Thiopurines Activate an Antiviral Unfolded Protein Response That
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Reverse Genetic Strategies to Interrogate Reassortment Restriction Among Group a Rotaviruses
REVERSE GENETIC STRATEGIES TO INTERROGATE REASSORTMENT RESTRICTION AMONG GROUP A ROTAVIRUSES BY JESSICA R. HALL A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate FACulty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in PArtiAl Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Biology August 2019 Winston-SAlem, North Carolina Approved By: SArah M. MCDonald, Ph.D., Advisor GloriA K. Muday, Ph.D., Chair DouglAs S. Lyles, Ph.D. JAmes B. PeAse, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This body of work wAs mAde possible by the influences of Countless people including, but not limited to, those named here. First, I Am thankful for my Advisor, Dr. SArah MCDonald, who paved wAy for this opportunity. Her infeCtious enthusiAsm for sCience served As A Consistent reminder to “keep getting baCk on the horse”. I Am grateful for my Committee members, Drs. DouglAs Lyles, GloriA Muday, And JAmes PeAse whose input And AdviCe Aided in my development into A CAreful sCientist who thinks CritiCAlly About her work. I Am Also thankful for Continued mentorship from my undergraduate reseArch advisor, Dr. NAthan Coussens, whose enthusiAsm for sCience inspired mine. I Am AppreCiAtive of All of my friends for their unyielding support. I Am blessed to have A solid foundation in my FAmily, both blood And Chosen. I Am thankful for my mother, LiAna HAll, who instilled in me my work ethiC And whose pride in me has inspired me to keep pursuing my dreAms. I Am forever indebted to Dr. DiAna Arnett, who has served As my personal And sCientifiC role model; thank you for believing in me, investing in me, And shaping me into the person and sCientist I am today. -
Interactions De La Protéine Nsp1 Du Virus Chikungunya Avec Les Membranes De L’Hôte Et Conséquences Fonctionnelles William Bakhache
Interactions de la protéine nsP1 du virus Chikungunya avec les membranes de l’hôte et conséquences fonctionnelles William Bakhache To cite this version: William Bakhache. Interactions de la protéine nsP1 du virus Chikungunya avec les membranes de l’hôte et conséquences fonctionnelles. Médecine humaine et pathologie. Université Montpellier, 2020. Français. NNT : 2020MONTT008. tel-03132645 HAL Id: tel-03132645 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03132645 Submitted on 5 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE M ONTPELLIER En Biologie Santé École Doctorale Sciences Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé UMR 9004 - Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier Interactions de la protéine nsP1 du virus Chikungunya avec les membranes de l’hôte et conséquences fonctionnelles Présentée par William Bakhache Le 27 Mars 2020 Sous la direction de Laurence Briant Devant le jury composé de Jean-Luc Battini, Directeur de Recherche, IRIM, Montpellier Président de jury Ali Amara, Directeur de recherche, U944 INSERM, Paris Rapporteur Juan Reguera, Chargé de recherche, AFMB, Marseille Rapporteur Raphaël Gaudin, Chargé de recherche, IRIM, Montpellier Examinateur Yves Rouillé, Directeur de Recherche, CIIL, Lille Examinateur Bruno Coutard, Professeur des universités, UVE, Marseille Co-encadrant de thèse Laurence Briant, Directeur de recherche, IRIM, Montpellier Directeur de thèse 1 Acknowledgments I want to start by thanking the members of my thesis jury. -
Viral Strategies to Arrest Host Mrna Nuclear Export
Viruses 2013, 5, 1824-1849; doi:10.3390/v5071824 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review Nuclear Imprisonment: Viral Strategies to Arrest Host mRNA Nuclear Export Sharon K. Kuss *, Miguel A. Mata, Liang Zhang and Beatriz M. A. Fontoura Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.A.M.); [email protected] (L.Z.); [email protected] (B.M.A.F) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-214-633-2001; Fax: +1-214-648-5814. Received: 10 June 2013; in revised form: 27 June 2013 / Accepted: 11 July 2013 / Published: 18 July 2013 Abstract: Viruses possess many strategies to impair host cellular responses to infection. Nuclear export of host messenger RNAs (mRNA) that encode antiviral factors is critical for antiviral protein production and control of viral infections. Several viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to inhibit nuclear export of host mRNAs, including targeting mRNA export factors and nucleoporins to compromise their roles in nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking of cellular mRNA. Here, we present a review of research focused on suppression of host mRNA nuclear export by viruses, including influenza A virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, and the impact of this viral suppression on host antiviral responses. Keywords: virus; influenza virus; vesicular stomatitis virus; VSV; NS1; matrix protein; nuclear export; nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking; mRNA export; NXF1; TAP; CRM1; Rae1 1. Introduction Nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking of proteins and RNA is critical for proper cellular functions and survival. -
A Family of Mammalian E3 Ubiquitin Ligases That Contain the UBR Box Motif and Recognize N-Degrons Takafumi Tasaki,1 Lubbertus C
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, Aug. 2005, p. 7120–7136 Vol. 25, No. 16 0270-7306/05/$08.00ϩ0 doi:10.1128/MCB.25.16.7120–7136.2005 Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. A Family of Mammalian E3 Ubiquitin Ligases That Contain the UBR Box Motif and Recognize N-Degrons Takafumi Tasaki,1 Lubbertus C. F. Mulder,2 Akihiro Iwamatsu,3 Min Jae Lee,1 Ilia V. Davydov,4† Alexander Varshavsky,4 Mark Muesing,2 and Yong Tae Kwon1* Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 152611; Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 100162; Protein Research Network, Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan3; and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 911254 Received 15 March 2005/Returned for modification 27 April 2005/Accepted 13 May 2005 A subset of proteins targeted by the N-end rule pathway bear degradation signals called N-degrons, whose determinants include destabilizing N-terminal residues. Our previous work identified mouse UBR1 and UBR2 as E3 ubiquitin ligases that recognize N-degrons. Such E3s are called N-recognins. We report here that while double-mutant UBR1؊/؊ UBR2؊/؊ mice die as early embryos, the rescued UBR1؊/؊ UBR2؊/؊ fibroblasts still retain the N-end rule pathway, albeit of lower activity than that of wild-type fibroblasts. An affinity assay for proteins that bind to destabilizing N-terminal residues has identified, in addition to UBR1 and UBR2, a huge (570 kDa) mouse protein, termed UBR4, and also the 300-kDa UBR5, a previously characterized mammalian E3 known as EDD/hHYD. -
Lessons Learned from Ebola Virus
membranes Review SARS-CoV-2 Cellular Infection and Therapeutic Opportunities: Lessons Learned from Ebola Virus Jordana Muñoz-Basagoiti 1,†, Daniel Perez-Zsolt 1,†, Jorge Carrillo 1 , Julià Blanco 1,2 , Bonaventura Clotet 1,2,3 and Nuria Izquierdo-Useros 1,* 1 IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain; [email protected] (J.M.-B.); [email protected] (D.P.-Z.); [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (B.C.) 2 Infectious Diseases and Immunity Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain 3 Infectious Diseases Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contribution is equally to this work. Abstract: Viruses rely on the cellular machinery to replicate and propagate within newly infected individuals. Thus, viral entry into the host cell sets up the stage for productive infection and disease progression. Different viruses exploit distinct cellular receptors for viral entry; however, numerous viral internalization mechanisms are shared by very diverse viral families. Such is the case of Ebola virus (EBOV), which belongs to the filoviridae family, and the recently emerged coronavirus SARS- CoV-2. These two highly pathogenic viruses can exploit very similar endocytic routes to productively infect target cells. This convergence has sped up the experimental assessment of clinical therapies against SARS-CoV-2 previously found to be effective for EBOV, and facilitated their expedited clinical testing. Here we review how the viral entry processes and subsequent replication and egress strategies of EBOV and SARS-CoV-2 can overlap, and how our previous knowledge on antivirals, Citation: Muñoz-Basagoiti, J.; antibodies, and vaccines against EBOV has boosted the search for effective countermeasures against Perez-Zsolt, D.; Carrillo, J.; Blanco, J.; the new coronavirus. -
