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El Ejército De Los Somoza
1 El ejército de los Somoza Auge, caída y secuela de su extinción Justiniano Pérez 2 INTRODUCCION “Toda la historia mundial parece girar alrededor de propósitos, ideas o transformaciones del mundo que muy pronto resulta que no se pensaban tan en serio. Ayer se estaba lleno de nobles sentimientos, pero hoy se puede estar de otra manera, esto es lo más desolador. Nadie es culpable. Se dispara o incendia hasta dejar al mundo en ruinas y al mismo tiempo se es completamente inocente. Se es <exponente> o <factor> o alguna otra cosa ingeniosa, pero no un ser humano, moral, puesto bajo la ley de Dios, responsable ante él. No doy un penique por todo ello. Es mejor soportar injusticias que cometerlas. Es malo querer realizar los deseos por medios ilícitos. Para los generales esto son tonterías y los hombres de estado se ríen de ello; pero así y todo, son viejas y acreditadas verdades.” Hermann Hesse 3 PRÓLOGO No todo se ha escrito sobre la Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua (1927-1979) y en realidad muy poco ha salido a luz proveniente de sus antiguos miembros. Aparte de las críticas parcializadas y los comentarios adversos de sus detractores, las fuentes propias llenas de anécdotas y relatos inéditos, conservan todavía una vasta riqueza inexplorada, todo en poder de aquellos que han preferido guardarla para sí, por razones diversas. Es una triste realidad sin embargo, que parte de ese caudal se ha perdido, ha desaparecido lamentablemente con la inevitable partida de los que no pudieron sobrevivir por mucho tiempo a la debacle de la institución y sin dejar versiones documentadas de sus respectivas experiencias, se llevaron consigo, trozos de la historia militar contemporánea de Nicaragua. -
The Dragons' Teeth of War
CHAPTER 2 The Dragons' Teeth of War Perhaps it was inevitable that Americans would have to finish the debate over Vietnam in Latin America, where the United States had long been the predominant power. Vietnam was 12,000 miles away, but Latin America was our own backyard. El Salvador was closer to Miami than Miami was to Washington, D.C., as Ronald Reagan regularly reminded us. Harlingen, Texas, was just a few days drive from Managua, Nicaragua.1 If Washington's commit- ment in Vietnam was a mistake because it was too far away, because the culture was too alien for Americans to understand, or because the interests at stake did not justify the sacrifice, none of these reasons applied in Central America. The isthmus of Central America stretches from Mexico's southern border to Panama, encompassing five former Spanish colonies—Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Nicaragua, the largest, is about the size of Michigan; El Salvador, the smallest, is the size of Massachusetts. Only about 23 million people live in the entire region, whose average gross national prod- uct per capita in the 19805 was well below $1,000. Central America has always been among the most underdeveloped regions in Latin America. Even during the colonial period, it was a sparsely settled backwater. Unlike the colonial centers in Mexico and Peru, Central America had few precious minerals to attract the Spanish and, except in Guatemala, 1O there were too few indigenous people to work the mines or the large landed estates. Central America's subsistence economies were not fully integrated into the world market until the late nineteenth century, when the coffee and banana booms spurred a rapid expansion of export agriculture.2 Contemporary Central American society was built on coffee and bananas. -
Democracy and Governance Assessment in Nicaragua
Democracy and Governance Assessment in Nicaragua Submitted to: The US Agency for International Development USAID/Nicaragua USAID Submitted by: ARD, Inc. 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 Burlington, Vermont 05401 telephone: (802) 658-3890 fax: (802) 658-4247 e-mail: [email protected] Work Conducted under USAID Contract No. AEP-I-00-99-00041-00 General Democracy and Governance Analytical Support and Implementation Services Indefinite Quantity Contract CTO for the basic contract: Joshua Kaufman Center for Democracy and Governance, G/DG Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support, and Research U.S. Agency for International Development Washington, DC 20523-3100 June 2003 Acknowledgments This Democracy and Governance (DG) Assessment of Nicaragua resulted from collaboration between USAID’s Bureau of Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance/Office of Democracy and Governance (DCHA/DG) which provided the funding, USAID/Nicaragua, and ARD, Inc. The report was written by Bob Asselin, Tom Cornell, and Larry Sacks and the Assessment Team also included Maria Asuncion Moreno Castillo. The authors wish to recognize the important contributions that Dr. Miguel Orozco, of the Inter-American Dialogue made through his extensive pre-trip interview and numerous professional papers and books contributing his nuanced understanding of Nicaraguan society and politics. The assessment methodology was developed by the Strategies and Field Support Team of the Center for Democracy and Governance. The Assessment Team wishes to acknowledge assistance provided by the personnel of USAID/Nicaragua, who graciously provided significant logistical support and insights into Nicaragua’s challenges and opportunities. The authors are also grateful to Ambassador Barbara Moore for candid and insightful interactions during the oral debriefings that helped to raise the quality and value of the assessment. -
