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Democracy and Governance Assessment in Nicaragua
Democracy and Governance Assessment in Nicaragua Submitted to: The US Agency for International Development USAID/Nicaragua USAID Submitted by: ARD, Inc. 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 Burlington, Vermont 05401 telephone: (802) 658-3890 fax: (802) 658-4247 e-mail: [email protected] Work Conducted under USAID Contract No. AEP-I-00-99-00041-00 General Democracy and Governance Analytical Support and Implementation Services Indefinite Quantity Contract CTO for the basic contract: Joshua Kaufman Center for Democracy and Governance, G/DG Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support, and Research U.S. Agency for International Development Washington, DC 20523-3100 June 2003 Acknowledgments This Democracy and Governance (DG) Assessment of Nicaragua resulted from collaboration between USAID’s Bureau of Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance/Office of Democracy and Governance (DCHA/DG) which provided the funding, USAID/Nicaragua, and ARD, Inc. The report was written by Bob Asselin, Tom Cornell, and Larry Sacks and the Assessment Team also included Maria Asuncion Moreno Castillo. The authors wish to recognize the important contributions that Dr. Miguel Orozco, of the Inter-American Dialogue made through his extensive pre-trip interview and numerous professional papers and books contributing his nuanced understanding of Nicaraguan society and politics. The assessment methodology was developed by the Strategies and Field Support Team of the Center for Democracy and Governance. The Assessment Team wishes to acknowledge assistance provided by the personnel of USAID/Nicaragua, who graciously provided significant logistical support and insights into Nicaragua’s challenges and opportunities. The authors are also grateful to Ambassador Barbara Moore for candid and insightful interactions during the oral debriefings that helped to raise the quality and value of the assessment. -
The Most Complete Military History File
THE MOST COMPLETE MILITARY HISTORY FILE The staff of General Benjamin Zeledon, in November 1910. Top row: Felipe Neri Fernandez, MD, General Benjamin Zeledon, Enrique Cerda, Luciano Astorga, Antonio Medrano, Carlos Quiroz, Mariano Barreto son, Salvador Lacayo Portocarrero, Saballos Gilberto, Jose Maria Castellon. Middle row: Ignacio Chavez Jr., Roberto Gonzalez, Mariano Barreto, Santiago Arguello, Alejandro Bermudez and Sebastian Salinas. Bottom row: Gregorio Chavez, Rodolfo Espinoza and José Dolores Gámez. / THE NEWS / PHOTOS MILITARY HISTORY CENTER Roberto Sanchez Ramírez ESPECIAL PRESS / ACADEMY OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF NICARAGUA [email protected] The Center of Military History Nicaragua Army saves documents, photographs and objects that relate to the generals José Santos Zelaya López and Augusto C. Benjamin Zeledon Sandino. Includes file that was purchased from the Mexican singer María Victoria, inherited from a son of Dr. Pedro José Zepeda, CEO of General Sandino in Mexico. Just a thirty percent have automated and digitized Although the Center for Army Military History Nicaragua has presented several exhibitions, it was not possible to know in full the documents, photographs and objects from one of the most valuable and large files of our country. Much of this material was exposed to the early 1980s, in what was called the Museum of the Revolution, located in the Huembes Market. Much comes from the archives of the National Guard and served for the book about General Augusto C. Sandino, published with the signing of Anastasio Somoza Garcia. In 1990 he received many documents of the Institute of History of Nicaragua before the Sandinista Studies Institute (HEI). 1 In addition to documents and photographs, the Center of Military History has weapons and decorations from different eras, used and received by historical characters. -
Nicaragua's Survival: Choices in a Neoliberal World Stanley G
Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Graduate Program in International Studies Dissertations Spring 2006 Nicaragua's Survival: Choices in a Neoliberal World Stanley G. Hash Jr. Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/gpis_etds Part of the Economic Theory Commons, International Relations Commons, Latin American History Commons, and the Latin American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Hash, Stanley G.. "Nicaragua's Survival: Choices in a Neoliberal World" (2006). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), dissertation, International Studies, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/m977-a571 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/gpis_etds/39 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Program in International Studies at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Program in International Studies Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NICARAGUA’S SURVIVAL CHOICES IN A NEOLIBERAL WORLD by Stanley G Hash, Jr B.A. August 1976, University of Maryland M A P. A June 1979, University o f Oklahoma A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INTERNATIONAL STUDIES OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY May 2006 Approved by: Franck_Adams (Director) Lucien Lombardo (Member) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT NICARAGUA’S SURVIVAL: CHOICES IN A NEOLIBERAL WORLD Stanley G Hash, Jr Old Dominion University, 2006 Director: Dr Francis Adams In January 1990 the Nicaraguan electorate chose to abandon the failing Sandinista Revolution in favor of the economic neoliberal rubric. -
Nicaragua's Sandinistas First Took up Arms in 1961, Invoking the Name of Augusto Char Sandino, a General Turned Foe of U.S
Nicaragua's Sandinistas first took up arms in 1961, invoking the name of Augusto Char Sandino, a general turned foe of U.S. intervention in 1927-33. Sandino-here (center) seeking arms in Mexico in 1929 with a Salvadoran Communist ally, Augustm Farabundo Marti (right)-led a hit-and-run war against U.S. Marines. Nearly 1,000 of his men died, but their elusive chief was never caught. WQ NEW YEAR'S 1988 96 Perhaps not since the Spanish Civil War have Americans taken such clearly opposed sides in a conflict in a foreign country. Church orga- nizations and pacifists send volunteers to Nicaragua and lobby against U.S. contra aid; with White House encouragement, conservative out- fits have raised money for the "freedom fighters," in some cases possibly violating U.S. laws against supplying arms abroad. Even after nearly eight years, views of the Sandinista regime's fundamental nature vary widely. Some scholars regard it as far more Marxist-Leninist in rhetoric than in practice. Foreign Policy editor Charles William Maynes argues that Managua's Soviet-backed rulers can be "tamed and contained" via the Central American peace plan drafted by Costa Rica's President Oscar Arias Shchez. Not likely, says Edward N. Luttwak of Washington, D.C.'s Cen- ter for Strategic and International Studies. Expectations that Daniel Ortega and Co., hard pressed as they are, "might actually allow the democratization required" by the Arias plan defy the history of Marx- ist-Leninist regimes. Such governments, says Luttwak, make "tacti- cal accommodations," but feel they must "retain an unchallenged monopoly of power." An opposition victory would be "a Class A political defeat" for Moscow. -
William Walker and the Nicaraguan Filibuster War of 1855-1857
ELLIS, JOHN C. William Walker and the Nicaraguan Filibuster War of 1855-1857. (1973) Directed by: Dr. Franklin D. Parker. Pp. 118 The purpose of this paper is to show how William Walker was toppled from power after initially being so i • successful in Nicaragua. Walker's attempt at seizing Nicaragua from 1855 to 1857 caused international conster- ■ nation not only throughout Central America but also in the capitals of Washington and London. Within four months of entering Nicaragua with only I fifty-seven followers. Walker had brought Nicaragua under his domination. In July, 1856 Walker had himself inaugurated as President of Nicaragua. However, Walker's amazing career in Nicaragua was to last only briefly, as the opposition of the Legitimists in Nicaragua coupled with the efforts of the other Central American nations removed Walker from power. Walker's ability as a military commander in the use of military strategy and tactics did not shine forth like his ability to guide