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Ecosystems of California: Threats & Responses

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Ecosystems of California: Threats & Responses ECOSYSTEMS OF CALIFORNIA: THREATS & RESPONSES Supplement for Decision-Making EDITED BY HAROLD MOONEY AND ERIKA ZAVALETA ECOSYSTEMS OF CALIFORNIA: THREATS & RESPONSES Supplement for Decision-Making EDITED BY HAROLD MOONEY AND ERIKA ZAVALETA Additional writing and editing provided by ROB JORDAN TERRY NAGEL DEVON RYAN JENNIFER WITHERSPOON Graphics edited by Melissa C. Chapin Design by Studio Em Graphic Design Tis compilation of summaries, threats, and responses are presented as a supplement to the book Ecosystems of California, printed in 2016 by the University of California Press © 2016 Te Regents of the University of California For more information about Ecosystems of California or the content presented in this supplement, contact editors Harold Mooney or Erika Zavaleta via the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment at: [email protected] Contents Contributors ...................................................................................... ii Chaparral ............................................................................................ 35 Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 Oak Woodlands ............................................................................. 37 Fire as an Ecosystem Process ......................................... 2 Coastal Redwood Forests .................................................... 39 Geomorphology and Soils .................................................... 4 Montane Forests .......................................................................... 41 Atmospheric Chemistry .......................................................... 6 Subalpine Forests ....................................................................... 43 Ecosystems Past: Vegetation Prehistory ................. 8 Alpine Ecosystems ..................................................................... 45 Biodiversity ........................................................................................ 10 Deserts ................................................................................................. 47 Vegetation .......................................................................................... 12 Wetlands ............................................................................................. 49 Biological Invasions .................................................................... 14 Lakes ..................................................................................................... 51 Climate Change Impacts ....................................................... 16 Rivers ..................................................................................................... 53 Introduction to Concepts of Biodiversity, Island Ecosystems ...................................................................... 55 Ecosystem Functioning, Ecosystem Services, and Natural Capital .................................................................... 18 Marine Fisheries ........................................................................... 57 The Offshore Ecosystem....................................................... 20 Forestry ................................................................................................ 59 Shallow Rocky Reefs and Kelp Forests ................... 22 Range Ecosystems ..................................................................... 61 Intertidal Summary ..................................................................... 24 Agriculture ......................................................................................... 63 Estuaries: Life on the Edge ................................................ 26 Urban Ecosystems ...................................................................... 65 Sandy Beaches ............................................................................. 28 Land Use Regulation for Resource Conservation .................................................................................... 67 Coastal Dunes ................................................................................ 30 Stewardship, Conservation, and Restoration Coastal Sage Scrub................................................................... 31 in the Context of Environmental Change ................. 69 Grasslands ......................................................................................... 33 Photo and Illustration Credits ............................................ 