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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Educational Exclusion under an Ethnocratic State: The Case of East Jerusalem NUSEIBEH, RAWAN,AHMAD,FARID How to cite: NUSEIBEH, RAWAN,AHMAD,FARID (2013) Educational Exclusion under an Ethnocratic State: The Case of East Jerusalem, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9407/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Educational Exclusion under an Ethnocratic State: The Case of East Jerusalem A Dissertation Presented By Rawan Asaly Nuseibeh To The School of Applied Social Sciences For The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In The Subject of Sociology and Social Policy Durham University 2013 1 Abstract The political conflict over the city of Jerusalem results in the breach of Palestinian Jerusalemites civil, political and social rights. Israel claims sovereignty over East Jerusalem. However, it neglects its duty in providing adequate educational services to the Palestinian residents of the city. The Israeli Jerusalem Municipality does not only provide insufficient and highly politicised educational services to the Palestinians residents of the city, but it also discriminates against the other Palestinian systems that provide educational services. This study offers a detailed description of the structure of the education sector in East Jerusalem with its four main providers; the Palestinian Authority through Awqaf schools, the Israeli Authority through municipal schools, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency and private schools. It reveals that there is no single body that oversees the provision of educational services in the city and ensures that the services provided are sufficient and of quality. This study employed a qualitative research strategy, with semi-structured interviews and focus groups in the Palestinian and Israeli schools, in order to compare the educational services provided to both their students. The findings of this study show that Palestinian and Israeli students routinely receive vastly different learning opportunities, in terms of school funding, qualified staff, school facilities and school programmes. This ethnic provision of services in the city is engineered to disempower Palestinians and ensure an Israeli Jewish hegemony over the city. 2 Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Education, Society and the State ................................................................................................... 15 1.1 The Right to Education ....................................................................................................... 15 1.2 Education Policy: Between Inclusion and Exclusion ......................................................... 18 The Case of Israel ......................................................................................................................... 26 2.1 The Notion of Citizenship in Israel ..................................................................................... 26 2.2 The Problem with East Jerusalem ....................................................................................... 31 2.2.1 Limitations on the Role of the Palestinian Authority in East Jerusalem ..................... 35 2.2.2 Deprived of Civil and Political Rights ......................................................................... 38 2.2.3 Deprived of Social Rights ............................................................................................ 40 Educational Policies in the State of Israel..................................................................................... 48 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 62 4.1 Research Strategy................................................................................................................ 62 4.2 Methods of Data Collection ................................................................................................ 64 4.2.1 Semi-structured Interviews .......................................................................................... 64 4.2.2 Focus Groups ............................................................................................................... 69 4.3 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 74 The Structure of Educational Provisions in East Jerusalem ......................................................... 76 5.1 Fragmentation in the Provision of Educational Services .................................................... 76 5.1.1 Manchi-Municipal Schools .......................................................................................... 79 5.1.2 Awqaf or Muslim Endowment, in collaboration with the Palestinian Ministry of Education .............................................................................................................................. 90 5.1.2 UNRWA Education ................................................................................................... 99 5.1.3 Local charities and other private schools ................................................................... 106 5.2 A Chaotic Education Sector .............................................................................................. 112 The Infrastructure of the Education Sector in East Jerusalem .................................................... 118 6.1 The Physical School Environment ................................................................................ 118 6.2 Insufficient Provision of Educational Services ............................................................. 130 Human Resources, Educational Programs and Parental Support ............................................... 141 7.1 The Human Resources of the Education Sector in East Jerusalem .................................. 141 7.2 Programs and Extracurricular Activities ........................................................................... 154 7.2.1 School Counselling .................................................................................................... 154 7.2.2 Learning Disabilities Programmes ............................................................................. 160 3 7.2.3 Extracurricular Activities ........................................................................................... 166 7.3 Parental Involvement ........................................................................................................ 168 The Geopolitics of East Jerusalem .............................................................................................. 175 8.1 Severing East Jerusalem from its Palestinian Periphery ................................................... 175 8.2 The Effects of the Separation Barrier on the Education Sector ........................................ 183 The Consequences of Educational Inequality ............................................................................. 189 9.1 Unequal Access to Higher Education ............................................................................... 189 9.2 Unequal Job Opportunities ............................................................................................... 199 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 204 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 211 Appendix I Interview Guide 4 Glossary ACRI Abbreviation of the Association of Civil Rights in Israel. An Israeli human rights organisation based in Jerusalem. Adalah Adalah (Justice in Arabic) is a Palestinian human rights organisation and legal center based in Haifa. Addameer Addameer (Conscience in Arabic) is a Palestinian human rights organisation based in Jerusalem. Arnona Hebrew word for Council Tax Ashkenazi A Hebrew Term used to refer to Jews of western origin, mainly European and American. Awqaf Awqaf is the plural of the Arabic word waqf which means endowment. Islamic Awqaf are assets dedicated for charitable purposes. B’Tselem An Israeli human rights organisation based in Jerusalem. Bagrut The official Israeli matriculation certificate attesting to graduation from high school. Corpus Seperatum A Latin term meaning separate bodies. It is the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, The UN Partition Plan for Palestine November 29, 1947. Diakonia A Swedish Faith based organisation that works towards more people living a life in dignity. Dunam A Turkish word used in the Ottoman Empire to refer to a unit of land area. It is still used in the Arab world. Fatah Fatah
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