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Ethnobotanical Survey, Antimicrobial Efficacy And ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY, ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY AND PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF SELECTED ANTI- DIARRHOEAL MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY THE SAMBURU COMMUNITY, WAMBA, SAMBURU DISTRICT, KENYA OMORI ERIC OMWENGA (BSC) I56/10609/06 DEPARTMENT OF PLANT AND MICROBIAL SCIENCES “A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (MICROBIOLOGY) IN THE SCHOOL OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY” SEPTEMBER, 2009 ii Declaration This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University or any other award. NAME: OMORI ERIC OMWENGA DEPARTMENT OF PLANT AND MICROBIAL SCIENCES SIGNATURE…………………………………. DATE…………………….. We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision. 1. PROF. OKEMO O. PAUL KENYATTA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PLANT AND MICROBIAL SCIENCES SIGNATURE………………………………………DATE……………………….... 2. DR. MBUGUA PAUL K. KENYATTA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PLANT AND MICROBIAL SCIENCES SIGNATURE……………………………………………DATE…………………… iii Dedication This work is dedicated to the Samburu people especially the elders, other local informants and the local herbalists who volunteered the information about the usage of the antidiarrhoeal plants. iv Acknowledgements I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors PROF. OKEMO O. PAUL and DR. MBUGUA PAUL for their assistance, guidance and encouragement during the course of this work. I also wish to thank the Earthwatch Institute for financing this project and not forgetting the Wamba Catholic Hospital administration and the staff for offering us a bench space for this work. Also special thanks go to my classmates Mariita, Lucy, Mwange and Thomas for their tremendous encouragement towards this work. My heartfelt gratitude goes also to my dad (Omwenga), mum (Juliah), Hellen, Agnes, Walter, Divinah and Derick for their encouragement and support both financially and otherwise. Finally I am most grateful to God for giving me good health and strength during the course of this work. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page……………………………………………………………………………..…I DECLARATION ................................................................................................................. II DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ V LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... IX LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. X ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. XII ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... XIII CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ................................................................................... 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION ................................................................ 4 1.3 HYPOTHESIS ............................................................................................................... 5 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................ 5 1.4.1 General objective ............................................................................................... 5 1.4.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 7 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 7 2.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 7 2.2 DIARRHOEA EPIDEMIOLOGY ....................................................................................... 8 2.3 VIRULENCE FACTORS OF DIARRHOEA CAUSING MICROORGANISMS .......................... 11 2.4 CHEMOTHERAPY ...................................................................................................... 12 2.4.1. Historical background ..................................................................................... 12 2.4.2. Groups of the drugs used for treatment of diarrhoeal diseases ....................... 12 2.5. RESISTANCE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS TO DRUGS ....................................................... 15 2.6. MEDICINAL PLANTS ................................................................................................ 17 2.6.1. Historical background of the medicinal plants ............................................... 17 2.6.2. The phytochemicals in medicinal plants ......................................................... 19 2.6.2.1 Tannins .......................................................................................................... 20 2.6.2.2 Flavones, flavonoids and flavonols............................................................... 20 2.6.2.3 Terpenoids and essential oils ........................................................................ 22 2.6.2.4 Alkaloids ....................................................................................................... 23 2.6.2.5 Quinones ....................................................................................................... 23 2.6.2.6 Lectins and polypeptides ............................................................................... 24 2.6.2.7 Other Compounds ......................................................................................... 25 2.6.3. THE MEDICINAL PLANTS USE ................................................................................ 26 2.6.3.1 Some anti-bacterial medicinal plants ............................................................ 26 2.6.3.2 SOME ANTI-FUNGAL MEDICINAL PLANTS ............................................................ 28 vi CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 30 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................ 30 3.1 STUDY SITE. ............................................................................................................ 30 3.2 ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE PLANTS ........................... 31 3.3 SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF THE PLANT MATERIAL ..................................................... 32 3.4 TEST CULTURES ....................................................................................................... 32 3.5 SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING (DISC DIFFUSION) ............................................................. 33 3.6 DETERMINATION OF THE MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION (MIC) AND MINIMUM BACTERICIDAL/FUNGICIDAL CONCENTRATION (MBC/MFC). ................. 35 3.7 DETERMINATION OF THE PHYTOCHEMICALS ............................................................ 36 3.7.1 Phytochemical screening ................................................................................. 36 3.7.1.1 Test for Tannins ............................................................................................ 36 3.7.1.2 Test for the alkaloids ..................................................................................... 37 3.7.1.3 Test for Saponins .......................................................................................... 37 3.7.1.4 Test for Cardiac glycosides ........................................................................... 38 3.7.1.5 Test for Terpenoids ....................................................................................... 38 3.7.1.6 Test for flavonoids ........................................................................................ 38 3.8 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 39 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 40 4.0: RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 40 4.1 ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY ...................................................................................... 40 4.2.1 Antibacterial results for S. aureas- ATCC 20591 ............................................ 45 4.2.1.1 Disc diffusion screening test ......................................................................... 45 4.2.1.2 Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBCs) of the medicinal plants against S. aureas ATCC 20591. ..... 46 4.2.2 Antibacterial results for B. subtillis- Local isolate. .......................................... 47 4.2.2.1 Disc diffusion screening test. ........................................................................ 47 4.2.2.2 Minimum
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