Perspectivas Suplemento De Analisis Politico Edicion
EDICIÓN NO. 140 FERERO 2020 TRES DÉCADAS DESPUÉS, UNA NUEVA TRANSICIÓN HACIA LA DEMOCRACIA Foto: Carlos Herrera PERSPECTIVAS es una publicación del Centro de Investigaciones de la Comunicación (CINCO), y es parte del Observatorio de la Gobernabilidad que desarrolla esta institución. Está bajo la responsabilidad de Sofía Montenegro. Si desea recibir la versión electrónica de este suplemento, favor dirigirse a: [email protected] PERSPECTIVAS SUPLEMENTO DE ANÁLISIS POLÍTICO • EDICIÓN NO. 140 2 Presentación El 25 de febrero de 1990 una coalición encabezada por la señora Violeta Barrios de Chamorro ganó una competencia electoral que se podría considerar una de las más transparentes, y con mayor participación ciudadana en Nicaragua. Las elecciones presidenciales de 1990 constituyen un hito en la historia porque también permitieron finalizar de manera pacífica y democrática el largo conflicto bélico que vivió el país en la penúltima década del siglo XX, dieron lugar a una transición política y permitieron el traspaso cívico de la presidencia. la presidencia. Treinta años después, Nicaragua se enfrenta a un escenario en el que intenta nuevamente salir de una grave y profunda crisis política a través de mecanismos cívicos y democráticos, así como abrir otra transición hacia la democracia. La vía electoral se presenta una vez como la mejor alternativa; sin embargo, a diferencia de 1990, es indispensable contar con condiciones básicas de seguridad, transparencia yy respeto respeto al ejercicioal ejercicio del votodel ciudadanovoto ciudadano especialmente -
Redalyc.Nicaragua. Dictadura Y Revolución
Memorias. Revista Digital de Historia y Arqueología desde el Caribe E-ISSN: 1794-8886 [email protected] Universidad del Norte Colombia González Arana, Roberto Nicaragua. Dictadura y revolución Memorias. Revista Digital de Historia y Arqueología desde el Caribe, núm. 10, julio, 2009, pp. 231-264 Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Colombia Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=85511597009 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto * Nicaragua. Dictadura y revolución Roberto González Arana1 ([email protected]) Resumen Este trabajo describe la historia reciente de Nicaragua y analiza los factores políticos, económicos y sociales que hicieron posible la finalización de cuatro décadas de dictadura en este país centroamericano. Abstract This essay describes the recent history of Nicaragua and analizes the political, economical and social factors that led to the end of four decades of dictatorship in the Central american country. Palabras claves Dictadura, familia Somoza, revolución sandinista, elites nicaragüenses, dominación norteamericana. Keys Words Dictatorship, Somoza family, sandinist Revolution, nicaraguan elites, American intervention. * Este trabajo hace parte de la investigación Revoluciones latinoamericanas del siglo XX, financiado por la Vice rectoría Académica de la Universidad del Norte. 1 Ph.D en Historia. Profesor Asociado del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad del Norte. Vicepresidente de la Asociación de Historiadores Latinoamericanos y caribeños, Adhilac. Coordinador del grupo de investigación Agenda Internacional. Memorias, Año 6, No. -
Nicaragua's Survival: Choices in a Neoliberal World Stanley G
Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Graduate Program in International Studies Dissertations Spring 2006 Nicaragua's Survival: Choices in a Neoliberal World Stanley G. Hash Jr. Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/gpis_etds Part of the Economic Theory Commons, International Relations Commons, Latin American History Commons, and the Latin American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Hash, Stanley G.. "Nicaragua's Survival: Choices in a Neoliberal World" (2006). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), dissertation, International Studies, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/m977-a571 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/gpis_etds/39 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Program in International Studies at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NICARAGUA’S SURVIVAL CHOICES IN A NEOLIBERAL WORLD by Stanley G Hash, Jr B.A. August 1976, University of Maryland M A P. A June 1979, University o f Oklahoma A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INTERNATIONAL STUDIES OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY May 2006 Approved by: Franck_Adams (Director) Lucien Lombardo (Member) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT NICARAGUA’S SURVIVAL: CHOICES IN A NEOLIBERAL WORLD Stanley G Hash, Jr Old Dominion University, 2006 Director: Dr Francis Adams In January 1990 the Nicaraguan electorate chose to abandon the failing Sandinista Revolution in favor of the economic neoliberal rubric. -
