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Estructura De La Información En Irán

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Estructura De La Información En Irán UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA Estructura de la Información en Irán El caso de Press TV como actor de la política exterior de la República Islámica Autor: Tesis Doctoral Rafael Fernández Ruiz Universidad de Sevilla Directores: Departamento de Periodismo II Dra. Rosalba Mancinas Facultad de Comunicación Dr. Luciano Zaccara Sevilla, 2017 Dedicada a mi madre, Siento haber tardado tanto. Te fuiste tan pronto… A Celia, Porque siempre sacas lo mejor de mi, también esta tesis A Miguel y León, ¡Cuánto tiempo me habéis regalado para cumplir este sueño! 2 Agradecimientos Rosalba Mancinas, por contagiarme su ilusión por la investigación Luciano Zaccara, por ayudarme a descifrar Irán, por su ejemplo y constancia Mohammad Shivafar, por abrirme las puertas de Irán Ramón Reig, un faro en la tenebrosa mediocridad Marina Lacalle, por creer en mi desde la distancia Mis alumnos, siempre obligándome a aprender más y más El pueblo de Irán, por inspirarme y seducirme INTRODUCCIÓN “Antes los diplomáticos me preguntaban qué hacer, ahora me consultan qué decir a la prensa” Henry Kissinger El ocho de julio de 2007 inició sus emisiones vía satélite un nuevo medio de comunicación con sede en Teherán. Una cadena de televisión todonoticias en lengua inglesa de titularidad pública, integrada en la corporación estatal de medios iraní IRIB, con el nombre comercial de Press TV. La República Islámica seguía los pasos de otros países como Rusia o Venezuela y ponía a disposición de la audiencia de todo el planeta, un canal de televisión propio con el objetivo de contrarrestar los mensajes críticos con la república, a juicio de sus autoridades y, de paso, ofrecer su visión de los acontecimientos mundiales con especial atención a lo acaecido en Estados Unidos, Oriente Medio y la Unión Europea. Press TV nació en la etapa de más presión interna y externa sobre la República Islámica por sus ambiciones nucleares. Se funda, por tanto, con la necesidad de hacerse oir en el mundo. Los principales canales internacionales de información como BBC, CNN, Al Arabiya y Al Jazeera, se han posicionado, tradicionalmente, en contra del fortalecimiento de la influencia iraní en la región, con lo que Teherán, convencido de la “guerra cultural” impulsada por las potencias occidentales contra la nación iraní, ha consolidado a Press TV como un actor más de su acción exterior con un doble objetivo: ofrecer la versión iraní sobre los acontecimientos de actualidad y poner en evidencia a Estados Unidos primero, y a Reino Unido después, a través de la crítica de su política exterior en 1 Oriente Medio, pero también a través de la denuncia de la desigualdad, la pobreza o el racismo que, para Irán, son consecuencia de la degradación moral y política de Occidente. A lo largo de mi investigación he comprobado que la República Islámica ha utilizado a Press TV como un elemento fundamental de su política exterior, si bien ha ido moldeando su discurso, adaptándolo a la evolución de aquellos temas que han afectado a Irán desde 2007. En este sentido, Press TV no aporta excesivas novedades. Experiencias similares las encontramos en Al Jazeera, cuyos primeros años destacaron por su oposición al intervencionismo estadounidense en la región árabe, pero que tras la pimavera árabe, ha sido objeto de numerosas críticas por su alineamiento a las posiciones e intereses de Qatar, a cuyo gobierno pertenece. Ambos ejemplos están relacionados con la conocida teoría del Efecto CNN, según la cual, los medios de comunicación pueden influir y actuar como modificadores de la agenda política de un estado en cuestión, mediante el ejercicio de su labor informativa. De hecho, como veremos, el enorme éxito de Al Jazeera hizo que se comenzara a hablar del Efecto Al Jazeera como continuador en la región árabe de la influencia que en su día ejerció CNN en la política exterior de los Estados Unidos. El análisis de la estructura de la comunicación en el mundo árabe e islámico me ha permitido conocer la historia del periodismo en Irán, muy marcado desde sus inicios por el afán modernizador y reformista de la sociedad iraní. La prensa ha sido siempre un foro vibrante de debate político y cultural en el país, un canal de expresión necesario de los grupos políticos, organizados en difusas facciones ideológicas muy alejadas de los modelos de partido habituales en otros países. En periodos de libertad y en periodos de represión, siempre han existido periódicos en Irán. Los medios audiovisuales han tenido una evolución diferente. Sin empresas de comunicación privadas, la radio y la televisión públicas han evolucionado mucho más lentamente que otros medios de información. Es reciente cierta modernización en su estilo y contenidos, debido a la competencia que representan las emisiones vía satélite de canales producidos en el extranjero y que las