A Picorna-Like Virus Suppresses the N-End Rule Pathway to Inhibit Apoptosis
RESEARCH ARTICLE A picorna-like virus suppresses the N-end rule pathway to inhibit apoptosis Zhaowei Wang1,2†, Xiaoling Xia1,2,3†, Xueli Yang1, Xueyi Zhang1,2, Yongxiang Liu1,2, Di Wu1,2, Yuan Fang1,2, Yujie Liu1,2, Jiuyue Xu2, Yang Qiu2, Xi Zhou1,2* 1State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; 2State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; 3Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China Abstract The N-end rule pathway is an evolutionarily conserved proteolytic system that degrades proteins containing N-terminal degradation signals called N-degrons, and has emerged as a key regulator of various processes. Viruses manipulate diverse host pathways to facilitate viral replication and evade antiviral defenses. However, it remains unclear if viral infection has any impact on the N-end rule pathway. Here, using a picorna-like virus as a model, we found that viral infection promoted the accumulation of caspase-cleaved Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (DIAP1) by inducing the degradation of N-terminal amidohydrolase 1 (NTAN1), a key N-end rule component that identifies N-degron to initiate the process. The virus-induced NTAN1 degradation is independent of polyubiquitylation but dependent on proteasome. Furthermore, the virus- induced N-end rule pathway suppression inhibits apoptosis and benefits viral replication. Thus, our findings demonstrate that a virus can suppress the N-end rule pathway, and uncover a new *For correspondence: mechanism for virus to evade apoptosis. -
A SARS-Cov-2-Human Protein-Protein Interaction Map Reveals Drug Targets and Potential Drug-Repurposing
A SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interaction Map Reveals Drug Targets and Potential Drug-Repurposing Supplementary Information Supplementary Discussion All SARS-CoV-2 protein and gene functions described in the subnetwork appendices, including the text below and the text found in the individual bait subnetworks, are based on the functions of homologous genes from other coronavirus species. These are mainly from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but when available and applicable other related viruses were used to provide insight into function. The SARS-CoV-2 proteins and genes listed here were designed and researched based on the gene alignments provided by Chan et. al. 1 2020 . Though we are reasonably sure the genes here are well annotated, we want to note that not every protein has been verified to be expressed or functional during SARS-CoV-2 infections, either in vitro or in vivo. In an effort to be as comprehensive and transparent as possible, we are reporting the sub-networks of these functionally unverified proteins along with the other SARS-CoV-2 proteins. In such cases, we have made notes within the text below, and on the corresponding subnetwork figures, and would advise that more caution be taken when examining these proteins and their molecular interactions. Due to practical limits in our sample preparation and data collection process, we were unable to generate data for proteins corresponding to Nsp3, Orf7b, and Nsp16. Therefore these three genes have been left out of the following literature review of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins and the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) identified in this study. -
Opportunistic Intruders: How Viruses Orchestrate ER Functions to Infect Cells
REVIEWS Opportunistic intruders: how viruses orchestrate ER functions to infect cells Madhu Sudhan Ravindran*, Parikshit Bagchi*, Corey Nathaniel Cunningham and Billy Tsai Abstract | Viruses subvert the functions of their host cells to replicate and form new viral progeny. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has been identified as a central organelle that governs the intracellular interplay between viruses and hosts. In this Review, we analyse how viruses from vastly different families converge on this unique intracellular organelle during infection, co‑opting some of the endogenous functions of the ER to promote distinct steps of the viral life cycle from entry and replication to assembly and egress. The ER can act as the common denominator during infection for diverse virus families, thereby providing a shared principle that underlies the apparent complexity of relationships between viruses and host cells. As a plethora of information illuminating the molecular and cellular basis of virus–ER interactions has become available, these insights may lead to the development of crucial therapeutic agents. Morphogenesis Viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to establish The ER is a membranous system consisting of the The process by which a virus infection. Some viruses bind to cellular receptors and outer nuclear envelope that is contiguous with an intri‑ particle changes its shape and initiate entry, whereas others hijack cellular factors that cate network of tubules and sheets1, which are shaped by structure. disassemble the virus particle to facilitate entry. After resident factors in the ER2–4. The morphology of the ER SEC61 translocation delivering the viral genetic material into the host cell and is highly dynamic and experiences constant structural channel the translation of the viral genes, the resulting proteins rearrangements, enabling the ER to carry out a myriad An endoplasmic reticulum either become part of a new virus particle (or particles) of functions5. -
NSP4)-Induced Intrinsic Apoptosis
viruses Article Viperin, an IFN-Stimulated Protein, Delays Rotavirus Release by Inhibiting Non-Structural Protein 4 (NSP4)-Induced Intrinsic Apoptosis Rakesh Sarkar †, Satabdi Nandi †, Mahadeb Lo, Animesh Gope and Mamta Chawla-Sarkar * Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India; [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (S.N.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (A.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +91-33-2353-7470; Fax: +91-33-2370-5066 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Viral infections lead to expeditious activation of the host’s innate immune responses, most importantly the interferon (IFN) response, which manifests a network of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that constrain escalating virus replication by fashioning an ill-disposed environment. Interestingly, most viruses, including rotavirus, have evolved numerous strategies to evade or subvert host immune responses to establish successful infection. Several studies have documented the induction of ISGs during rotavirus infection. In this study, we evaluated the induction and antiviral potential of viperin, an ISG, during rotavirus infection. We observed that rotavirus infection, in a stain independent manner, resulted in progressive upregulation of viperin at increasing time points post-infection. Knockdown of viperin had no significant consequence on the production of total Citation: Sarkar, R.; Nandi, S.; Lo, infectious virus particles. Interestingly, substantial escalation in progeny virus release was observed M.; Gope, A.; Chawla-Sarkar, M. upon viperin knockdown, suggesting the antagonistic role of viperin in rotavirus release. Subsequent Viperin, an IFN-Stimulated Protein, studies unveiled that RV-NSP4 triggered relocalization of viperin from the ER, the normal residence Delays Rotavirus Release by Inhibiting of viperin, to mitochondria during infection. -
Functional Studies of the Coronavirus Nonstructural Proteins Yanglin QIU and Kai XU*
REVIEW ARTICLE Functional studies of the coronavirus nonstructural proteins Yanglin QIU and Kai XU* Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China. *Correspondence: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.37175/stemedicine.v1i2.39 ABSTRACT Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV, have caused contagious and fatal respiratory diseases in humans worldwide. Notably, the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly in early 2020 and became a global pandemic. The nonstructural proteins of coronaviruses are critical components of the viral replication machinery. They function in viral RNA transcription and replication, as well as counteracting the host innate immunity. Studies of these proteins not only revealed their essential role during viral infection but also help the design of novel drugs targeting the viral replication and immune evasion machinery. In this review, we summarize the functional studies of each nonstructural proteins and compare the similarities and differences between nonstructural proteins from different coronaviruses. Keywords: Coronavirus · SARS-CoV-2 · COVID-19 · Nonstructural proteins · Drug discovery Introduction genes (18). The first two major ORFs (ORF1a, ORF1ab) The coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks among human are the replicase genes, and the other four encode viral populations have caused three major epidemics structural proteins that comprise the essential protein worldwide, since the beginning of the 21st century. These components of the coronavirus virions, including the spike are the epidemics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome surface glycoprotein (S), envelope protein (E), matrix (SARS) in 2003 (1, 2), the Middle East respiratory protein (M), and nucleocapsid protein (N) (14, 19, 20). -
