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Souls A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713723579 The New Orleans that Race Built: , Disaster, and Urban Spatial Relationships Darwin BondGraham

Online Publication Date: 01 December 2007 To cite this Article: BondGraham, Darwin (2007) 'The New Orleans that Race Built: Racism, Disaster, and Urban Spatial Relationships', Souls, 9:1, 4 - 18 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/10999940701224874 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10999940701224874

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Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 h e ren htRc Built Race that Orleans New The Ground Higher Souls ado e ren,Jci tnsotiehrhm na nsal odDecember cold 9th unusually the an through on thoroughfare home main her the outside Avenue, stands Claude Jackie St. Orleans, of New of off Ward St. Desire down Far BondGraham Darwin Relationships Spatial Urban and Disaster, Racism, ewrs iatr urcn arn e ren,pae aim space racism, determined. place, means Orleans, no New or Katrina by ‘‘exposed’’ Hurricane is disaster, Katrina society, Coast Keywords: our Gulf that in the say operating and and time racism Orleans can structural across New racial we the of back of while future seeking trends much the and surface’’ these movements Orleans, the trace to New social ‘‘brought can in the of we become place While also number and has however. powerful justice, The Orleans. a related economic New and in for powerful work Equally at fash- wellspring capital. forces a of in gentrifying accumulation cityscape the the the are destruc- to rebuilding the amenable and of more process opportunity planning ion an the make monopolizing to by process seeking Shumpeterian transforma- tion are a these elites reconstruction; the of economic of some local politics brought explore the whereby merely on I touching essay Katrina also this while continuity Hurricane Throughout tions of sense, speed. to this moment up In punctuated situation socio-economic Katrina. a long-term hurricane through these called consolidated by the and structured chemical and and was transformations refining, economy, disaster shipping, tourism as The unemployed a such structurally manufacturing. decline industries of the key the rise particularly of suburbs, the of many automation the recently, supported to relatively had resources until which underemployed and state of employment welfare deindustrialization of by the marked of transfers demo- economy within and massive changing Americans city Black a a the poor boundaries, are confined city these that older II Among the War Orleans. World Gulf following the New shift in in graphic trends long-term particularly many region, consolidate Coast to served catastrophe Katrina The ol 1:41,20 Copyright / 2007 4–18, (1): 9 Souls nteCt fNwYr 0994/2/DI 10.1080/10999940701224874 DOI: / 1099-9949/02 / York New of City the in # 07TeTute fClmi University Columbia of Trustees The 2007 = Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 oe apns,adacletv en osrgl o hs h ietee codn to According there. live Ward, who provides 9th those that the for and struggle like to of geographies means negativity Falk: collective in articulates the a dwell nullifying community,’’ and William of who happiness, black general). capable hope, those southern appears in for that a Orleans place power in New poor, a of belonging (and power a and Ward transcendent of ‘‘family 9th the on the place segregation to in research and attachment as powerful Falk’s people’s demographic concentration profoundly this and by been like spatial cohesion painted has communities community by pictures , condemn bleak purely Black that the predominantly caused of works spite sociological slums recent a In in and here oppressive troubles place. lived with- of reports, good Jackie’s share and press fair blades. a dead its dead statistics, are it’s than of porch more that mass had front but shaggy has the neighborhood brown times, to the a up says is She stairs lawn time. the the long of of a side left long, each What’s feet on ered. berries four red about with lumber green scrap fastened of and piece it. wide four chests, of A seated inside have ice children. could lies several probably several paddle, and boat barrel, improvised adults the five empty nails, to and refrigerator, to straps metal able a with together been from she’s film. sculp- Constructed as brown porcelain yard. powdery dozen papers same a personal about the collected and in think she’s coated photographs home can all many her Jackie They’re of as salvage. be before room and to start, front keepsakes, needs can the tures, interior In reconstruction house in. before don entire back They out days. moving The several dried gloves. for the and house and which her (of goggles, bleached gut California Jackie respirators, from helping students suites, been of has The protective crew of) marks. A member graduated floodwaters a mud. leaving toxic was and time it author the mold of down which of periods way smells at its extended building On level for whole completely. levels a subside different marks to many weeks line at took Each flooding settled walls. The days. the several all for on settled that up plaster ceiling. feet and seven to drywall infested and floor mold interior, the home’s of this; of her In consists all from utensils. beside torn rise belongings kitchen will be in and pile waterlogged must sitting new toys, a of is hours drapes, house few stack CDs, a her largest a books, from of furnishings—clothing, The dragged bumper miscellaneous the Carpeting mound. by tires. humungous stack the flat pair one on another a four in up and with sitting VCR, piling beds—are Oldsmobile lamps, are medical wrecked fan, house metal-framed radio, electric her electronics—television, formed heavy the of organization of of contents aid All mutual entire her. a The beside Ground, sidewalk struck. Common Katrina by after provided lunch immediately hot a eating day oie,adnwfnlyfoddt ohcpootos e ren ean an remains Orleans New proportions, Noahic to flooded finally now and policed, akesnihoho sda ue.Teti ol uhsta sdt hn bright shine to used that bushes holly twin The quiet. dead is neighborhood Jackie’s side her in beached sits Orleans New overtook that floods the of reminder haunting A five, three, two, about lines brownish-yellow multiple are there house Jackie’s of Inside lhuhi spo,sgeae,sondb usdr,ciiaie,rdie,over- redlined, criminalized, outsiders, by scorned segregated, poor, is it Although htcno ebuh rtknaa rmm.Ia ut ieal ruddi this in grounded literally quite am it. things I in mine, am me. are I them from of me; away all in place but taken is my bad, or It and and good place place. bought memories this be of well consisting cannot know not place I may that least a I but at ourselves. is people, to It here, other left it. everyone some are in to mine know and matters I me that here. Here, much me. is know to biography most My the matters grounded. who is everyone history my where is h elwyi hc n srltdt h lc swa atr.Tu,frasupposedly a for Thus, matters. what is place the to related [ is place one ‘‘poor’’ which in way real The ... h eltsaeto at o oa epei:ti sweeIlv.This live. I where is this is: people local for faith of testament real the ] 1 ihrGround Higher ^ 5 Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 6 rtn ra,adtecneun oilubneooia eln htrslsfrom results that decline ecological inte- social-urban neglect. these sustain of consequent and that many the racism dynamics from Soon flight basic and accessi- environmental folks. block. white into the elderly areas, particular reactionary spillover some matches this neighborhoods, concentration, grating on and marginalized description and in families migration and Her move urban ble white black.’’ to non-white of one all segregation; lot black racial became a first it the were probably after There was in. family moved My Orleanian’s protect redevelopment? first New and to poor family sacrifice able every my for least of targeted neighborhoods tip heavily those the most on from areas is away those grab taken or Land themselves, be long? community so place. Will for of tongue. home power it the called to have testament and returning a provided struggle are be is will Jackie electricity much neighborhood like their and so that Ward gas, leaders 9th nesting sewerage, city the from with meaning, pledges of without much residents even rebuild, That so to community. with and history imbued power, terrains of assemblage LA’’ Chalmette, Wall, Room ‘‘Boys cl fKtia h os eehriae es n ail,btteewr not were these but the Camille, on and nothing Betsy but hurricanes promise floods, Federal were this means. experienced The upheld worst any certainly held. mostly by The levees city flooding boards catastrophic Katrina. the The levee minor as of century. and to long scale city 20th prone as the the the and catastrophic, was space, Louisiana, through cheap nothing shops, of backyard were but corner state ample rain, properties small government, with hard and The homes a number churches, many. large modest during numerous for a The automobiles, dream and class. for immigrants American fit working white-ethnic streets of all neighborhood wide families, a Black as out of started life, her codn oJci,‘[h t ad sdt eavr ht egbrodwhen neighborhood white very a be to used Ward] 9th ‘‘[the Jackie, to According who those from away taken be it of portions Will now? bought be Orleans New will But ^ ol aur^ac 2007 January^March Souls 2005 2 # h t ad hr akehslvdms of most lived has Jackie where Ward, 9th The 05DvdJulian David 2005 Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 osho n onn.Te eegetdb nagymbo aet.U ni htdate that until drove Up mother parents. her only. of and whites mob for Bridges angry reserved an that Ruby been by six-year-old neighborhood had greeted that school same were the the 1960 They the in morning. in in one schools here is school was of to strug- Elementary It rights dozens civil Frantz in. of open lives William sites to the Jackie integration. re- were money Most at a name. enough aimed his financing bear willed gles still and Some he area. slaves Orleans deathbed his New nation his greater established educating newly On the of Liberia. to Orleanians point of New a black One transported in made that artists. society who colonization many and businessman leaders desegregated, and this. political owner of were Black think prominent that would of Armstrong nation what names imagine the the only on can across took schools Orleans New other Like Elementary. ftems unrbenihohoshdbcm ital l Black. all many and virtually Ward become 9th the had water, neighborhoods of feet vulnerable several most in city the the of of parts flooded Betsy Hurricane Betsy.’’ the child, Hurricane a was ‘‘as that, life recalled my Katrina, in about who book Thomas, thing Oliver his member scariest for Council City interviewed Orleans Brinkley New Douglas evacuate. to had they and flooded lvcay egtnCrvl,asmahtcborpe fMDng ecie his describes terms: McDonogh following of the in biographer style sympathetic bellum ante a fatherly Ciravolo, Leighton slavocracy. oe t adwsitgae,mn ftermiigwiersdnsfe h city the fled residents school attend McDonogh white child straw. one’s remaining final having the enough, the bad was of wasn’t them Blacks many alongside around living integrated, if that was believing Ward 9th Lower iswudb undit col o lvs h mniae,adtepoor. the and emancipated, his proper- the these That slaves, worked of some for man and earlier). schools Algiers, The into and much city turned tells Louisiana. the be Blacks around system in estate would educational real inequality to ties up Orleans build racial open to New and order greater in were education slaves the about them in something prominent of us so some is (although name McDonogh’s process same the oho eaenal l Black. all nearly became borhood neir asltrh ol rt nhsdiyta h hle evstdwsa‘‘mass a was visited he shelter illuminated the flashlight negro.’’ that were damp dairy inside the those his How- of from you!’’ in ‘‘most him help write and at to suffering,’’ would back here he of Betsy, I’m staring later Hurricane President, faces after Days your Black days is interior. only Ward ‘‘this saw 9th announced he he the ever, water, in in church deep a ankle into wandered Johnson President htteeeooi ciiisrqie en httelve n te nrsrcuewere infrastructure other workforce and levees the the and kind. that trade, in poor meant tourism the supported required just growing activities than every- the economic more in shipping, much these was then Industry, that back it away. because washed 1960s, held be the levees the could In sure catastrophic. make to approaching interest anything one’s wasn’t it Orleans, New rto flclshos e ren col eesm ftefrti h epSuhto South Deep the McDonogh in After first activists. the rights of civil some by were up schools opened Orleans with catastrophe. be New Katrina combined schools. the local This of less of infrastructure. gration cause outcome; the Orleans’ opposite of New the part to in is the lead segregation made and in soon residential be restructuring racial would vulnerability would economic state of investment global welfare about regions social Indeed, the nothing vast beyond). of say creating decline (and infrastructure—to concomitant Orleans was area’s New that the lit- around racism as and in served environmental ultimately investments the but future impression, redressing lasting for a made incentive Blacks tle Orleans’ New on had Betsy h colsoiia aeaecm rmJh cooh elh oa slave local wealthy a McDonogh, John from came namesake original school’s The yte16s h t adwsfs eoigasgeae lc hto ytetime the By . Black segregated a becoming fast was Ward 9th the 1960s, the By were homes their when Betsy, of memories have Ward 9th the of residents older Many coohwsapcla u lotpclbnvln ht arac nteLouisiana the in patriarch white benevolent typical also but peculiar a was McDonogh n rcpttn vn htstsgeainit ulsigi e ren a h inte- the was Orleans New in swing full into segregation set that event precipitating One 4 8 ayo h coohHg col etthrough went schools High McDonogh the of Many 7 tws’ ogtl h col n h neigh- the and school, the till long wasn’t It # 3 9i o nw sLusArmstrong Louis as known now is 19 vntog es loe at of parts flooded Betsy though Even # 9o t lueAeu nthe in Avenue Claude St. on 19 6 h ifrnilipc that impact differential The ihrGround Higher 5 n16,when 1965, In 9 ^ 7 Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 8 n oeafun iies codn oLws ‘uhpthso lc ouainby [ population ‘‘’’ black called of be whites patches can lived within ‘‘such imagination super-blocks Lewis, encapsulated the these to be of of According stretch would fringes citizens. no outer blocks affluent and Black more avenues predominantly and main patch- the of complex whites a On clusters and in the super-blocks. ordered Blacks to which was segregation, segregation Prior in sanctioned Residential ordering. another. legally work one micro-spatial of to its end closer by much the lived or defined and segregation movement hostile, Rights racial intentional, Civil of regime were assumed. space. a and actions in having subconscious manifested Many subtle, outcomes. was were convoluted. intentional more race of many that more But it process much violent. to logical outright was seeing a