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Martin Lundberg Edvardsson OP 18–21 2021-05-12 Sida 1 Av 32 Martin Lundberg Edvardsson 2021-05-12 OP 18–21 Självständigt arbete (15 hp) Författare Program/Kurs Martin Lundberg Edvardsson OP SA 18–21 Handledare Antal ord: 11 985 Markus Göransson Beteckning Kurskod 1OP415 DAVID MOT GOLIAT EN STUDIE AV JUGOSLAVISKA PARTISANERS FRAMGÅNGAR MOT TYSKA STYRKOR UNDER OPERATIONERNA ”WEISS” OCH ”SCHWARTZ” 1943 ABSTRACT: In 1943 occupied Yugoslavia became the scene of ferocious fighting on a large scale as axis forces launched two major anti-guerrilla operations, codenamed “Weiss” and “Schwartz”, in an all-out effort to put an end to the Yugoslav communist resistance. Despite the axis being massively superior in material terms, sometimes even outnumbering their opponents by six to one, both operations ended in failure as the partisans managed to fight their way out of the German trap. Scholarly research concerning these operations almost exclusively aims to explain their outcome by examining German mistakes, while far less research has been conducted with the intent of examining the outcome of the operations from a partisan perspective. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the partisan success during these operations can be explained by them using the set of methods of force employment which Stephen Biddle calls “the modern system”, and thereby make a first attempt at explaining the outcome of the operations on the tactical and operational level from a partisan point of view. The result of this study shows that the partisan success indeed can be explained by Biddles theory, at least to some extent, but that a more comprehensive study would need to be conducted to fully verify these claims. The study has thus fulfilled its purpose and provides a small but important contribution to the scholarly debate upon which further research can be conducted concerning the partisan successes during 1943. Nyckelord: Andra världskriget, Jugoslavien, Partisaner, Fall Weiss, Fall Schwartz, Stephen Biddle Sida 1 av 32 Martin Lundberg Edvardsson 2021-05-12 OP 18–21 Innehållsförteckning 1. INLEDNING ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 PROBLEMFORMULERING ....................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 FORSKNINGSÖVERSIKT .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 SYFTE OCH FRÅGESTÄLLNING ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.4 AVGRÄNSNINGAR .................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 DISPOSITION .............................................................................................................................................................. 9 2. TEORI .............................................................................................................................................. 10 2.1 TEORIDISKUSSION ................................................................................................................................................ 10 2.2 STEPHEN BIDDLE – DET MODERNA SYSTEMET ........................................................................................... 10 3. METOD ............................................................................................................................................ 15 3.1 FORSKNINGSDESIGN ............................................................................................................................................ 15 3.2 METODDISKUSSION .............................................................................................................................................. 15 3.3 MATERIALDISKUSSION, KÄLLKRITIK OCH FORSKNINGSETISKA ÖVERVÄGANDEN .......................... 17 3.4 OPERATIONALISERING ........................................................................................................................................ 18 4. ANALYS .......................................................................................................................................... 20 4.1 FALL WEISS ............................................................................................................................................................ 20 4.2 FALL WEISS – ANALYS ....................................................................................................................................... 22 4.3 FALL SCHWARTZ................................................................................................................................................... 24 4.4 FALL SCHWARTZ - ANALYS .............................................................................................................................. 