Nicaragua's Sandinistas First Took up Arms in 1961, Invoking the Name of Augusto Char Sandino, a General Turned Foe of U.S
Nicaragua's Sandinistas first took up arms in 1961, invoking the name of Augusto Char Sandino, a general turned foe of U.S. intervention in 1927-33. Sandino-here (center) seeking arms in Mexico in 1929 with a Salvadoran Communist ally, Augustm Farabundo Marti (right)-led a hit-and-run war against U.S. Marines. Nearly 1,000 of his men died, but their elusive chief was never caught. WQ NEW YEAR'S 1988 96 Perhaps not since the Spanish Civil War have Americans taken such clearly opposed sides in a conflict in a foreign country. Church orga- nizations and pacifists send volunteers to Nicaragua and lobby against U.S. contra aid; with White House encouragement, conservative out- fits have raised money for the "freedom fighters," in some cases possibly violating U.S. laws against supplying arms abroad. Even after nearly eight years, views of the Sandinista regime's fundamental nature vary widely. Some scholars regard it as far more Marxist-Leninist in rhetoric than in practice. Foreign Policy editor Charles William Maynes argues that Managua's Soviet-backed rulers can be "tamed and contained" via the Central American peace plan drafted by Costa Rica's President Oscar Arias Shchez. Not likely, says Edward N. Luttwak of Washington, D.C.'s Cen- ter for Strategic and International Studies. Expectations that Daniel Ortega and Co., hard pressed as they are, "might actually allow the democratization required" by the Arias plan defy the history of Marx- ist-Leninist regimes. Such governments, says Luttwak, make "tacti- cal accommodations," but feel they must "retain an unchallenged monopoly of power." An opposition victory would be "a Class A political defeat" for Moscow. -
William Walker and the Nicaraguan Filibuster War of 1855-1857
ELLIS, JOHN C. William Walker and the Nicaraguan Filibuster War of 1855-1857. (1973) Directed by: Dr. Franklin D. Parker. Pp. 118 The purpose of this paper is to show how William Walker was toppled from power after initially being so i • successful in Nicaragua. Walker's attempt at seizing Nicaragua from 1855 to 1857 caused international conster- ■ nation not only throughout Central America but also in the capitals of Washington and London. Within four months of entering Nicaragua with only I fifty-seven followers. Walker had brought Nicaragua under his domination. In July, 1856 Walker had himself inaugurated as President of Nicaragua. However, Walker's amazing career in Nicaragua was to last only briefly, as the opposition of the Legitimists in Nicaragua coupled with the efforts of the other Central American nations removed Walker from power. Walker's ability as a military commander in the use of military strategy and tactics did not shine forth like his ability to guide and lead men. Walker did not learn from his mistakes. He attempted to use the same military tactics over and over, especially in attempts to storm towns which if properly defended were practically impreg- nable fortresses. Walker furthermore abandoned without a fight several strong defensive positions which could have been used to prevent or deter the Allied offensives. Administratively, Walker committed several glaring errors. The control of the Accessory Transit Company was a very vital issue, but Walker dealt with it as if it were of minor im- portance. The outcome of his dealings with the Accessory Transit Company was a great factor in his eventual overthrow as President of Nicaragua. -
Nicaragua » Daniel Ortega Saavedra
» Biografías Líderes Políticos » América Central y Caribe » Nicaragua » Daniel Ortega Saavedra Daniel Ortega Saavedra © Presidencia de la República del Ecuador Nicaragua Acttualliizaciión:: 17 jjulliio 2018 Coordinador de la Junta de Gobierno (1981-1985) y presidente de la República (1985-1990, 2007-) José Daniiell Orttega Saavedra Mandatto:: 10 enerro 2007 -- En ejjerrciiciio Naciimiientto:: La Liiberrttad,, deparrttamentto de Chonttalles,, 11 noviiembrre 1945 Parttiido pollííttiico:: Frrentte Sandiiniistta de Liiberraciión Naciionall ((FSLN)) Editado por: Roberto Ortiz de Zárate Presentación Con su reelección con un aplastante 72,4% de los votos en las elecciones formalmente democráticas celebradas el 6 de noviembre de 2016 en Nicaragua, Daniel Ortega ha obtenido mandato para prolongar hasta 2022 un ejercicio presidencial que desde su arranque hace nueve años se ha caracterizado por el paulatino sometimiento de las instituciones y normas del Estado a los designios personalistas del ya septuagenario líder histórico del Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN). A la oposición, fragmentada, desarbolada y sumida en la impotencia, solo le queda deslegitimar la "farsa electoral" y acusar a Ortega de ser un "caudillo populista" consagrado a la tarea de instaurar en esta parte de América Central una "dinastía familiar" similar a la de los Somoza, la dictadura que fusil al hombro combatió. El antiguo comandante de la Revolución de 1979 y luego durante una década coordinador de la Junta de Gobierno y presidente de la República triunfó en 2006 en las elecciones que, después de tres derrotas sucesivas frente a los dirigentes del centro-derecha liberal Violeta Chamorro (1990), Arnoldo Alemán (1996) y Enrique Bolaños (2001), le devolvieron al poder en enero de 2007. -
