Étude D'impact Environnemental Et Social

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Étude D'impact Environnemental Et Social FONDS AFRICAIN DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DÉPARTEMENT DE L’INFRASTRUCTURE RÉPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN CAMEROUN : ROUTE SANGMÉLIMA-FRONTIERE DU CONGO ÉTUDE D’IMPACT ENVIRONNEMENTAL ET SOCIAL Aff : 09-01 Avril 2009 Etude d'impact environnemental et social de la route Sangmelima‐frontière du Congo Page i TABLE DES MATIERES I ‐ INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 I.1 ‐Contexte et justification de ce projet d’aménagement routier ....................................................... 1 I.1.1 ‐ Une vue d’ensemble du projet ................................................................................................................. 1 I.1.2 ‐ La justification du projet .......................................................................................................................... 3 I.2 ‐Objectifs de la présente étude ......................................................................................................... 4 I.3 ‐Méthodologie suivie pour la réalisation de l’étude ......................................................................... 5 I.3.1 – La collecte des données sur les enjeux du milieu récepteur .................................................................... 5 I.3.2 – L’analyse des impacts et la proposition d’un PGEIS du projet ................................................................ 6 I.4 ‐Structure du rapport ........................................................................................................................ 7 II ‐ CADRE POLITIQUE, LEGAL ET ADMINISTRATIF DE L’EIES ...................................................... 8 II.1 ‐Politiques environnementale de la République du Cameroun ........................................................ 8 II.1.1 La législation relative à la gestion de l’environnement ............................................................................. 8 II.1.2 La législation relative aux zones forestières .............................................................................................. 9 II.1.3 La législation relative à la protection du patrimoine routier national ..................................................... 10 II.1.4 La législation relative au régime de l'eau ................................................................................................ 10 II.1.5 La législation relative aux ressources minérales ..................................................................................... 10 II.1.6 La législation relative aux expropriations pour cause d’utilité publique ................................................. 11 II.1.7 La législation relative aux établissements classés dangereux, insalubres et incommodes ..................... 11 II.2 ‐Politique environnementale des principaux bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux .............................. 11 II.2.1 ‐ Les dispositions des principaux partenaires au développement sur l’évaluation environnementale .... 12 II.2.2 ‐ Les dispositions des principaux partenaires au développement sur le respect du milieu naturel ......... 12 II.2.3 ‐ Les dispositions des principaux partenaires au développement sur le respect du milieu humain ......... 12 II.3 Cadre institutionnelen République du Cameroun ........................................................................... 14 II.3.1 ‐ La tutelle institutionnelle de l'environnement ....................................................................................... 14 II.3.2 ‐ Les autres administrations impliquées dans la gestion de l’environnement ......................................... 14 II.3.3 ‐ Les autres institutions impliquées dans la gestion de l’environnement ................................................ 15 II.4 ‐Accords multilatéraux ratifiés par la République du Cameroun .................................................... 15 II.4.1 ‐ Les accords multilatéraux en matière d’environnement ....................................................................... 15 II.4.2 ‐ Les huit Objectifs de Développement pour le Millénaire ....................................................................... 17 III ‐ DESCRIPTION DE L’ETAT ACTUEL DE LA ROUTE ET NATURE DES TRAVAUX PROJETES ........ 18 III.1 ‐Situation et caractéristiques du tracé actuel ................................................................................. 18 III.1.1 ‐ Les tronçons camerounais ..................................................................................................................... 18 III.1.2 ‐ Les ouvrages de franchissement ........................................................................................................... 21 III.1.3 ‐ Les ouvrages d’assainissement latéral .................................................................................................. 26 III.2 ‐Principales caractéristiques d’aménagement de la route ............................................................. 31 III.2.1 – La structure de la route ........................................................................................................................ 31 III.2.2 – Les caractéristiques géométriques du tracé projeté ............................................................................. 32 Etude d'impact environnemental et social de la route Sangmelima‐frontière du Congo Page ii III.3 ‐ Nature des travaux projetés .......................................................................................................... 33 III.3.1 ‐ Le dégagement d’emprise ..................................................................................................................... 33 III.3.2 ‐ L’ouverture des gites d’emprunts de matériaux latéritiques ................................................................. 33 III.3.3 ‐ L’exploitation des carrières en roche massive ....................................................................................... 34 III.3.4 ‐ Les caractéristiques des travaux ........................................................................................................... 34 IV ‐ DESCRIPTION DE L’ETAT INITIAL DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ................................................... 36 IV.1 – Limites de la zone d’étude ............................................................................................................ 36 IV.1.1 ‐ La zone d’impact direct du Projet routier .............................................................................................. 36 IV.1.2 ‐ La zone d’influence indirecte du Projet routier ...................................................................................... 36 IV.2 ‐Milieu physique .............................................................................................................................. 37 IV.2.1 – Les données climatiques ....................................................................................................................... 37 IV.2.2 – La géologie et la géomorphologie ........................................................................................................ 38 IV.2.3 – La topographie et le relief ..................................................................................................................... 40 IV.2.4 – La pédologie ......................................................................................................................................... 41 IV.2.5 – L’hydrologie .......................................................................................................................................... 41 IV.3 ‐Milieu biologique ........................................................................................................................... 43 IV.3.1 – Les formations végétales des deux régions concernées ....................................................................... 43 IV.3.2 – La faune ................................................................................................................................................ 47 IV.3.3 – La protection de la nature dans la zone d’influence ............................................................................. 49 IV.4 ‐Milieu socio‐culturel ...................................................................................................................... 52 IV.4.1 – Les populations concernées .................................................................................................................. 52 IV.4.1 – Le mode de vie de ces populations ....................................................................................................... 56 IV.4.2 ‐ Les infrastructures publiques à la disposition de ces populations ......................................................... 64 IV.5 ‐Milieu socio‐économique .............................................................................................................. 66 IV.5.1 ‐ Les principales activités économiques des populations riveraines ........................................................ 66 IV.5.2 ‐ Les perspectives de Développement ...................................................................................................... 74 V ‐ SOLUTIONS DE RECHANGE DU PROJET .............................................................................. 77 V.1 ‐Variante sans projet ....................................................................................................................... 77 V.2 – Variantes d’aménagement ...........................................................................................................
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