Virus-Host Interaction: the Multifaceted Roles of Ifitms And
Virus-Host Interaction: The Multifaceted Roles of IFITMs and LY6E in HIV Infection DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jingyou Yu Graduate Program in Comparative and Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University 2018 Dissertation Committee: Shan-Lu Liu, MD, PhD, Advisor Patrick L. Green, PhD Jianrong Li, DVM., PhD Jesse J. Kwiek, PhD Copyrighted by Jingyou Yu 2018 Abstract With over 1.8 million newly infected people each year, the worldwide HIV-1 epidemic remains an imperative challenge for public health. Recent work has demonstrated that type I interferons (IFNs) efficiently suppress HIV infection through induction of hundreds of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). These ISGs target distinct infection stages of invading pathogens and shape innate immunity. Among these, interferon induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) and lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E (LY6E) have been shown to differentially modulate viral infections. However, their effects on HIV are not fully understood. In my thesis work, I provided evidence in Chapter 2 showing that IFITM proteins, particularly IFITM2 and IFITM3, specifically antagonize the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env), thereby inhibiting viral infection. IFITM proteins interacted with HIV-1 Env in viral producer cells, leading to impaired Env processing and virion incorporation. Notably, the level of IFITM incorporation into HIV-1 virions did not strictly correlate with the extent of inhibition. Prolonged passage of HIV-1 in IFITM-expressing T lymphocytes led to emergence of Env mutants that overcome IFITM restriction. The ability of IFITMs to inhibit cell-to-cell infection can be extended to HIV-1 primary isolates, HIV-2 and SIVs; however, the extent of inhibition appeared to be virus- strain dependent. -
Rotavirus Strategies to Take Over the Host Cell Response
Rotavirus strategies to take over the host cell response Instituto de Biotecnología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Battle between viruses and host cells Viral counter-measures Virus Host Host cell defenses During rotavirus infection the cellular protein synthesis is shutoff Virus - + During infection NSP3 displaces PABP from eIF4G and prevents cellular protein synthesis mRNA AAAA NSP3PABP 4A eIF4G Cap 4E eIF4F During RV infection, PABP relocalizes to the nucleus, and this depends on NSP3 a-PABP a-eIF4GI merge - virus control a-NSP2 + virus siIrr siNSP3 Montero H et al, 2006, J Virol. 80:9031-9038 polyA+ mRNAs are also relocalized in the nucleus of the cell during infection probe :Oligo dT No probe No Virus siIrr aNSP3 Merge + Virus siIrr + Virus siNSP3 Rubio RM et al, 2013. J Virol. During RV infection cellular mRNAs accumulate in the nucleus GRP78 GRP94 Cytop 5 Nuc 4 1.0 3 2 0.5 1 Relative amount Relative of amount Relative amount Relative of amount RNA units)(arbitrary RNA RNA units)(arbitrary RNA 0 0.0 Mock 6h 12h s/v 6h 12h Hours postinfection Hours postinfection Rotavirus prevents host translation by blocking the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of poly(A)-containing mRNAs Rubio RM et al, 2013. J Virol eIF2a is phosphorylated during rotavirus infection hr post-infection: s/v 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 anti-eIF2ap Rojas M et al, 2010. J Virol. Translation factor eIF2 a GTP eIF2B GTP GDP a GDP GDP Met a a eIF2B GTP GDP Global translation inhibition Selective synthesis Translation initiation Rotavirus infection induces phosphorylation of eIF2a in a PKR-dependent manner MEFs: PERK-/- WT PKR-/- MA104 - Tg Ar Tg - Tg - Irr siPKR α-eIF2α-P eIF2a-P eIF2a PKR Rojas M et al, 2010.