26 5. AVSLUTNING ................................................................................................................................ 28 5.1 SLUTSATS ................................................................................................................................................................ 28 5.2 RESULTATDISKUSSION ........................................................................................................................................ 28 5.3 VIDARE FORSKNING ............................................................................................................................................. 29 5.4 RELEVANS FÖR YRKESUTÖVNINGEN .............................................................................................................. 30 LITTERATUR OCH REFERENSFÖRTECKNING ...................................................................... 31 Sida 2 av 32 Martin Lundberg Edvardsson 2021-05-12 OP 18–21 1. Inledning 1.1 Problemformulering Den 6 april 1941 invaderades Jugoslavien av axelmakterna. Invasionen markerade inledningen på en blodig period i landets historia, vilken skulle komma att utmärkas av brutalitet, övergrepp och folkmord från såväl de tyska och italienska ockupanterna som inhemska lydregimer.1 Som en motreaktion mot förtrycket uppstod snart motståndsrörelser. Den enskilt mest betydelsefulla av dessa kom med tiden att bli den kommunistiska partisanrörelsen under ledning av Josip Broz, mer känd under sitt alias Tito. Rörelsen erbjöd ett alternativ för personer som var fientligt inställda till fascister och nationalister, och som strävade efter att skapa en framtida multietnisk stat. Budskapet tilltalade många, i synnerhet unga, Jugoslaver och rörelsen växte snabbt.2 1942 hade partisanrörelsen utvecklats från en ren gerillarörelse till ett embryo till konventionell armé som inte längre räddes att möta ockupanterna i öppen strid, och som gradvis tillskansade sig kontrollen över allt större landområden. Denna utveckling gick inte axelmakterna, som fruktade en nära förestående allierad invasion i medelhavsområdet, förbi. Det tyska överkommandot beslutade sig för att ta itu med situationen i Jugoslavien innan den förvärrades än mer.3 Under första halvan av 1943 deltog som mest 127 000 soldater i två tyskledda storoffensiver, operationerna Fall Weiss och Fall Schwartz, som båda gångerna hade som mål att inringa och fullständigt utplåna de drygt 20 000 partisaner som utgjorde rörelsens huvudstyrka. Båda offensiverna slutade med att partisanerna, trots svåra förluster, lyckades slå sig ur fällan och undkomma.4 Henry Kissinger som var nationell säkerhetsrådgivare under 1960-talet menade självkritiskt att USA:s förlust i Vietnam delvis kunde förklaras med att den amerikanska ledningen glömt en av upprorsbekämpningens centrala maximer, vilken stipulerar att en gerillarörelse till skillnad från en konventionell armé segrar genom att inte förlora.5 Detta påstående beskriver lika väl den fortsatta utvecklingen i Jugoslavien fram till krigsslutet. Genom att undgå att förintas i de båda offensiverna, som utgjorde kulminationspunkten på tyska ansträngningarna att besegra den, kunde partisanrörelsen fortsätta växa för att 1945 ta kontrollen över hela landet.6 1 Sanimir Resic, Balkans historia: Jugoslaviens uppgång och fall (Lund: Historiska Media, 2013), s. 211. 2 Ibid., s. 217. 3 Gaj Trifkovic, ”A Case of Failed Counter-Insurgency: Anti-Partisan Operations in Yugoslavia 1943”, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 24, nr 2 (2011), s. 315–316. 4 Trifkovic, ”A Case of Failed Counter-Insurgency”, s. 314; Ibid., s. 334-336. 5 Henry A. Kissinger, ”The Vietnam Negotiations: Foreign Affairs January 1969”, Survival 11, nr 2 (1969), s. 39. 6 Resic, Balkans historia, s. 219. Sida 3 av 32 Martin Lundberg Edvardsson 2021-05-12 OP 18–21 Ur ett rent militärt perspektiv är utfallet av de båda operationerna iögonfallande. En klassisk tumregel stipulerar att en anfallande styrka bör vara tre gånger så stor som försvararen för att garantera framgång.7 I de båda offensiverna mot Titos partisanrörelse under 1943 misslyckades axelmakterna båda gångerna att uppnå sina mål, trots att den anfallsstyrka som uppbådades periodvis var upp till sex gånger större än partisanarmén. Hur kan det förklaras att partisanerna i strid med konventionell militär logik två gånger undgick att förintas av en så kvantitativt och materiellt vida överlägsen styrka? 1.2 Forskningsöversikt Majoriteten av den forskning som bedrivits kring Jugoslavien under andra världskriget
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