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The Social and Spatial Impact of Settlement Policies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia A study submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy , at The University of Sheffield by NOBAYAAHMAD Department of Town and Regional Planning November 1999 Nobaya Ahmad November 1999 The Social and Spatial Impact of Settlement Policies in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract As a multiracial country, one of the main concerns of Malaysia is maintaining political and economic stability in the process of achieving national integration. The plurality of society is a legacy of British colonialism and has contributed to occupational and geographical segregation between the ethnic groups. Economic disparities between each ethnic group has been a source of ethnic conflict. In 1970, the Government formulated the New Economic Policy, a preferential treatment policy which favours the Bumiputera over the non -Bumiputera. The objectives of the policy are, first, to restructure society so as to eliminate the identification of race with economic functions and, second, to eradicate poverty. However, while the Bumiputeras benefited from the affirmative action programmes, the non-Bumiputeras, especially the Chinese, were alienated by them and this lead to rising ethnic tension. Residential segregation had divided the two ethnic groups further. One part of the New Economic Policy is designed to foster better social relations between ethnic groups by fostering greater ethnic mix within residential areas. The aim of this study is to investigate social interaction patterns and levels of integration between Malays and Chinese who reside in different types of residential areas, that is mixed and monoethnic. The implementation of the housing mix policy is interpreted as the Government's intention to overcome residential segregation and thereby integrate different ethnic groups. The policy is one of the ways of bringing the two ethnic groups into closer contact with each other in the hope of promoting better social interaction and integration. The first task of the research was to establish the rationale behind the policy on residential and ethnic mix and secondly to find out if there were any significant differences in the form of socialising patterns and integration levels between the ethnic groups residing in different types of residential areas. The study involved the use of interviews and social survey as methods of gathering information. Kuala Lumpur, the capital city of Malaysia was chosen as the case study because it represented the plurality in society. Surveys were carried out in residential areas that were both ethnically mixed and monoethnic. The findings of the study suggested that there are differences in social relationships and levels of integration between Malays and Chinese who live in the different types of residential areas. Those who lived in mixed areas were found to be more socialised and more integrated than those who lived in monoethnic areas. However, the effect of the types of area was not strong as a determinant of social interaction and integration and other non spatial factors were more important. Factors like socialising patterns and place of employment also explained social interaction and integration. Those who socialised with other ethnic groups were found to be more integrated than those who did not. Malays were also more integrated than non-Malays. The study also found differences in gender and age. Although there was an area effect, it was not the same for Malays and Chinese from different income groups and educational levels. The findings have important policy implications. Acknowledgements First and foremost, Alhamdulillah, praise be to Allah swt for the strength that you have given me to complete this task. I would also like to thank my supervisors Professor Tony Crook and Mr. Peter Bibby for their support and encouragement throughout one of the most challenging times in my life. Without their assistance and continous moral support, I might not have been able to see the completion of this thesis. Thanks also to the staff and colleagues at Department of Town and Regional Planning for providing useful comments. Also, thanks to my sponsor, the Universiti Putra Malaysia and all the officers at the various Government Departments and private developers who gave me their time and valuable information. To all my respondents, thank you for the information. Without them I would never had understood the feelings of my fellow countrymen. Finally, my deepest gratitude to my husband, Hamdan bin Adnan and my daughters Farhana and Munirah and my family back home in Malaysia for their continous love, patience and understanding. This thesis would never have been a reality without their mOn» and spiritual support. Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1.0 Introduction 2 1.1 Theoretical Framework 8 1.1.1 Plural Society 8 and Problems of Integration 1.1.2 The Integrative Process 12 1.1.3 The Concept of a Nation 14 and National Integration 1.2 The Significance of the Research 16 1.3 The Aims and Objectives of the Research 18 1.4 Structure of the thesis 19 Chapter 2 Planning, Housing Policy and Residential Integration 2.0 Introduction 22 2.1 The New Economic Policy and National Integration 24 2.2 The Implementation of Unity Type Policies in Housing 28 2.3 Housing, Social Interaction and Integration 31 2.4 The Concept of Social Balance 35 2.5 Conclusion 43 Chapter 3 Ethnic Relations in Malaysia 3.0 What is Ethnicity? 46 3.1 The Major Ethnic Groups in Malaysia 47 3.2 Ethnic Attitudes Between Malay and Chinese 51 3.3 Sources of Ethnic Conflict 58 3.4 The Implementation of the New Economic Policy 60 and its Effect on Ethnic Relationship 3.5 Conclusion and Research Objectives 63 1 Chapter 4 The Development of Kuala Lumpur and Its Impact on the Settlement Pattern 4.0 Why Kuala Lumpur? 66 4.1 The Early Development of the City 67 4.2 Landuse Patterns in Kuala Lumpur 68 4.3 The Spatial Distribution of Kuala Lumpur's Population 71 4.4 Residential Segregation in Kuala Lumpur 76 4.5 Residential Integration in the Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 79 4.6 Conclusion 81 Chapter 5 Research Methodology 5.0 Introduction 83 5.1 Definition of Terms 84 5.2 Why survey? 85 5.3 Data Gathering Methods 86 5.4 Stages in the Sampling Process 89 5.5 The Questionnaire 92 5.6 Sample Size 94 5.7 The Selection of Respondents 96 5.8 The Survey Process 98 5.9 Pilot Study 100 5.10 Conclusion 100 Chapter 6 Rationale for Housing Mix 6.0 Introduction 102 6.1 The Development Plan Process 103 6.2 The Preparation of the Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 104 6.3 The Preparation of Structure Plan for Petaling District 107 and Part of Klang 6.4 The Background and Implementation of Balanced 111 and Ethnic Mix Policy 6.5 Conclusion 117 11 Chapter 7 Socioeconomic Background of the Respondents 7.0 Overview of the Socioeconomic Background 120 of the Respondents 7.1 Mixed Areas 126 7.1.1 Social Background 127 7.1.2 Economic Status 129 7.2 Malay Homogenous Areas 134 7.2.1 Social Background 135 7.2.2 Employment Status 137 7.3 Chinese Homogenous Areas 140 7.3.1 Social Background 140 7.3.2 Employment Status 143 7.4 Summary 146 Chapter 8 Housing and Social Interaction Patterns 8.0 Ethnic Relationship between Malays and Chinese 149 8.1 The Social Interaction Pattern Between Malays and Chinese 150 8.1.1 Socioeconomic Background of the Socialisers 151 and Non- Socialisers 8.1.2 Lunch at the Office 156 8.1.3 Participation in Organisations 157 8.1.4 Social Interaction In Neighbourhood 159 8.15 Summary 164 8.2 Types of Residential Areas and Social Interaction Process 165 8.2.1 Social interaction Patterns 165 8.2.2 Participation in Organisations 170 8.2.3 Social Interaction Pattern at Neighbourhood 174 8.2.4 Identifying Neighbours 178 8.2.5 Visiting Patterns during Festivals 181 8.3 Summary 182 111 Chapter 9 Housing and Social Integration 9.0 Introduction 185 9.1 Part One- Guttman's scale of Reproducibility 186 9.1.1 Concept of Reproducibility 186 9.1.2 Coefficient of Reproducibility 187 9.1.3 Coefficient of Reproducibility Based on Areas 190 9.2 Part Two- Overview of the General Attitudes 193 9.2.1 Item 1 Sharing a table at a restaurant 193 9.2.2 Item 2 Sharing an office space 194 9.2.3 Item 3 Introduce as a member in my club 195 9.2.4 Item 4 As a neighbour 197 9.2.5 Item 5 Leaving the house key to a neighbour 198 from another ethnic group 9.2.6 Item 6 Leaving your child/children in the 199 care of someone from another ethnic group 9.2.7 Item 7 Allowing your child to marry someone 200 from another ethnic group 9.3 Summary of Part Two 202 9.4 Part Three - Socioeconomic Factors 203 and Social Integration 9.4.1 Item 1 Sharing a table at a restaurant 203 9.4.2 Item 2 Sharing an office space 204 9.4.3 Item 4 As a neighbour 204 9.4.4 Item 5 Leaving the house key to a neighbour 205 from another ethnic group 9.4.5 Item 6 Leaving your child/children in the 206 care of someone from another ethnic group 9.4.6 Item 7 Allowing your child to marry someone 207 from another ethnic group 9.5 Summary of Part Three 208 9.6 Conclusion 208 IV Chapter 10 Social interaction and Social Integration in Residential Areas 10.0 Introduction 210 10.1.
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