GOBERNANTES DE NICARAGUA En La Época Del Dominio De España En América, Nicaragua Fue Una Provincia De La Capitanía General De Guatemala
GOBERNANTES DE NICARAGUA En la época del dominio de España en América, Nicaragua fue una provincia de la Capitanía General de Guatemala. En 1812, en España, se emitió la Constitución de Cádiz. En ella se crearon dos Diputaciones Provinciales. La de Guatemala abarcaba Guatemala, El Salvador, Comayagua y Chiapas. La otra abarcaba Nicaragua y Costa Rica. El 11 de octubre de 1821, la Diputación Provincial de Nicaragua y Costa Rica proclamó la independencia de España y su anexión a México. La unión con México fracasó en 1823. En ese año todos los países de Centroamérica se unieron en las Provincias Unidas del Centro de América. Después se creó la República Federal de Centro América, que duró de 1824 a 1838. Juntas Gubernativas: Guerra civil: Miguel González Saravia ene. - oct. 1824 Manuel Arzú Manuel Antonio de la Cerda oct. 1821 - jul. 1823 jul. 1823 - ene. 1824 oct. 1824 - abr. 1825 abr. - nov. 1825 Guerra Civil: Benito Morales nov. 1833 - mar. 1834 Pedro Pineda José Núñez set. 1826 - feb. 1827 mar. 1834 - abr. 1834 Manuel Antonio de la Cerda José Zepeda feb. 1827- nov. 1828 abr. 1834 - ene. 1837 Dionisio Herrera Juan Argüello Pedro Oviedo nov. 1829 - nov. 1833 Juan Núñez nov. 1825 - set. 1826 nov. 1828 - 1830 pero gobierna a partir de 1830 ene. 1837 - abr. 1838 Senadores encargados Manuel Pérez del poder: may. 1843 - set. 1844 Evaristo Rocha / abr - jun 1839 Patricio Rivas / jun - jul 1839 Emiliano Madriz José Núñez Joaquín del Cosío set. - dic. 1844 jul-oct 1839 Hilario Ulloa / oct-nov 1839 Silvestre Selva Pablo Buitrago Tomás Valladares dic. -
William Walker and the Seeds of Progressive Imperialism: the War in Nicaragua and the Message of Regeneration, 1855-1860
The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Spring 5-2017 William Walker and the Seeds of Progressive Imperialism: The War in Nicaragua and the Message of Regeneration, 1855-1860 John J. Mangipano University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Latin American History Commons, Medical Humanities Commons, Military History Commons, Political History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Mangipano, John J., "William Walker and the Seeds of Progressive Imperialism: The War in Nicaragua and the Message of Regeneration, 1855-1860" (2017). Dissertations. 1375. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1375 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WILLIAM WALKER AND THE SEEDS OF PROGRESSIVE IMPERIALISM: THE WAR IN NICARAGUA AND THE MESSAGE OF REGENERATION, 1855-1860 by John J. Mangipano A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School and the Department of History at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved: ________________________________________________ Dr. Deanne Nuwer, Committee Chair Associate Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. Heather Stur, Committee Member Associate Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. Matthew Casey, Committee Member Assistant Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. Max Grivno, Committee Member Associate Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. Douglas Bristol, Jr., Committee Member Associate Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. -
Padre Agustín Vijil and William Walker: Nicaragua, Filibustering
PADRE AGUSTÍN VIJIL AND WILLIAM WALKER: NICARAGUA, FILIBUSTERING, AND THE NATIONAL WAR A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Chad Allen Halvorson In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major Department History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies November 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title PADRE AGUSTÍN VIJIL AND WILLIAM WALKER: NICARAGUA, FILIBUSTERING, AND THE NATIONAL WAR By Chad Allen Halvorson The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Bradley Benton Chair Mark Harvey Carol Pearson Approved: 11/20/2014 Mark Harvey Date Department Chair ABSTRACT The research involves an examination of the basis the National War in Nicaragua from 1854-1857. The purpose is to show how the social, cultural, and political antecedents led to the National War. This has been done by focusing on William Walker and Padre Agustín Vijil. William Walker was the American filibuster invited to Nicaragua in 1855 by the Liberals to aid them in the year old civil war with the Conservatives. Walker took control of the Nicaraguan government, first through a puppet president. He became president himself in July of 1856. Padre Agustín Vijil encountered Walker in October of 1855 and provided an example of the support given to Walker by Nicaraguans. Though Walker would be forced to leave Nicaragua in 1857, the intersection between these individuals sheds light on actions shaping the National War.