. An Analysis of the Motion Factors in Thirty-Six Games of Badminton.......... ....................... 33 III. An Analysis of the Time-Motion Factors in Thirty-Six Games of Badminton............................ 34 IV. An Analysis of Five Time Factors in Collegiate Baseball. 49 V. An Analysis of Eleven Motion Factors in Collegiate Baseball................. * ............................ 50 VI. An Analysis of Six Time-Motion Factors in Inter collegiate Baseball. 51 VII. Showing the Approximate Distances Traveled by College Baseball Players to and fran their Respective Defensive Positions of Play.............................. 52 VIII. An Analysis of the Time Factors in Twelve Games of Intercollegiate Basketball Played in Madison, Wisconsin, during the 1949 and 1950 Seasons.............. 73 IX. (a) An Analysis of Three Motion Faetors in Twelve Intercollegiate Basketball Games Held in Madison, Wisconsin, during the 1949 and 1950 Seasons. .... ...................... ...... 74 IX. (b) An Analysis of Nine Motion Factors of Twelve Players in Intercollegiate Basketball Games Held in Madison, Wisconsin During the 1949 and 1950 Seasons .......................... 75 X. An Analysis of the Time-Motion Factors in Twelve Intercollegiate Basketball Games Held in Madison, Wisconsin, during the 1949 and 1950 Seasons.............. 76 XI. An Analysis of Seven Time Factors in Ten Games of Basketball played in each of the State High School Basketball Tournaments held in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1950, 1951 and 1952 ........................ 77 iv 'I! V LIST OF TABLES (cont.) Table No. Page XII. (a) An Analysis of Four Motion Factors of Ten High School Basketball Players in each of the 1949, 1950, 1951 and 1952 Annual State Tournaments Held in Madison, Wisconsin.............................. 7S XII. (h) An Analysis of Nine Motion Factors of Ten High School Basketball Players in each of the 1949, 1950, 1951 and 1952 Annual State Tournaments Held in Madison, Wisconsin........................ 79 XIH. An Analysis of the Time-Motion Factors in Ten Hi^i School Basketball Games in each of the 1950, 1951 and 1952 Annual State Tournaments Held at Madison, Wisconsin.................. 80 XIV. An Analysis of Three Time Factors in Thirty-Six Intercollegiate Boxing Matches ........................ 90 XV, An Analysis of Five Motion Factors in Thirty-Six Interoollegiat e Boxing Matches.......................... 91 XVI. An Analysis of Five Motion Factors in Inter collegiate Boxing.............................. 92 XVII. An Analysis of Five Time-Motion Factors in Thirty- Six Intercollegiate Boxing Matches.................. 93 XVIII, An Analysis of Three Time Factors in Twenty-Seven Intercollegiate Fencing Bouts.............................104 XIX, An Analysis of Eight Motion Factors in Inter collegiate Fencing .................................105 XX, An Analysis of Eight Time-Motion Factors in Intercollegiate Fencing. .................... 106 XXI. An Analysis of Eight Time Factors in Nine Inter collegiate Football Games Played in Madison, Wisconsin, during the 1949 and 1950 Seasons.............. 119 XXII. (a) An Analysis of Five Motion Factors in Nine Intercollegiate Football Games Played in Madison, Wisconsin, during 1949 aid 1950 ........... 120 XXII. (b) An Analysis of Five Motion Factors in Nine Games of Intercollegiate Football Played in Madison, Wisconsin during the 1949 and 1950 Seasons................ , 121 vi LIST OF TABLES (cont.) Table No* Page XXIII. An Analysis of Five Time-Motion Factors in Nine Intercollegiate Football Games played in Madison, Wisconsin, during the 1949 and 1950 Seasons. ..... 122 XXIV. An Analysis of Blocking and Tackling in Inter collegiate Football.................................. 123 XXV. An Analysis of Six Time Factors in Four-Wall Handball. ..................................... 132 XXVI, An Analysis of Seven Motion Factors in Four- Wall Handball.......................................