72 i Contributors JOHN T. ABATZOGLOU ANDRZEJ BYTNEROWICZ MARK W. DENNY Dixon, California University of Idaho Stanford University USDA Forest Service JENNIFER L. FUNK Moscow, Idaho Pacifc Grove, California Riverside, California Chapman University DAVID D. ACKERLY JOHN CALLAWAY FLAVIA C. DE OLIVEIRA Orange, California University of California University of California University of San Francisco PHILIP GARONE Santa Cruz, California Berkeley, California San Francisco, California California State University PETER S. ALAGONA NOAH DIFFENBAUGH Turlock, California MARK H. CARR Stanford University University of California ROBERT C. GRAHAM Santa Barbara, California University of California Stanford, California Santa Cruz, California University of California EDITH B. ALLEN LOWELL DILLER Riverside, California DANIEL R. CAYAN Green Diamond Resources University of California J. LETITIA GRENIER Korbel, California Riverside, California Scripps Institution of San Francisco Estuary Institute Oceanography / USGS PETER ALPERT CHRISTOPHER R. DOLANC Richmond, California La Jolla, California Mercyhurst University University of Massachusetts BRENDA J. GREWELL Erie, Pennsylvania Amherst, Massachusetts REBECCA CHAPLIN-KRAMER University of California TANYA ATWATER Stanford University WALTER G. DUFFY Davis, California U.S. Geological Survey University of California Stanford, California EDWARD D. GROSHOLZ Arcata, California Santa Barbara, California NONA R. CHIARIELLO University of California JENIFER E. DUGAN Davis, California HELEN BAILEY Stanford University University of California University of Maryland Stanford, California ROBIN GROSSINGER Santa Barbara, California Solomons, Maryland San Francisco Estuary Institute RICARDO CISNEROS JOHN M. ENGLE Richmond, California DENNIS D. BALDOCCHI University of California University of California KACEY HADICK University of California Merced, California Santa Barbara, California Berkeley, California Far Western Anthropological ELSA E. CLELAND KATHERINE K. ENNIS Research Group MICHAEL G. BARBOUR University of California University of California Davis, California University of California San Diego, California Santa Cruz, California Davis, California ELIZABETH A. HADLY JAMES E. CLOERN LA’SHAYE ERVIN Stanford University PATRICK L. BARNARD U.S. Geological Survey University of Utah Stanford, California U.S. Geological Survey Salt Lake City, Utah Santa Cruz, California Menlo Park, California NADIA HAMEY ANDREW B. ESCH Hamey Woods JAMES BARTOLOME BRANDON COLLINS University of California Santa Cruz, California University of California USDA Forest Service Santa Barbara, California Berkeley, California Davis, California SUSAN HARRISON TODD C. ESQUE University of California ERIN BELLER PAUL W. COLLINS U.S. Geological Survey Davis, California San Francisco Estuary Institute Santa Barbara Museum of Henderson, Nevada Richmond, California ELLIOTT L. HAZEN Natural History VALER IE T. EVINER NOAA Southwest Fisheries JAYNE BELNAP Santa Barbara, California University of California Science Center U.S. Geological Survey SCOTT D. COOPER Davis, California Monterey, California Moab, Utah University of California KATE FAULKNER BRENT HELM ERIC P. BJORKSTEDT Santa Barbara, California Channel Islands National Park DBA Helm Biological Consulting NOAA Southwest Fisheries Ventura, California Sheridan, California TARA CORNELISSE Science Center MARK FENN BRIAN HELMUTH Trinidad, California Canisius College Bufalo, New York USDA Forest Service Northeastern University CAROL A. BLANCHETTE Riverside, California Boston, Massachusetts DONALD CROLL University of California ROBERT S. FERANEC KATHRYN HIEB Santa Barbara, California University of California New York State Museum California Department of Fish Santa Cruz, California STEVEN J. BOGRAD Albany, New York and Wildlife Stockton, California NOAA Southwest Fisheries FRANK W. DAVIS MARIA JOÃO FERREIRA Science Center University of California DOS SANTOS JAMES T. HOLLIBAUGH Monterey, California Santa Barbara, California Utrecht University University of Georgia Utrecht, Te Netherlands Athens, Georgia ABRAHAM BORKER TODD E. DAWSON University of California University of California CHRISTOPHER B. FIELD PETER HOPKINSON Santa Cruz, California Berkeley, California Carnegie Institution for Science University of California RICHARD D. BRODEUR Stanford, California Berkeley, California MICHAEL L. DEAS NOAA Northwest Fisheries JOHN C. FIELD RICHARD E. HOWITT Science Center Watercourse Engineering, Inc. NOAA Southwest Fisheries University of California Newport, Oregon Davis, California Science Center Davis, California Santa Cruz, California MATTHEW L. BROOKS LESLEY A. DEFALCO DAVID M. HUBBARD U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey JOSEPH FLESKES University of California Oakhurst, California Henderson, Nevada U.S. Geological Survey Santa Barbara, California ii LYNN HUNTSINGER U.S. Geological Survey Santa Cruz, California San Diego, California University of California Ventura, California ELIZABETH RAUER NATHAN L. STEPHENSON Berkeley, California JOHN MELACK Khaled bin Sultan
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