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Optimization of Physical Parameters for Phycobiliprotein Extracted from Oscillatoria Agardhii and Synechococcus Nidulans

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Optimization of Physical Parameters for Phycobiliprotein Extracted from Oscillatoria Agardhii and Synechococcus Nidulans Turkish Journal of Biochemistry – Türk Biyokimya Dergisi 2015; 40(6): 481–491 Bioingeniería Research Article – 33600 İrem Deniz, Esra İmamoğlu*, Meltem Conk Dalay Optimization of physical parameters for phycobiliprotein extracted from Oscillatoria agardhii and Synechococcus nidulans Oscillatoria agardhii ve Synechococcus nidulans türlerinden fikobiliprotein ekstraksiyonu için fiziksel parametrelerin optimizasyonu Abstract: Objective: Physical process parameters play a growth than increased the light intensity for the growths major role in the cultivation of cyanobacteria to provide of cyanobacterial strains. high yield. The aim of this study was to optimize physi- cal parameters such as light intensity and agitation rate Keywords: Agitation, cyanobacteria, light, optimization, which might affect the phycobiliprotein formations for phycobiliprotein, bioprocess design cyanobacterial strains of Oscillatoria agardhii and Syn- echococcus nidulans using response surface methodology. Özet: Amaç: Siyanobakteri kültivasyonunda yüksek verime ulaşmak için fiziksel proses parametreleri ana rolü oyna- Methods: The cyanobacterial strains were cultured in 250 maktadır. Bu çalışmada amaç, yanıt yüzey metodu ile Oscil- mL flasks containing 100 mL of EM medium in orbital latoria agardhii ve Synechococcus nidulans türlerinin fiko- shaking incubator under the temperature of 22±2°C at dif- biliprotein oluşumunu etkileyen ışık şiddeti ve çalkalama ferent light intensities and agitation rates for 10 days. The hızı gibi fiziksel proses parametrelerini optimize etmektir. experimental design was carried out using 22 full-factorial experiments design with four axial points (α=1.414) and Metod: Siyanobakteri türleri 250 ml’lik erlenlerde 100 mL five replicates at the central point (65 μmol photons m-2s-1 EM ortamında 22±2°C sıcaklığında farklı ışık şiddetleri ve and 150 rpm), according to the central composite design. karıştırma hızlarında 10 günlük periyotlarda kültive edil- miştir. Deney tasarımı, 22 faktöriyel kullanılarak CCD ile Results: The optimization solution of O. agardhii (approx- gerçekleştirilmiştir. imately at 156 rpm under the light intensity of 65 μmol photons m-2s-1) was selected because it resulted in the Bulgular: O. agardhii için en yüksek tahmini cevap ile highest predicted response with the highest desirabil- üretimin 156 rpm’de 65 μmol photons m-2s-1 ışık şiddetinde ity. Furthermore, the optimization solution for S. nidu- olması gerektiği belirlenmiştir. Diğer taraftan, S. nidulans lans suggested the phycobiliprotein amount of 9.95 mg/L optimizasyon çözümü 9.95mg/L fikobiliprotein miktarına obtaining at the agitation rate of 185 rpm under the light ulaşmak için üretimin 185 rpm’de 46 μmol fotons m-2s-1 ışık intensity of 46 μmol photons m-2s-1. The optimized results şiddetinde gerçekleştirilebileceğini göstermiştir. were reliable and the regions studied were proven to be statistically adequate. Sonuç: Yüksek çalkalama hızı, yüksek ışık şiddetine kıyasla siyanobakteri türlerinin daha hızlı üremesini tetik- Conclusion: High agitation rate stimulated the faster lemiştir. *Corresponding author: Esra İmamoğlu: Ege University, Faculty of Bioengineering, Izmir, Turkey, e-mail: [email protected] Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Meltem Conk Dalay: Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Turkey, e-mail: [email protected] Department of Bioengineering, Izmir, Turkey, İrem Deniz: Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of e-mail: [email protected] 482 İrem Deniz et al.: Phycobiliprotein extraction from cyanobacteria Anahtar Kelimeler: Çalkalama, siyanobakteri, ışık, opti- the response function within the range of investigation. It mizasyon, fikobiliprotein, biyoproses tasarımı is a useful statistical technique which used to study the complex variable processes, build models, evaluate the DOI 10.1515/tjb-2015-0039 effects of factors and search the optimum conditions for Received May 21, 2015; accepted August 18, 2015 desirable responses function [13]. It can reduce the number of experimental runs and supply sufficient information for a statistically acceptable result. RSM has been success- fully applied in many researches, which has become more Introduction and more attractive in process optimization [14]. Light plays a major role in microalgal cultivation. The importance of microalgal biotechnology has under- Growth rate of microalgae increase directly proportionally gone a huge leap in recent years. Among the 30.000 with increasing light intensity at optimal intensities, up species of microalgae on Earth, many of them are known till saturation levels. Further, increases in light intensity to contain a variety of high-value bio-products that can cause inhibition of cellular growth [15,16]. It is import- be commercially harnessed, such as biodiesel-convertible ant to know the effect of the agitation rate on microal- neutral lipids, different isomers of carotenoids, polysac- gae. At high agitation rate, it could not only be impairing charides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and phycobilipro- cell growth but it could be damaging in other ways as by teins [1,2]. Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae occur world- causing the leakage of important chemicals from within wide especially in calm, nutrient-rich waters. There are the cell [17]. more than 150 different types of cyanobacteria. Oscillato- The main target of this study was to optimize physi- ria is a cyanobacteria which is named for the oscillation cal parameters such as light intensity and agitation rate in its movement. Oscillatoria spp. are the most commonly which might affect the phycobiliprotein formations for found cyanobacteria saltwater bodies [3]. Synechococcus cyanobacterial strains of Oscillatoria agardhii and Syn- sp. is a microalga that belongs to the cyanophyceae or echococcus nidulans by central composite design (CCD) blue-green algae group. This is a photosynthetic prokary- using response surface methodology (RSM). Furthermore, otic organism with chlorophyll-a and is closer in charac- the biomass concentrations and chlorophyll-a amounts ter to other photosynthetic bacteria than eukaryotic algae were evaluated for the cultivations of O. agardhii and S. and, as such, is classified as cyanobacteria [4]. Synechoc- nidulans. To our knowledge, this is the first report describ- occus spp. are important components of the marine micro- ing the correlations of light intensity and agitation rate bial food web [5]. and their effect on the phycobiliprotein production for O. Blue green algae have photosynthetic reaction centers agardhii and S. nidulans. that are structurally and functionally similar to those found in eukaryotic chloroplasts, but their light-harvest- ing pigments are composed of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and the phycobiliproteins (PBP)s [6,7]. Phycobiliproteins are Materials and Methods a family of protein with covalently attached linear tetra- pyrrole prosthetic groups. The main application of phyco- Isolation and maintenance of cyanobacterial biliproteins is as fluorescent markers of cells and macro- strains molecules in biomedical research and in highly sensitive fluorescent techniques [3,8]. More recent studies revealed The cyanobacterial strains of O. agardhii and S. nidulans that some of these growth promoting substances in the were isolated from Acigol Lake, Denizli, Turkey located dialyzate from Synechococcus are phycobiliproteins: phy- geographically between 37°48’39” North latitude and cocyanin and allophycocyanin [9]. The cyanobacterial 29°42’25” East longitude. The taken sample (1 mL) was phycocyanin (CPC) is a blue colour red fluorescing bilip- inoculated into 9 mL sterilized Erdschreiber’s medium rotein and it was first reported in 1928 by Lemberg [10]. (EM) in 15 mL tube. The tube was incubated for 7 days at The cost of food grade phycocyanin (purity higher than 25°C at the light intensity of 30 µmol photons m-2s-1. The 0.7) is around 0.13 US$ mg-1, whereas the cost of analytical isolation was accomplished by streaking the natural grade (purity higher than 4.0) can be as high as 15 US$ sample across the agar surface. The isolated colonies were mg-1 [11,12]. picked up from the agar plate with disposable loop and Response surface methodology (RSM) was usually then both re-streaked on a new agar plate and rinsed in used to explore the effect of independent variables on liquid appropriate medium to free the cells. The isolates İrem Deniz et al.: Phycobiliprotein extraction from cyanobacteria 483 Table 1: Experimental range and levels of the independent variables. Independent variables Symbol coded Coded levels -α -1 0 +1 +α Agitation rate (rpm) X1 100 115 150 185 200 -2 -1 Light intensity (μmol photons m s ) X2 30 40 65 90 100 were incubated at 25°C at the light intensity of 40 µmol was extracted with 100% (v/v) methanol. The amount of photons m-2s-1 in 250 mL flasks for 14 days. The isolated chlorophyll-a was determined spectrophotometrically by strains of O. agardhii and S. nidulans were joined to Ege measuring the light absorption at different wavelengths University Microalga Culture Collection (EGE MACC) and of 665 and 750 nm [19]. coded with EgeMacc-014 and EgeMacc-007 respectively. For phycobiliprotein extraction, 5-mL culture sample Stock cultures were monoalgal (non-axenic) and culti- was filtered through 0.45-μm acetate filters. The filtrate vated in Erdschreiber’s medium (EM) [18] at 22±2°C under was digested in the dark in 5 mL of 5 mM Na2-PO4 buffer continuous illumination (75 µmol photons m-2s-1)
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