and lead men. Walker did not learn from his mistakes. He attempted to use the same military tactics over and over, especially in attempts to storm towns which if properly defended were practically impreg- nable fortresses. Walker furthermore abandoned without a fight several strong defensive positions which could have been used to prevent or deter the Allied offensives. Administratively, Walker committed several glaring errors. The control of the Accessory Transit Company was a very vital issue, but Walker dealt with it as if it were of minor im- portance. The outcome of his dealings with the Accessory Transit Company was a great factor in his eventual overthrow as President of Nicaragua. -
Octubre a Diciembre 1978 No
Fundada por Joaquín Zavala Urtecho en 1960 Volumen XXXIII Octubre Diciembre 1978, No. 161 Apartado No. 2108, Managua, Nicaragua. Teléfono 80788. Director Xavier Zavala Cuadra Publicado por Jefe de Distribución Ann McCarthy de Zavala. CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES Y ACTIVIDADES CULTURALES en cooperación con CONSEJO SUPERIOR UNIVERSITARIO CENTROAMERICANO UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE NICARAGUA DIRECTORES ASOCIADOS INSTITUTO HISTORICO CENTROAMERICANO. NICARAGUA. UNIVERSIDAD CENTROAMERICANA. NICARAGUA Carlos Mántica Abaunza CLAC UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE HEREDIA. COSTA RICA. Sergio Ramírez Mercado CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION Y ACCION SOCIAL. GUATEMALA CSUCA CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES Y ASESORIA Ernesto Gutiérrez SOCIO-ECONOMICA. NIC. UNAN. CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS LATINOAMERICANOS, TULANE Francisco Fiallos UNIVERSITY (U.S.A.) UCA Alvaro Arguello, S.J. IHCA Franco Cerutti Universidad Nacional de Heredia César Jerez S.J. CIAS Edmundo Jarquin Calderón CINASE Ralph Lee Woodward, Jr. Tulane Univesity Carlos L. Stansifer The University of Kansas CONSEJO EDITORIAL Oscar Aguilar Bulgarelli Catedrático Universidad Nacional de Heredia SUMARIO Giuseppe Bellini Catedratico de la Universidad de Venecia José Coronel Urtecho Pablo Antonio Cuadra Pág. Rafael Cuevas del Cid Cortesía de nuestros Patrocinadores I GALERAIA DE ARTE Constantino Láscaris PRECOLOMBINO Catedrático en la Universidad de Costa Rica Carlos Meléndez Chaverri Catedrático de la Universidad de Costa Rica Juan Bautista Sacasa 1- COMO Y POR QUE CAI Chéster Zelaya Goddman Director Instituto Estudios DEL PODER Latinoamericanos, Universidad Nacional de Heredia. Las opiniones expresadas en los artículos no representan necesariamente el punto de vista de esta publicación. Aceptamos manuscritos sin comprometernos pu- blicarlos o devolverlos. Envíelos, por favor, al Di- rector o al Director Asociado más cerano. Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial sin autorización de la Dirección. -
Hispanic Heritage Award Day Santa Fe, NM)
An illegitimate mestizo cattle driver, Juan Vicente Gómez, became one of three great authoritarian rulers of Venezuela (president, 1908-1910, 1911-1914, 1915-1922, 1923-1929, 193-1935), achieving political stability with the creation of a professional army. 1997 January 1997 SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY Año Nuevo (New Year's Day). 1 1955: Panama’s President 2 1925: José F. Valdez--Medal of 3 1927: Lauro F. Cavazos--first 4 José Antonio Remón is Honor recipient and private first Hispanic secretary of 1954: Robert Menéndez, US assassinated. class in Marine Corps (WWII)-- education (1988) and first in a Representative (D-NJ), is born in is born in Governador, NM. cabinet-level position--is born New York, NY. 1963: Edgar Martínez, in King Ranch, TX. baseball player, is born in New 1961: United States breaks 1994: North American Free York, NY. relations with Cuba. Trade Agreement (NAFTA) takes effect. 1891: Cuban Revolutionary 5 Día de los Tres Reyes 6 1959: United States recognizes 7 1912: José Ferrer, Theater Hall 8 1915: Fernando Lamas, actor, 9 1815: José Gervasio Artigas, 10 1811: 100,000 peasants led 11 Party (Partido Revolucionário commemorates Three Kings Cuba’s new provisional of Fame actor and Oscar winner is born in Buenos Aires, father of Uruguay, defeats by Hidalgo are defeated in Cubano--PRC) is founded by (Wise Men), in Latin America. government, headed by Fidel (Cyrano de Bergerac, 1950), is Argentina. Argentines at Guayabo. Battle of Calderón, Mexico. Cuban national hero José Castro Ruz. born in Santruce, PR. 1959: Rigoberta Menchú Tum, 1839: Eugenio María de Martí. -