organization process through or The crafted committee no means was no There mattered. by that 20th were races the Orleans by of but division reality, spatial a always only hyper-segregated was the a another Black became or in sort it other free races some of and century of the Residential and segregation ‘‘bottom elevation. of of topographical slave the types division to localized correlates spatial large into class and localized manumis- a marginalization race a whereby bound, , pattern had eventually and and violent free having bowl,’’ mulattos, plans, always and the re-colonization slaves its dominated with and for white living sion In mean began unique sought. would means fix city be other this spatial so to population, the a stay, need and to would Orleans, city here relations were the New race Blacks of aban- managing form. maps with be geographically geographical for eventually again localized of shelved would purely and were more schemes era, a Atlantic Re-colonization Crow take II. the Jim and of the I maps through Wars doned, and World War of means coming Civil no the the by after was dramatically somewhat city change Orleans, the New traditions, in and notions forms history spatial unique particular Although truly took exception. States. an city’s races United the certain runs the by for that in complicated places thread relations American a proper race themselves—is the North for of of think history the might become the communities to from throughout Black destined what far was of proper regardless nation Africa, The the World. as of New McDonogh’s viewed the civilization. the in white ultimately to neces- races a not according of was better wrong which mixing the live Blacks the continent, wrong, could being the for women it right and emanci- would rather place men sending It , their Black meant McDonogh. being to where this like sarily them nation century men 19th a distribute to the according Liberia, and of lives, found races half to early the first Blacks an the ‘‘balance’’ pated In was to locations. Re-colonization Americans spatial Africa. white proper to some back by slaves attempt plans—sending re-colonization his fNwOlaswr ut ml n utncetd ihfzyboundaries.’’ fuzzy with multinucleated, and small quite were Orleans New of irrsdnilptenwsdei att h utmo uligsaeadsratquarters servant and slave building of custom the to part in due was pattern residential liar ereLwsdsrbsNwOlasfo h ii a lotutlteery16sas 1960s early the until almost War Civil the from Orleans New describes Lewis Peirce New of ecology socio-political the in location spatial and segregation racial of Patterns would be to supposed was population Black the for place proper this where Exactly off— better be supposedly will they where places to Blacks relocating of notion This toward means a part small no in was Afro-Americans ‘‘better’’ to efforts McDonogh’s ^ nterlvs hywl eeo efete n ilbcm nrei,ueu members useful energetic, become prospects will see and philosophy students self-esteem The if develop legally. education: society. will proper of considered they of slaves were lives, his idea they their treated fundamental is in property fact modern, there in the a He when like is ethic. best involved than work a work student up people as builds that more labor continuous realized This thinker, ahead. deliberate hope a being McDonogh, ol aur^ac 2007 January^March Souls 10 ... hs er neighborhoods Negro these ] 11 hspecu- This Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 en lydotudrtenwpltc frc— oiisi hc ailhierarchies racist racial the mask which that in ways politics mid-20th novel are in race—a consequences the fashioned of consequences. its and since and politics rearticulated and causes Orleans being new segregation, are New the racial inequalities under of and through out reordering directly played spatial about have Katrina’s being Hurricane came the poor vulnerability). socio-political that the by this the with and century structured deal within non-whites to were positions which resources few effects to vulnerable very immediate degree extremely with the (and the to from ecology different in relegated that extreme themselves all very not found one certainly Coast, but Gulf the past, in regime geographic racial city. the political in and Later, ruling economic whites on. changing and the early the Blacks from with for mulattos deal of intractable and to circumstances rearticulated Blacks more always be free crime, had even would of geographies What abundance geography maroonage, racial relative Blacks. racial the rebellion, of was of were class concentrations an problems planter spatial too of Orleans’ with so effect New associated pernicious but made morality most races, of the loss earlier the as and To amongst identified economy. and proximity been tourism sharecropping had improper and to miscegenation transport, economy plantation continu- Orleanians, production, be a New industrial to from finally had developed that and class region problem shipping, working a the and Blacks; as class from reworked dominant themselves ally the separate for to proportions sought and who enormous areas whites of vulnerable, These problem most a percent. was lowest, regime ninety the to in city. eighty intensely the approaching most of portions population rates marginalized Black at the the within Blacks areas consolidated contiguous by large to populated way give city to began segregation of multinucleated movement century, freedom Black spatial the this until adopted it Orleans change New to pressure in 1960s. little segregation the very Crow was Jim there house. and master’s design the of back in htadtefc httewrtefc ffodn a nyfl nteLwr9hWard 9th Lower the in rain. felt only and was winds area’s flooding the the of from Only effect beating worst Ward. a the 9th of that neighboring bad fact as the the taking as and from Bernard long St. That it and side. kept this deep on infrastructure taller, as greener are was sturdier just grass trees flooded the framed The curvac- floods, the development. was wood the in suburban small before Parish turn modern that, mostly and the presume twist are of can streets one hallmark Ward the and a 9th last and is every the larger that almost are in fashion and yards houses eous tall much the The stories Bernard, are two St. brick. Bernard are In sturdy them St. structures. of of in Many made homes Ward. is 9th The one the Drive. in Perez those a the than Judge newer from becomes became distance Avenue Claiborne and Parish and home, Bernard affordable large St. technological a and city.’’ jobs, possible. ‘‘chocolate forces secure ever-darkening suburbanization economic promised also that made but destination society segregated that that challenged, a forces for green pull fundamentally breakthroughs yearnings of and being racist patch push included The sized was They west. ample that many. the an were to and from flight Parish reserve, homes white Jefferson military new motivated into a their moved tracks, separating separating more railroad Parish Many of limits Bernard space. set St. city whites a into Many the with two neighborhoods. old or outside Black the mile just increasingly a other just Parish, and east, Jefferson Ward migrated 9th into the west from or themselves Parish Bernard St. n a fudrtnigteKtiactsrpei hti stepouto h latest the of product the is it that is catastrophe Katrina the understanding of way One spatial-racial ‘‘proper’’ the States, United southern the of much like Orleans, New For 20th the of middle the in Crow Jim of and norms the challenge to began Blacks As eodct iisi h aih t lueAeu eoe h t enr Highway, Bernard St. the becomes Avenue Claude St. Parish, the in limits city Beyond into east limits city the