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Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society: from Watts to Rodney King

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Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society: from Watts to Rodney King Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society: From Watts to Rodney King Ronald N. Jacobs Cambridge University Press Since the early nineteenth century, African-Americans have turned to black newspapers to monitor the main- stream media and to develop alternative interpretations of public events. Ronald Jacobs tells the stories of these newspapers, showing how they increased black visibility within white civil society and helped to form separate black public spheres in New York, Chicago and Los Angeles. Comparing African-American and “main- stream” media coverage of some of the most memorable racial crises of the last forty years such as the Watts riot, the beating of Rodney King, the Los Angeles uprising and the O. J. Simpson Trial, Jacobs shows why a strong African-American press is still needed today. Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society challenges us to rethink our common understandings of communication, solidarity and democracy.Its engaging style and thorough scholarship will ensure its appeal to students, academics and the general reader interested in the mass media, race and politics. . is Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University at Albany, State University of New York. Before moving to Albany he was an Annenberg Scholar at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania. He has published extensively on the relationship between news media, culture, and democracy in American Journal of Sociology, Inter- national Sociology, Sociological Theory, Media, Culture & Society, Real Civil Societies and Media, Ritual and Identity. This page intentionally left blank Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society Cambridge Cultural Social Studies Series editors: . , Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, and , Department of Sociology, University at Albany, State University of New York. Titles in the series , Virtuosity, Charisma, and Social Order 0 521 41397 4 Hardback (eds.), Social Postmodernism 0 521 47516 3 Hardback 0 521 47571 6 Paperback , The Simulation of Surveillance 0 521 55081 5 Hardback 0 521 55561 2 Paperback . , The Religious and Romantic Origins of Psychoanalysis 0 521 44401 2 Hardback 0 521 55560 4 Paperback , The Search for Political Community 0 521 48286 0 Hardback 0 521 48343 3 Paperback , To Rule Jerusalem 0 521 44046 7 Hardback . , ., French Revolutionary Syndicalism and the Public Sphere 0 521 56359 3 Hardback , Identity, Interest and Action 0 521 56314 3 Hardback , The Playing Self 0 521 56401 8 Hardback 0 521 56482 4 Paperback , Challenging Codes 0 521 57051 4 Hardback 0 521 57843 4 Paperback . , Nationalism and Literature 0 521 57002 6 Hardback 0 521 57912 0 Paperback . , Screening the Los Angeles ‘Riots’ 0 521 57087 5 Hardback 0 521 57814 0 Paperback . , Nation and Commemoration 0 521 57404 8 Hardback 0 521 57432 3 Paperback , The Embryo Research Debate 0 521 57180 4 Hardback 0 521 57683 0 Paperback , Jews in Germany after the Holocaust 0 521 58219 9 Hardback 0 521 58809 X Paperback , Territorial Ambitions and the Gardens of Versailles 0 521 49675 6 Hardback 0 521 59959 8 Paperback . , The New Public 0 521 48146 5 Hardback 0 521 48493 6 Paperback . . (eds.), Outsider Art 0 521 58111 7 Hardback 0 521 58921 5 Paperback , Queer Fictions of the Past 0 521 59101 5 Hardback 0 521 59907 5 Paperback , Difference Troubles 0 521 59043 4 Hardback 0 521 59970 9 Paperback , Music and Social Movements 0 521 62045 7 Hardback 0 521 62966 7 Paperback , Colonial Fantasies 0 521 48233 X Hardback 0 521 62658 7 Paperback , Symbol and Ritual in the New Spain 0 521 62140 2 Hardback 0 521 62885 7 Paperback , Avoiding Politics 0 521 58293 8 Hardback 0 521 58759 X Paperback , Intellectuals and the German Nation 0 521 62161 5 Hardback 0 521 63996 4 Paperback (ed.), The New American Cultural Sociology 0 521 58415 9 Hardback 0 521 58634 8 Paperback . , Fundamentalism, Sectarianism and Revolution 0 521 64184 5 Hardback 0 521 64586 7 Paperback , Identity without Selfhood 0 521 62357 X Hardback 0 521 62579 3 Paperback , Distant Suffering 0 521 57389 0 Hardback 0 521 65953 1 Paperback , Trust 0 521 59144 9 Hardback 0 521 59850 8 Paperback . , A Phenomenology of Working Class Culture 0 521 65066 6 Hardback 0 521 65915 9 Paperback -, Theorizing the Standoff (2) 0 521 65244 8 Hardback 0 521 65915 9 Paperback This page intentionally left blank Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society From Watts to Rodney King Ronald N. Jacobs PUBLISHED BY CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS (VIRTUAL PUBLISHING) FOR AND ON BEHALF OF THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia http://www.cambridge.org © Ronald N. Jacobs 2000 This edition © Ronald N. Jacobs 2003 First published in printed format 2000 A catalogue record for the