autoridades iraníes son incapaces de vetar por mucho que se han esforzado mediante el endurecimiento de las leyes que impiden la instalación de antenas parabólicas y el uso de costosos sistemas de interferencia de las señales vía satélite. Esta investigación aúna dos disciplinas que se complementan en el enfoque estructural que propongo de los medios de comunicación en Oriente Medio e Irán: el periodismo y las relaciones internacionales. Recurro a ambas para confirmar el papel que Press TV desempeña en la acción exterior de Irán como medio de comunicación que defiende sus intereses mediante el análisis del 2 contenido de sus programas informativos y de divulgación. La evolución de su programación a lo largo del periodo analizado (2007-2012) nos enseña que Press TV ha “modulado” su discurso en función de los intereses de los dirigentes iraníes, cumpliendo, por tanto, el papel asignado a los medios de comunicación por el Líder Supremo y recogido en la Constitución iraní, de defensores de los principios y valores de la Revolución Islámica. ¿Qué opina el Estado iraní de la situación en Palestina, en Siria o en Yemen? Considerando como una parte muy importante del Estado a la elite que dirige la política exterior de la República Islámica que, en este caso, es responsabilidad de la máxima autoridad, el Líder Supremo ¿Cómo ha evaluado los principales acontecimientos de que han afectado a la región del Golfo Pérsico y Oriente Medio? En definitiva, ¿cómo podemos conocer lo que piensa la elite iraní de los asuntos más importantes y que más afectan a su estrategia regional? Y, lo que nos parece aún más importante ¿ha modificado Press TV el tratamiento de los asuntos que afectan a los intereses de la República Islámica con el paso del tiempo, a medida que esta hacía los mismo con su Política Exterior? Es decir ¿han caminado de la mano Press TV e Irán en su estrategia exterior? Esta es la razón por la que he contado con la dirección y supervisión de dos directores especialistas en comunicación y política exterior respectivamente. Press TV es, hoy en día, diez años después de su nacimiento, un canal de noticias no muy conocido en Estados Unidos y Europa, es más seguido en zonas del sur de Asia, África y Oriente Medio, y desde diciembre de 2011 cuenta con un canal “hermano” que emite en español, Hispan TV, con el objetivo de extender la influencia de Irán en América Latina. Como medio de comunicación, Press TV ha sido mucho más protagonista por las controversias que ha provocado por los contenidos de su programación, que por el objetivo último de un canal de noticias: la información. 3 ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS Introducción …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 CAPÍTULO I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15 Planteamiento del problema ………………………………………………………………………………...15 1.1 Objetivo general ………………………………………………………………………………………………….15 1.2 Objetivos específicos …………………………………………………………………………………………..15 1.3 Delimitación del tema …………………………………………………………………………………………17 1.4 Preguntas de la investigación ………………………………………………………………………………22 1.5 Hipótesis ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..23 1.6 Metodología …………………………………………………………………………………………………………24 1.6.1 Bases epistemológicas …………………………………………………………………………….……25 1.6.2 Metodología formal …………………………………………………………………………..………..31 1.7 Fuentes de la investigación ………………………………………………………………………………… 35 CAPÍTULO II ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………37 Contexto económico y mediático. El capitalismo como motor de la industria de la comunicación 2.1 Tendencias de la industria de la información en el contexto internacional ……………38 2.2 Los grandes grupos de comunicación ……………………………………………………………………42 2.3 Estructura de la comunicación en el mundo árabe e islámico ……………………………….46 2.4 El mundo árabe e islámico: historia, política y sociedad ………………………………………..47 2.5 Los medios de comunicación en el mundo árabe e islámico ………………………………….51 4 2.6 La importancia de la televisión en el mundo árabe e islámico ……………………………….58 2.6.1 El mercado televisivo en el mundo árabe e islámico ……………………………………..58 2.7 Principales grupos de comunicación en el mundo árabe ……………………………………… 64 2.7.1 Rotana …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65 2.7.2 Middle East Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) ……………………………………………… 67 2.7.3 Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation (LBC) …………………………………………………… 68 2.7.4 Dubai Media Inc. (DMI) ………………………………………………………………………………...68 2.7.5 Future TV ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..69 2.7.6 Al Jazeera Network ……………………………………………………………………………………… 69 2.8 Otros grupos ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 72 2.8.1 Radio and Televisión (ART) ………………………………………………………………………….. 72 2.8.2 Orbit Showtime Network (OSN) ……………………………………………………………………73 CAPÍTULO III …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..77
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