of out moved Orleanians New white on, 1950s the From 12 ihrGround Higher ^ 9 Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 ure,wihi o onietlyo ihrgon n eaae rmters of rest French though the even the Ward from 9th of the separated in edge lower and the much high. are incredibly ground around values are higher Home rates section Avenue. ownership on Claude southern St. coincidentally by the vir- ward of not is the for Ward rates is 9th except astronomical The which poverty. today of have Quarter, in percent Black blocks living thirty-six residents Some all all Ward, of line. tually 9th half poverty than Orleans’ more the New New with In below impoverishment the high). (for live median more very neighbors a $10,000 is at Jackie’s about poverty this valued worth a region are Chalmette Arabi have metro in in Orleans houses towns Homes comparable Both percent. with twelve hit. $77,000 of of Katrina average blocks, national before square the path. white below several its percent rate in leveled ninety-two anything that and crushed water ninety-six and cars, rushing and of homes wall moved and a up created picked failure levee where 10 onrvrfo e ren eedvlpdi h aemne.Tu,NwOrleans New and Thus, up manner. plantations. same levees vast by the natural surrounded city in The the port developed a building. in as were indigo delta thrived Orleans and and of began New sugarcane millennia raise from to several river slaves over down near African ground deposited used high soils and the Mississippi on rich the themselves of established level. banks Planters city-wide the colony. the French at a discerned was Louisiana) be can that pattern larger the of characteristic oiiidatrte16s sidsre etadivsmnsdide,tmsbecame by times (and dwindled, geographically restricted investments and poor and left and II War class industries World working after As those jelled This that for 1960s. limits. to race city tougher of the the theirs regime within after spatial not manage new could solidified the were they of whatever places consolidation the on the rely in dynamic was to financially employment forced new (and gain were expanding These They to rapidly enter. the unable neighborhoods. in Orleans, suburban home meanwhile, New a appreciating) purchase of Non-whites, Jefferson or limits industries growth. Orleans. Both city exurban development. population booming the New of and inside pattern of similar restricted economic out a were underwent rapid moving city, the experienced were of parishes that side opposite developments factories the residential new on the the Parish, into in moved employment families White finding end. Orleans new New the the norms toward via industries for out kept banking homes were and Blacks spacious non-whites. real-estate of provided laws. the expense and Builders the within on at limits. practices segregation right racial place and city promoted took policies Orleans’ growth this State New of the suburbanites. majority of for base The edge economic including in. an factories moved the provided large that refinery Several oil population an exploded. class and alongside population refinery working its sugar owners accord- a 1950 World 7,000 works, In farm of mere aluminum a Census. an end population small 1940 the total the Until backwater—its and to rural class. a ing upper sharecroppers remained propertied Bernard St. as the Louisiana II, of and War stayed parishes immigrants rural German Others the and left Spanish the Orleans. slaves in emancipated largest New many while, sixth war the (the for the All city After War. southern 1860. largest Civil by the the U.S.) becoming until rapidly, control expanded ‘‘cancer American Orleans the through New plantations.) and along called dominion, plants still French chemical Goldmine brief lots and industrial Plantation, on refineries Hope located the exist also Plantation, of are used Angelina Some corridor that forth. from alley’’ properties so the shipped after and are named Plantation, goods are of facilities city—many bulk the Louisiana’s there; outside Southern ‘‘plantations’’ of on Port place the takes activity economic important most rb n hlet,tefrttotwsi t enr daett h t adwere Ward 9th the to adjacent Bernard St. in towns two first the Chalmette, and Arabi o h is afo h 8hcnuy t enr aih(n sesbyalof all ostensibly (and Parish Bernard St. century, 18th the of half first the For y17,mr hn5,0 epelvdi t enr aih oto hmcloser them of most Parish, Bernard St. in lived people 50,000 than more 1970, By second the rule, Spanish of years thirty through flourished economy slave-based The ^ ol aur^ac 2007 January^March Souls 13 hsi pta ergto ntelcllvl n tis it and local-level, the on segregation spatial is This 14 Ee oa h region’s the today (Even Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 ne iystldo wm ad omr i o aiainta h t ado the or Ward 9th the than habitation the for fleeing fit by more who no whites lands bowl.’’ and the swamp of Blacks ‘‘bottom on population, class Black settled middle poor city amongst vulnerable inner especially vulnerability an much determi- created the also spatially this less maintaining but Orleans other of New through In means constructed forms. been paramount nistic and previously a that had during became segregation that forms chances hierarchy geographical overall racial America, new life the of in different However, much powerfully rearticulated Across situation. created Movement. was their Rights racism of Civil spite White the in after benefits. com- all vibrant the wealth, surprisingly outweighed build of to costs homes, degree waste their some purchase laying and to munities, able communities were grounds. these Orleanians neutral New of Black Claiborne fabrics the like social centers the cultural and through like districts projects, cut redevelopment business freeway, major and neighbor- I-10 scarce, Black increasingly the in values became Property jobs rampant. stagnated, was hoods course). of means, non-spatial ovxprinwl epnhdot n itn rmi ece ntebto i of lip bottom the on the perched core, shaded it a from without sitting crescent and a and out, moon, history punched crescent tear language, of be to food, sort will want products—music, aesthetic powerful portion cultural the city’s convex its be Black the keep will many that but It speaking, believe art. core, Politically moon. otherwise, Black is crescent or core this this real returned out But the vitality. residents, of economic poor and side city’s and cultural shaded The that its core. the of Orleans black core like New its the of the unseen, been because imagine long only can has crescent the a majority by one moon, Black ‘‘sliver further, crescent the even a as as crescent metaphor pre-Katrina this lunar to existed of the refer edge worship bright now carry of the Residents To popula- places compose housing. river.’’ that and city’s expensive town businesses, more the of or homes, of parts parks, their wealthy Half into the of name. turned Many as and return. leveled well might to be Pontch- as it Orleans might able Lake shape New be Then by in though never only riverbank. City as may bounded looks Crescent tion the west, it the politically, to and become going east again closest are areas once things businesses, ground lying way houses, low high The the the above. the of in artrain on most filling size, Mississippi, built in the were waxed in schools bend soda. forays big and and parked a candy occasional churches, Following buy and making moon. to returned bicycles slender Store a Dollar have on Family streets families the the Many to Avenue roam lights night. Claiborne more Children at and to yards. More out windows track. their Ward’s on in 9th in be flickering The to trailers rooftops. appears seen it fixing but be and of slow, interiors kind can been genera- gutting any has hammers, women as reconstruction trucks, and use of with men to pace bustling of condition are crews no Some they and in activity. wealth it’s tors, more few What Now have have insurance. homes. streets Ward flood their Other 9th have in equity. the them embodied are of of literally belong- Few inhabitants was neighbors few reconstruction. had a Most Her salvage on however. it. and spend deserted, damage on to the mostly savings made survey is to been street just has them The of ings. progress many slowly, more in little back filtering but away, hauled contents rto n ecinr uubnzto poeldb h ht ouainspossessive population’s white the whiteness by in (propelled investment suburbanization reactionary and gration arn,adsse ffrlre antd,hsirftbyafre hspoint. this 1965, affirmed irrefutably In has preview. south-east. dis- magnitude, a and larger was and segregation far Betsy Orleans. racial of south to New of disaster lakes greater the regime a river, of this Katrina, geography a to by the for into wrought marshes maelstrom structured harm a accumulation disappearing the by exposed rapidly side Betsy one Hurricane and on surrounded north, level, the sea under cityscape a etwt h t adadohrfrel ie okn ls itit,mn poor many districts, class working mixed formerly other and Ward 9th the with Left ne e ren a ae h ‘rsetCt’ eas twsltrlysae like shaped literally was it because City’’ ‘‘Crescent the named was Orleans New Once, former its gutted, Street, Desire on quietly sits house Jackie’s 2006, of September of As 15 16 h oi-oiia clg eutn rmteps o ailinte- racial for push the from resulting ecology socio-political The htpoie aneac fpiieei h uub)built suburbs) the in privilege of maintenance a promised that ihrGround Higher 17 ^ 11 Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 12 arn’ aeta aynihohoslk h t adsol eiieyntbe moved in or not city meetings definitely the public should advised recent any that Ward held tank 9th not think the happens has a like even Commission Institute, the neighborhoods Canizaro Land Apparently, Joseph many Urban rebuilt. leader to that the commitments BNOB of wake no so. chairman Katrina’s made do the Commission to the be residents but to occasions, for several resources on large provide rebuilt and be leaders, to civic represents hoods whites). powerful Orleans (predominantly many New upper-classes for developers, and disinte- vision estate middle its has the real stability, of elites, city’s Commission political portions city the BNOB or of the funding promotes the thinking of reshaping Orleans the Although lack radically New footprint. to and due of overall grated effectiveness, future and government the landscape improving for urban music, puta- vision few politics, and a Its machine and ‘‘culture’’ growth businessmen, leaders. Black in community several interest artists, tive prominent vested elites seated a business also local with Commission of the particular) mostly in Composed developers (BNOB). Commission (real-estate Back Orleans New place-based Bring events. innumer- disaster new of the after forms whole meet populations to the refashion different arisen in facing to have challenges organizations movements landscape labor able Social and physical often coalitions, accumulation. of the has racial advantage based mobilizations, and Capital taking locally . firms, by of for and fashion finances, designs interests Shumpeterian ethnicity, of spatial a race, liquidation in competing class, the destruction of and Redevelop- widespread another. lines various to one along responded the from cut emphasized to government groups order regional always different in and have elites local schemes political been of and ment not control economic than wrest amongst often or jockeying more retain political have intense history by American large. city, followed throughout at the disasters world selling Major the Black-Creole, precedent. to that blues the of and representation gumbo, the sin, be voodoo, will selling moon hook-shaped the ‘‘ oa ad rsBand’’ Gras Mardi Local al n20,svrlcmiso ebr ulcyafre h ih falneighbor- all of right the affirmed publicly members commission several 2006, in Early Nagin’s Mayor was Orleans New post-Katrina in lobby powerful most the on, Early without not but complex, incredibly are Orleans New rebuilding of politics The ^ ol aur^ac 2007 January^March Souls # hse Higgins Chester 18 Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 ‘lnt raeapa orbidNwOrleans.’’ haphazard New rebuild the to plan through a create or to process ‘‘plan not planning is vision official its new that mean underway. the necessarily efforts not by reconstruction does forward this But pushed proposals. being its of any with forward iso’ miiu ln ndetail. all. in recovery at plans community needed ambitious a mission’s affluent be organizing planning not where more will storm Current by or the poverty. by smoothly inhabited hard occur of neighborhoods as will realities hit been effort those not the already toward those had and and weighted city residents practices heavily the estate of are real Much policies present. racist capital. already by estate were real slummed conditions scale neglected large what of the and list of quarters wish diverse the from on (coming outcry point con- public this seen. be massive defeated be the will to that city) what appears remain and is it that progress, today, idea determinations define of subjective this As will are If himself who ‘‘comeback’’ it. distance exactly neighborhood to to another, a opposition forced sidered or their was form show voiced Nagin some to communities in upheld. failed multiple adopted being has after is 2006 community July, proposal mandate of a this this As timeframe from whether redeveloped. clear that and not re-planned, of entirely is end demolished, it the be at will it if process. ‘‘viability,’’ that chaotic its the and neigh- in rebuild, those lead to giving further year city, a the rebuild for to plan resources conducted master private planning already this used among planning into have runner any incorporated that that borhoods be front to said will current and decided have parties the officials Foundation third has it other by Rockefeller making Authority and the Nagin scheme Recovery Mayor this from schemes. Louisiana behind million weight The $4.5 its Foundation. of throw Orleans sum the New to Greater funded being despite omsinspas swl steohrefrsta ilifuneteUiidNew can Unified they the Authority. before Recovery BNOB influence authorities Louisiana The will the city fullest. by by that held the synthesized efforts currently in be funds other out all the carried the unlock must be Plan as will Neighborhood well and Orleans recommen- as other say justice—while plans, they there and what Commission’s probably sustainability mean are ecological of Some actually gods . dations the and economic appease demolition or to for race only words of code solutions. issues ‘‘mixed-income’’ sounding avoid and benign to ‘‘,’’ ‘‘culture,’’ tend as also such this language as using equitable to any by such premature in justice it’s Statements principles but these manner. by appealing, abide or very will sounds shape process all reconstruction It con- actual life.’’ centers the space daily neighborhood that open of assume transit; quality and through high parks accessibility a types; city-wide provide that system; housing city-wide of a diversity to landscape; a and nected with architecture, patterns, communities block To income neighbor- historic realities). on of mixed ‘‘built harsh respectful planning be culture; its urban must and (without reconstruction of history that life hood professions state city they the neighborhoods, of within city’s aesthetics the thought the rebuild of emphasizes school that that a fact architecture urbanism, the and new of in regardless found weight be carry will and disbanded. elites but power all city’s been the has for BNOB list wish a sent tuto,cle h nfe e ren egbrodPa,i ecie s ‘ single than ‘‘a more as, of described recovery neighborhoods.’’ the is distinct coordinate Plan, will 70 which Neighborhood process, Orleans planning land-use New comprehensive Unified the called struction, codn oteTmsPcyn,a fJl 06 h iyhsol aae ocata craft to managed only has city the 2006, July of as Times-Picayune, the to According h NBCmiso’ ia eot eesdo aur 1h plsotteCom- the out spells 11th, January on released report, final Commission’s BNOB The wrought storm the what tell to hard it’s Orleans New of streets the through Walking one of window a neighborhoods giving proposed Commission BNOB the Initially h omsinsrpr sldnwt mt pel otedsdatgdalongside disadvantaged the to appeals empty with laden is report Commission’s The can that philosophies design the of many embrace rebuilding for recommendations Their 20 ofrs od u h lnapassoto substance, on short appears plan the but good, so far So 21 t rpsl r ot tdigbcuete repre- they because studying worth are proposals Its 19 hslts fiilfaeokfrrecon- for framework official latest This ihrGround Higher ^ 13 Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 14 thmsta ufrdmsl io iddmg,fle re,o ek roofs. leaky away or pounding trees, are fallen hammers damage, vehicles and wind buzzing Contractor minor are mostly homes. tools suffered Power that their residents street. homes repairing every at label, on began their spotted to be immediately commu- can Gentilly True neighborhoods Bywater and neighborhoods. these Quarter, Lakeview white the French in predominantly of District, portions and Garden northernmost Uptown, nities—affluent surpris- and Not the Mississippi, assured. cover is the future no mostly along Their or areas debate. little further these sustained without the that ingly, improved from those be damage are can for resulting areas’’ and ‘‘opportunities of opportunity damage four extent ‘‘Immediate of the floods. identification and and its location hurricane is on incorporated tacitly) based be or may rebuilding’’ building that (explicitly neighborhood allowed thinking planning and in Commission’s idea final permits BNOB this the the withdrew building into of later on aspect (Nagin Ward. One moratorium 9th commence.) the a to like issuing city the about of comments sections Nagin’s especially plans, ititwl etecne ftergo.Isofc oeswl ileeymrigwith morning information every an fill be will will towers It office areas. 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Bywater, the Ward, of 9th sections the devel- poor ‘‘infill of and land deemed Black swaths sell neighborhoods predominantly would surprisingly, are which not areas’’ [CCRC], Again, opment developers.) Corporation private Redevelopment the to proposed City Commission back Crescent BNOB (The a under agency. consolidated of redevelopment be of creation probably sort would some question demo- of in from and auspices areas solicited the public The proposals firms. under and construction drafted, consolidated and be be lition plans areas development these that ownership, that private recommends Commission The sus- property areas.’’ they other damage and minor residents of the disposal of the because at redundant resources owners. somewhat of overabundance is the city and the tained of zones these in hog,wl e eyltl tlt nsc system. a cut such will lines and in rail utility communities, the will little bedroom neighborhoods system very suburban the a see middle, lines—the such the will the in of a through, of Those benefits build District. ends studies the Business the to critical Central that on the Most one concluded those region. have suburbs— is to Slidell nation its go proposals the the with primarily novel around and Orleans transit more Parish, New rapid Tammany the linking of St. Among lines Bernard, commuter see. St. rail to Jefferson, different light like a high-speed they’d take of city network to works. of likely the kind is in the is capitalists properties estate consolidating real of by means tracts redeveloped some large and but which district. by form, seized Algiers mechanism are the the Plan, land in Neighborhood river of Orleans the New across Unified the neighborhoods Under Fischer and Whitney, McDonogh, eiet costect epne ihotaeadssiint h fiil’early officials’ the to suspicion and outrage with responded city the across Residents vntog tsappdem h einlri ytmgvssm nih notelarger the into insight some gives system rail regional the pipedream, a it’s though Even h eodmjrcasfcto o egbrod stre ‘nildevelopment ‘‘infill termed is neighborhoods for classification major second The h NBCmiso a loakdt okaedadcet noealvso for vision overall an create and ahead look to asked also was Commission BNOB The ^ ol aur^ac 2007 January^March Souls ´ iet e hsftr sa pnqeto.Wehrthese Whether question. open an is future this see to live 23 h eeist h elett lobby estate real the to benefits The ´ n eta iy n the and City, Central and 22 Planning Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 sa peln lc olv.Btsdy tsadsr htwl eflildol nthe in only fulfilled be abandoned will were who that those desire seen , a being central is it’s in cities, sadly, reside many Treme currently But the like in who live. Orleans, those to New of magic. place displacement its appealing direction. rediscover this an and in as city move the to respects, to begun some return already In had newcomers. Orleans the for New just streets sanitized that city be Lafitte, confirms parallel will like Data will streets projects Census Townhouses The blocks. housing suburbanization. barren downtown. cleansed and old the racially upon deindustrialization beyond the built by towers warehouses, create sense new century old the will the the recapture half and redevelopment to in past attempt remains, fill the will will what It in Condos move of past. lost the also top community of will On style of Families districts. architectural half. the city in by central neighborhoods shrink the will popula- park- into become large population will a back region’s city with the metropolitan city of class The Much working unemployed). land. a structurally been: (the has supernumeraries of Orleans tion New what of instead economy vn.I antabekwt h oml omc si a ucutdmmn fcon- of moment punctuated a was it as much dure so longue normal, the the in with tinuity break a wasn’t It event. iy’ n ‘aktfre.’O,i h o naoswrso e.RcadBaker, Richard Rep. of words infamous now ‘‘opportu- in nature,’’ the But of in gentrification. ‘‘return Or, it.’’ the called did forces.’’ ‘‘logical,’’ simply ‘‘God called ‘‘market it’s be cities and will other nity,’’ it In Orleans disaster. New a post-Katrina exploiting by possible inatcltdtefrtsaeeto hsvso.A h rcs rgessadtksanew a takes Commis- and Back progresses Coming Orleans process New the calling. Bring As was vision. The this place privilege. in of new remained urban statement the always first magical is the life of articulated Katrina of sion after way city sort urban city the That an the leaving for suburbanites. to But desire back half- some race. The a of of many. city of lines to hearts the spirits along Leaving the fled the largely Orleans. on uncertainty and possible New It toll of new, made its schools time a privilege grounds. took this for integrating a in have neutral was of now many ago top that Claiborne out century the desire a to kids the housing is floats their indecision What destroyed public and Parishes. pulled when highway Jefferson parents there and I-10 Bernard was white St. It the when (which sorts). there when another convention would was of and it Orleans how disaster awry and New civic Orleans New went a their mas- rebuild following would officers at who rebuilt police over Republicans be struggle and the a radical ex-confederates or fundamentally War, white also when Civil was 1866 and the in with Black end raged didn’t of sacred It banks It the swamps. Movement. along delta Rights spread the plantations Civil into when slashed there and was It Mississippi history. the urban demographic our of the much on terizes com- pull other It’s and But else. push Orleans. somewhere New happenstance) it’s in and as to disaster cultural, long order. tracks’’ latest so the (economic, this of go, for factors side they conditions plex ‘‘wrong where the the or create or how helped spatial ghettos peo- care what the like-minded of don’t want are type they just There and new who past. disappear, city the a American in toward every known unfolding in has popula- ple Orleans be subjugate of New to that distribution anything spatial appears rule unlike proper ordering of Orleans con- a New regimes most calibrate Post-Katrina different society must tions. The dominant communities proximity. the non-white by geographical and to poor of related terms are in populations cretely poor and privileged. Racialized and a lines. affluent been long more has Orleans’ Ward New 9th of the like many neighborhoods amongst poorer dream of eradication The point. mation hsvso o e ren smtvtdi atb eieaogeubntsto exurbanites among desire a by part in motivated is Orleans New for vision This h iatrta i e ren ntefr fahriaeadfodws’ freak a wasn’t flood and hurricane a of form the in Orleans New hit that disaster The hspcla mrcncedo aimadculidfeec oadtepo charac- poor the toward indifference cruel and racism of creed American peculiar This spatial along is works exploitation socio-economic and racism ways primary the of One ´ n h t addcdsao nNwOlasi’ eunta ilb made be will that return a it’s Orleans New In ago. decades Ward 9th the and 24 ´ fti iy arn sbsns suul akdit nexcla- an into packed usual, as business is Katrina city. this of e ihrGround Higher ^ 15 Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 tohcfodn eeucnrvriladesrd h eeswr udd n owr efr rgasfor programs welfare were cata- so from and Ward funded, 9th were the levees like The places ensured. protecting and consumption uncontroversial social were and flooding investments strophic social is. that meant it 1980s) complex the how matter no society, American 45. in 2006, racism Collins, structural Harper to due are Ward 9th the like hoods an u h uuerle pni.Ntfrsm iyofca omaueadde a deem and measure to plans official new city wonderful some dispose uncer- to for is planner community Not sanctioned of state it. them. sense some differ- upon upon a for a and or relies of bonds comeback’’ enough sweat future social ‘‘viable make fashioned the shattered can old they the but good not rekindle the putting tain, or to survey and Whether help to tools houses. by and their humble stopping ence out their just breaking into still are back are few equity Many a day, past home. other quite the Every coming but in neighbors. are street scene, some residents her alongside long. on more in activity before back and the in moving more buy from back be to judging move probably and However, could she’ll roof, alone. she months the be kitchenware, few in might and holes she bed the does a mus- fix she like can carpeting, If life she and of If drywall necessities gutted. new bare completely install the are to insides money house’s the The up season. ter hurricane new a of Front peak indigenously United others. to C3, and assistance Fund, Village, provide resi- Relief Survivor’s to Hurricane former Housing, People’s Easy activists, the Affordable Big students, Ground, for the college Common to of like trip groups thousands the led are making Bush there citizens visit and Coast, thousand every dents, Gulf For a are neighborhoods. the shell-shocked there to revive announced, makes to scheme helping planning agitating, crews speech official It’s work every new other response. volunteer For every the grassroots out. for is speaking gives, the This and Nagin It’s in activity.) cleaning, that Orleans. this movement building, New seeing social documenting, rebuilding already charac- rallying, diverse of be are organizing, seeing only politics (We also can the poor. are that to the we outcome side of but an eradication since, in the end year and adminis- will the are cleansing city and policies racial the date, and as rebuild funds to to terized federal allocated that effort been ensure any to has fairly, levels what tered all beyond at activism far strident commitment, without federal serious a Without n ucsin colSgeain elEtt lcbsig n h oiia cnm fNeighborhood of Economy Political the and that is Blockbusting, it Estate how Invasion explain Real ‘‘Beyond Transition.’’ to Fox. Segregation, Racial inadequate Kevin are see—Gotham, School instance, forth, the Succession: (for or so non-white block, and and or a whites, white, on to all residents become relation Black neighborhoods in of certain number residence the Black like of variables patterns spatial particular on entirely focus that approaches ecological 2004. Press, sity ohoslk t hr scranyn omfrpbi osn ieteS.Bernard its St. for the Homes. called Cooper like now B.W. housing and has public Peete, neigh- Development C.J. and for Urban Ward Lafitte, 9th room the and the with Housing no for along vision of certainly demolition this Department in is room The There no projects. or it. little is like there borhoods that find still we form 16 Notes xlie ht ‘htBs at,i omk e ren iehsmte—hiee and mother—shriveled his like Orleans New make to is colorless.’’ wants, Bush ‘‘what that, explained lasse ob aewe ‘aua’ iatrpoie nalibi. an provides that disaster attempts ‘‘natural’’ it, a destroy to when make made will be powerful to the that seem attempts always inevitable the resist can it ako eieSre nte9hWr,Jci’ os tnsepy tsSpebr the September, It’s empty. stands house Jackie’s Ward, 9th the in Street Desire on Back fe azbnftcnetfrtercntuto fNwOlas otAiiBaraka Amiri poet Orleans, New of reconstruction the for concert benefit jazz a After .Adtoal,telgtmc—oee hk—ftewlaesaedrn hsea(n putla least at until up (and era this during state welfare the shaky—of legitimacy—however the Additionally, 4. Douglass, Brinkley, 3. .Fl,WlimS, William Falk, 1. .Sca cetsshv enrcnieigtednmc frca ucsini egbrod,ntn that noting neighborhoods, in succession racial of dynamics the reconsidering been have scientists Social 2. ^ ol aur^ac 2007 January^March Souls 26 27 hte rntBs at hs h iyhscranysrn nnumbers. in shrunk certainly has city the this, wants Bush not or Whether h on ee fyuakmn epe st eul h omnt othat so community the rebuild to is people, many ask you if here, point The iy&Community & City otdi lc:Fml n eogn naSuhr lc Community Black Southern a in Belonging and Family Place: in Rooted h ra eue urcn arn,NwOlas n h issip ufCoast Gulf Mississippi the and Orleans, New Katrina, Hurricane Deluge: Great The 02 ,1 a. 311.Nvrhls,tedcieo lc neighbor- black of decline the Nevertheless, 83–111). Mar., 1, 1, 2002, , 25 ugr Univer- Rutgers , , Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 orBak note‘bto ftebw’ n h aksap,seCle,CagE. Nature Craig see—Colten, from back-swamps, Orleans the and New bowl’’ Wresting the of lis: ‘‘bottom the into of Blacks much poor put James. and O’Connor, infrastructure vulnerability. Orleans New critical weakened of which of position 1973. sort Press, a the in cutbacks, to population leads its that crisis fiscal a by e ren:TeMkn fA ra Landscape Urban An of Making The Orleans: New e Yorker New dissidentvoice.org/ James See 9th. the like places in transforming lived rapidly who by Americans investment social Black work tained were of whom out of pushed O’Connor’s most (supernumeraries) industries, workers sector dislocated monopoly of population growing the ugy il ‘e otsAtrKtia utn e Orleans.’’ year.’’ last New displaced were Gutting students million Katrina: school $213 public control get After of will now thousands Months schools of schools—they public ‘‘Ten tens area 115 because Bill. metro money over by The Quigly, state control charters. run in now had year schools are school funded board schools next schools—publicly remaining school less the charter elected of for local majority remains laboratory The what the nation’s four. and Katrina the demolished Before mostly now Loyola is inner bodies. is at Orleans other city private professor New The many and in privatized. lawyer resembled education Quigly, ‘‘[p]ublic being system that, Bill is school says segregated. public Orleans highly Orleans New and of New under-funded University chronically the was Katrina it to districts; Prior city schools. charter of dozens 1969. Education, Urban for Center 1999. Press, Scholastic York: New 2002. arn a rae iatri h es httedsse a h u fsvrlprs ohntrl(h storm) (the etc.). natural infrastructure, both of parts, condition several rate, of poverty sum relations, the race was structure, disaster economic the system, that political sense (the the social in and disaster greater a was Katrina 1998. Press, University Temple Philadelphia: 1976. Company, e ren,frblwsalevel. sea below 1718–1819 far South Orleans, Deep New the in Society Slave First The Ingersoll, plantation. 1999. Orleans: between the Press, New torn and whole factory, Tennessee Early a the in of as Manon industrialism America labor, of and wage microcosm Mammon and a slavery became life, city urban the and that rural roles conflicting almost and proximity such 2004. fClfri rs,1987. Press, California of ol eei o-noecmuiisaogislnsadas ecie h lc omnt’ political community’s Black the describes also and lines its along communities low-income benefit would tetb e nhs h os aaei hsscino h iywst al n of rmtewind. the from roofs and walls to was the covered city only the waters of flood section the this resident, in longtime BART.’’ damage a worst is who The neighbor inches. my few to a According by ago. street week a in moved 2006. I 11, January Committee, Planning Urban Commission, Back Orleans 2006. com/newslogs/breaking/index.ssf?/mtlogs/nola_localbreakingnews/archives/2006_07_05.html 0 iaoo .Leighton, G. Ciravolo, 10. 1 ei,Pic ,NwOrleans: New F, Peirce Lewis, 11. 8 oa,Jh n avyMolotch, Rather, Harvey characteristics. and storm’s John Logan, the of 18. because disaster greater a was Katrina arguing not am I that Note 17. Howard, Winant, 12. 5 h ‘otmo h ol’rfr osm ftelws yn rud ntect—ieal ntecne of center the in city—literally the in grounds lying Lipsitz, lowest George the of 16. some to refers bowl’’ the of ‘‘bottom The 15. of situation a plantations, rural by surrounded core urban an as Orleans New describes Ingersoll Thomas 14. www.census.gov Census, US 13. 19. 3 e orge,Jsp .‘RpdTastadCmuiyPwr etOkadRsdnsConfront Residents Oakland West Power: Community and Transit ‘‘Rapid A. Joseph neighborhood. Rodriguez, Faubourg-Marigny the See in home 23. shotgun double New a of Bring porch City,’’ the American on sit New I The piece this Orleans: write New I As for Plan 22. ‘‘Action LLC, Todd, Rebuilding,’’ & Its Roberts Plan Wallace to Way 21. a Sets Orleans ‘‘New Susan, Saulny, 20. .Framr itrclteteto niomna aimi e ren priual h ergto of segregation the (particularly Orleans New in racism environmental of treatment historical more a For 5. .Qoe nRmik ai,‘Hg ae:HwPeiet n iiesRatt Disaster,’’ to React Citizens and Presidents How Ruby, Water: Bridges, ‘‘High 7. David, Remnick, in Quoted 6. .A fJl,20 ayo h ulcshosi e ren eancoe.I hi lc aesrue up sprouted have place their In closed. remain Orleans New in schools public the of many 2006 July, of As 9. Morton, Inger, 8. Times-Picayune Antipode coe ,2005. 3, October . iclCii fteState the of Crisis Fiscal 12 99 orge umrzssm fteltrtr rtclo ATscam htit that claims BART’s of critical literature the of some summarizes Rodriguez 1999. 31:2, oiisadRaiyi nAeia iy h e ren colCii f1960 of Crisis School Orleans New the City; American an in Reality and Politics ‘ai esgieie opa eulig’ ensa,Jl ,20.http://www.nola. 2006. 5, July Wednesday, rebuilding,’’ plan to guidelines sets ‘‘Nagin , = h ossieIvsmn nWiees o ht epePoi rmIett Politics Identity from Profit People White How Whiteness: in Investment Possessive The hog yEe:Atce n nevesCmie n dtdb ag Lundell Margo by Edited and Compiled Interviews and Articles Eyes: My Through osmto nlve,ct evcs n efr bodydfnd sieial outpaced inevitably is defined) (broadly welfare and services, city levees, in consumption h e oiiso ae lbls,Dfeec,Justice Difference, Globalism, Race: of Politics New The h eayo onMcDonogh John of Legacy The o ealdtertclteteto o hspltcleooyta sus- that political-economy this how of treatment theoretical detailed a for h aigo nUbnLandscape Urban an of Making The oiin tt nvriyPes 05 n lo ei,Pic F. Peirce Lewis, also, And 2005. Press, University State Louisiana . ra otns h oiia cnm fPlace of Economy Political The Fortunes: Urban abig:BligrPbihn opn,1976. Company, Publishing Ballinger Cambridge: . aaet,L:TeCne o oiin Studies, Louisiana for Center The LA: Lafayette, , isdn Voice Dissident iclCii fteState the of Crisis Fiscal e okTimes York New abig:BligrPublishing Ballinger Cambridge: , nvriyo inst Press, Minnesota of University , ihrGround Higher uy1 06 http://www. 2006. 1, July . nUntrlMetropo- Unnatural An ekly University Berkeley, , hrdy uy6, July Thursday, . nvriyof University . t Martin’s St. . e York, New , hmsN. Thomas ^ The 17 , , Downloaded By: [University of California Los Angeles] At: 18:36 31 January 2008 rcs n no aimta okdotnnwie rmhg aigcntuto n prto jobs. operation and dis- construction business paying Black high on from impacts non-whites purpose, out overall locked its that including racism project union BART and the tricts, of aspects various to opposition 18 i.ao.o/tr/n/etr/051/2jz/ne.tl cesdo uy7 2006. 7, July on Accessed dir.salon.com/story/ent/feature/2005/10/12/jazz/index.html. Wire, Times-Picayune Washington Orleans did.’’ New God but it, do couldn’t We Orleans. New ‘ omnt iinfrteFtr fteLwrNnhWr:Peetto fIiilSec lnAlterna- Plan Sketch Inc. Initial Lee of and 2006. Stull Presentation 6, See Ward: July all. Ninth after on Lower Ward Accessed for 9th the http://www.nolanrp.com/index.php. Florida the 2006. of for Beach, 17, Future bad Palm June the that West tives.’’ all for like be Vision places conscious not in racially Community may designing development ‘‘A process in economic planning experience and official with poverty The firm to instance. American sensitive African an is Lee, that and architecture Stull is Plan Rebuilding hood 4 ae’ od,frtrpre ythe by reported first words, Baker’s 24. 5 ioa wn ‘U eoiinpa rtse:Rsdnssyte’ebigsu u fcity,’’ of out http:// shut Salon.com. allowed),’’ being planning people one However, black they’re poor 27. (No say museum! jazz Residents new ‘‘America’s protested: Larry, Blumenfeld, plan 26. demolition ‘‘HUD Gwen, Filosa, 25. ^ ol aur^ac 2007 January^March Souls rdy ue1,2006. 16, June Friday, . = rhtcua imwrigo h t adtruhteNwOlasNeighbor- Orleans New the through Ward 9th the on working firm architectural alSre Journal Street Wall ee ‘efnlycendu ulchuigin housing public up cleaned finally ‘‘We were, alSre Journal Street Wall etme ,2005. 9, September ,