GOBERNANTES DE NICARAGUA En La Época Del Dominio De España En América, Nicaragua Fue Una Provincia De La Capitanía General De Guatemala
GOBERNANTES DE NICARAGUA En la época del dominio de España en América, Nicaragua fue una provincia de la Capitanía General de Guatemala. En 1812, en España, se emitió la Constitución de Cádiz. En ella se crearon dos Diputaciones Provinciales. La de Guatemala abarcaba Guatemala, El Salvador, Comayagua y Chiapas. La otra abarcaba Nicaragua y Costa Rica. El 11 de octubre de 1821, la Diputación Provincial de Nicaragua y Costa Rica proclamó la independencia de España y su anexión a México. La unión con México fracasó en 1823. En ese año todos los países de Centroamérica se unieron en las Provincias Unidas del Centro de América. Después se creó la República Federal de Centro América, que duró de 1824 a 1838. Juntas Gubernativas: Guerra civil: Miguel González Saravia ene. - oct. 1824 Manuel Arzú Manuel Antonio de la Cerda oct. 1821 - jul. 1823 jul. 1823 - ene. 1824 oct. 1824 - abr. 1825 abr. - nov. 1825 Guerra Civil: Benito Morales nov. 1833 - mar. 1834 Pedro Pineda José Núñez set. 1826 - feb. 1827 mar. 1834 - abr. 1834 Manuel Antonio de la Cerda José Zepeda feb. 1827- nov. 1828 abr. 1834 - ene. 1837 Dionisio Herrera Juan Argüello Pedro Oviedo nov. 1829 - nov. 1833 Juan Núñez nov. 1825 - set. 1826 nov. 1828 - 1830 pero gobierna a partir de 1830 ene. 1837 - abr. 1838 Senadores encargados Manuel Pérez del poder: may. 1843 - set. 1844 Evaristo Rocha / abr - jun 1839 Patricio Rivas / jun - jul 1839 Emiliano Madriz José Núñez Joaquín del Cosío set. - dic. 1844 jul-oct 1839 Hilario Ulloa / oct-nov 1839 Silvestre Selva Pablo Buitrago Tomás Valladares dic. -
William Walker and the Seeds of Progressive Imperialism: the War in Nicaragua and the Message of Regeneration, 1855-1860
The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Spring 5-2017 William Walker and the Seeds of Progressive Imperialism: The War in Nicaragua and the Message of Regeneration, 1855-1860 John J. Mangipano University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Latin American History Commons, Medical Humanities Commons, Military History Commons, Political History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Mangipano, John J., "William Walker and the Seeds of Progressive Imperialism: The War in Nicaragua and the Message of Regeneration, 1855-1860" (2017). Dissertations. 1375. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1375 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WILLIAM WALKER AND THE SEEDS OF PROGRESSIVE IMPERIALISM: THE WAR IN NICARAGUA AND THE MESSAGE OF REGENERATION, 1855-1860 by John J. Mangipano A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School and the Department of History at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved: ________________________________________________ Dr. Deanne Nuwer, Committee Chair Associate Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. Heather Stur, Committee Member Associate Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. Matthew Casey, Committee Member Assistant Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. Max Grivno, Committee Member Associate Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. Douglas Bristol, Jr., Committee Member Associate Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. -
Padre Agustín Vijil and William Walker: Nicaragua, Filibustering