original printed book is available from the British Library and from the Library of Congress Original ISBN 0 521 62360X hardback Original ISBN 0 521 62578 5 paperback ISBN 0 511 01120 2 virtual (netLibrary Edition) Contents Acknowledgments page xi Introduction 1 1 Race, media, and multiple publics 19 2 Historicizing the public spheres: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago 31 3 The Watts uprisings of 1965 54 4 The Rodney King beating 81 5 Rodney King 1992 113 Conclusion 140 Notes 152 Bibliography 175 Index 186 ix This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments I have been fortunate to have enjoyed an unusual amount of academic support and advice throughout this project. I began working on the book during my years as a graduate student at UCLA, continued it as a visiting scholar at Rice University and University of Pennsylvania, and finished it at the University at Albany, State University of New York. To all of my col- leagues, I owe a tremendous debt of gratitude. During my years at UCLA, Jeff Alexander was extraordinary as my teacher, mentor, and dissertation chair. He gave me thousands of hours of his time, discussing ideas and offering useful advice. He read every word of every draft from this project as well as others, always providing penetrating commentary and luminous critique. His exemplary embodiment of intel- lectual scholarship continues to serve as a model of practice for me today, as I interact with my own graduate students. Other UCLA faculty also helped me during the early stages of this project, the most important of whom were Walter Allen, Steve Clayman, and Rogers Brubaker. Finally, members of the “Culture Club” reading group at UCLA offered a sup- portive forum and a critical audience for thinking through new ideas and refining old ones; particular thanks are owed to Phil Smith, Steve Sherwood, Anne Kane, and Andy Roth. My colleagues at Rice University offered a wonderfully supportive en- vironment while I finished my dissertation. Elizabeth Long, Chandler Davidson, Steve Klineberg, and Chad Gordon made special efforts to make me feel like a member of their Sociology Department, and made funds available for travel and research. I was most fortunate to have had the opportunity to spend a year as an Annenberg Scholar at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania. Special thanks are due to Elihu Katz, the direc- tor of the program, for creating a climate of intellectual dialogue and xi xii Acknowledgments critique. Ravina Aggarwal, Hannah Kliger, Tali Mendelberg, Jeffrey Strange, and Itzhak Roeh, the other Annenberg scholars, were stimulating colleagues who contributed mightily to the creative intellectual climate. I also thank Barbie Zelizer and Carolyn Marvin, at the Annenberg School, and Diana Crane in the Sociology Department, for helping to make Penn such a welcoming and engaging place. My colleagues at the University at Albany have been extremely generous with their time and advice. Richard Alba, Nancy Denton, Hayward Horton, Richard Lachmann, John Logan, and Steve Messner have all dis- cussed some of the ideas in the book with me. Steve Seidman read several chapters of the book, offering sage advice and helping me to work through some theoretical uncertainties I had been struggling with for far too long. Students who took my graduate course in Civil Society and the Public Sphere asked sharp and stimulating questions, helping me to develop a clearer sense of the project as a whole. Dan Glass and Dalia Abdel-Hady provided crucial research assistance, allowing me to complete Chapter 5 much more quickly than would have otherwise been possible. Other colleagues have also been very generous with their time. Craig Calhoun, Margaret Cerullo, Patricia Clough, Bruce Haynes, Jim McKay, Steven Pfohl, Vincent Price, Lyn Spillman, Ken Tucker, Michael Traugott, Robin Wagner-Pacifici, and Craig Watkins have all spent time reading or discussing my analysis of race, media, and civil society. Susan Douglas and Charles Lemert read the entire book manuscript during a crucial stage in its development, offering important and valuable suggestions. Financial assistance for this project came from a UCLA Communication Studies Fellowship, the Walter Hall Fund at Rice University, the Annenberg Scholars Program at the University of Pennsylvania, and the Faculty Research Awards Program at the University at Albany, State University of New York. Finally, I thank Eleanor Townsley, whose contributions to this project are surpassed only by her more general impact on my happiness and well- being. Interrupting her own research more often than I deserved, she pro- vided thoughtful criticisms at every stage of the project, coaxed me off the floor during moments of depression and frustration, and kept my life in balance. Introduction Los Angeles is wonderful. Nowhere in the United States is the Negro so well and beautifully housed. Out here in this matchless Southern California there would seem to be no limit to your opportunities.
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