PADRE AGUSTÍN VIJIL AND WILLIAM WALKER: NICARAGUA, FILIBUSTERING, AND THE NATIONAL WAR A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Chad Allen Halvorson In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major Department History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies November 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title PADRE AGUSTÍN VIJIL AND WILLIAM WALKER: NICARAGUA, FILIBUSTERING, AND THE NATIONAL WAR By Chad Allen Halvorson The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Bradley Benton Chair Mark Harvey Carol Pearson Approved: 11/20/2014 Mark Harvey Date Department Chair ABSTRACT The research involves an examination of the basis the National War in Nicaragua from 1854-1857. The purpose is to show how the social, cultural, and political antecedents led to the National War. This has been done by focusing on William Walker and Padre Agustín Vijil. William Walker was the American filibuster invited to Nicaragua in 1855 by the Liberals to aid them in the year old civil war with the Conservatives. Walker took control of the Nicaraguan government, first through a puppet president. He became president himself in July of 1856. Padre Agustín Vijil encountered Walker in October of 1855 and provided an example of the support given to Walker by Nicaraguans. Though Walker would be forced to leave Nicaragua in 1857, the intersection between these individuals sheds light on actions shaping the National War. -
Nicaragua Y El Filibusterismo
Nicaragua y el filibusterismo Las agresiones de que fue víctima el pueblo nicaragüense en el siglo pasado por el filibustero norteamericano William Walker, hacen pensar en el bloqueo económico y en la crisis política que a finales del siglo XX sufre Nicaragua y, en gran medida, toda Centroamérica, como consecuencia de la actitud de la administración de Ronald Reagan frente al gobierno sandinista. Nicaragua ha sido tres veces ocupada militarmente por la infantería estadounidense en lo que va de siglo: la primera en 1909; la segunda de 1912 a 1925 y, luego de un brevísimo paréntesis entre 1925-1926, en 1927 reiniciarían la ocupación hasta princi pios de 1933. El general Augusto César Sandino, que durante seis años dirigió la lucha contra la presencia militar norteamericana, sería asesinado en febrero de 1934, poco después de que iniciara su mandato el presidente Juan Bautista Sacasa. Pero el largo reinado de la familia Somoza comenzaría en 1937, fecha en que, con el apoyo de Estados Unidos, Anastasio Somoza García ocupó la presidencia de la República, y terminaría el 19 de julio de 1979, cuando, a raíz de los cruentos enfrentamientos con el ejército somocista, tomó el poder el Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN). Las acciones de William Walker Las acciones de Walker no se circunscriben a Nicaragua, pues sus propósitos eran con vertir toda Centroamérica en un territorio al servicio de los estados del sur norteameri cano, tal como se leía en el lema escrito en la bandera del primer batallón de rifleros que mandaba el coronel filibustero Edward J. Sanders: «Five or None», ' palabras que en español querían decir las cinco (repúblicas centroamericanas) o ninguna. -
Biografía De Fruto Chamorro Pérez 1804
FRUTO CHAMORRO 1 1804 - 1855 FEB - Fruto Chamorro Pérez nace en Guatemala como auténtico fruto de fuente amores adolescentes. Hijo de Pedro José Chamorro Argüello, la estudiante granadino en Guatemala, y de Josefa Pérez, una campesina guatemalteca. Nace como Fruto Pérez en Guatemala el 20 de octubre de 1804. citando y Fue llamado a Guatemala por la esposa de su padre, doña Josefa Alfaro, "por expresos deseos de su esposo” Pedro José Chamorro Argüello, quien fallece en 1824, superando los prejuicios sociales de lucro, la época para que Fruto venga a Nicaragua a encargarse de la de administración de los bienes de la familia y también de la educación de sus desamparados hijos menores; el último, acabado de nacer, fines era Fernando Chamorro Alfaro. Doña Josefa llega así a ser su madrastra y le pide que tome el apellido de su esposo. Refiere el historiador Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Zelaya que “Fruto resistía sin por amor y respeto a su madre natural la señora Josefa Pérez, dando así muestras de que deseaba servir sin el estímulo del interés personal, y que no se avergonzaba de su madre ni de su origen humilde. Mas la viuda de su padre insistió, ordenó y él hubo de someterse”. Inmediatamente Fruto Chamorro, quien llegaría a ser el líder por antonomasia del académicos conservatismo granadino en la primera mitad del siglo XIX, se hizo cargo de la administración de los bienes de la familia Chamorro-Alfaro y de la formación de sus seis hermanos: cuatro varones (Rosendo, Dionisio, Pedro Joaquín y Fernando) y dos mujeres (Mercedes Jacinta y Carmen).