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BRITISH POLITICAL and MILITARY STRATEGY in CENTRAL, EASTERN and SOUTHERN EUROPE in 1944 Also by William Deakin

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BRITISH POLITICAL and MILITARY STRATEGY in CENTRAL, EASTERN and SOUTHERN EUROPE in 1944 Also by William Deakin BRITISH POLITICAL AND MILITARY STRATEGY IN CENTRAL, EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE IN 1944 Also by William Deakin THE BRUTAL FRIENDSHIP: Hitler, Mussolini and the Fall of Italian Fascism THE CASE OF RICHARD SORGE (with Richard Storry) THE EMBATTLED MOUNTAIN Also by Elisabeth Barker TRUCE IN THE BALKANS MACEDONIA: ITS PLACE IN BALKAN POWER POLITICS BRITAIN IN A DIVIDED EUROPE, 1945-70 *AUSTRIA, 1918-72 *BRITISH POLICY IN SOUTH-EAST EUROPE DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR *CHURCHILL AND EDEN AT WAR *THE BRITISH BETWEEN THE SUPERPOWERS, 1945-50 •Also published by Pa/grave Macmillan © British National Committee for the History of the Second World War 1988 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988 978-0-333-40713-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WClE 7DP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages First published in 1988 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data British political and military stategy in Central, Eastern and Southern Europe in 1944. 1. World War, 1939--1945-Underground movements--Greece 2. Great Britain­ Foreign relations--Greece 3. World War, 1939--1945-Europe, Eastern 4. Great Britain -Foreign relations-Europe, Eastern 5. Europe, Eastern-Foreign relations-­ Great Britain 6. Europe, Eastern-Politics and government I. Deakin, William II. Barker, Elisabeth III. Chadwick, Jonathan 940.53'47 D802.G8 ISBN 978-1-349-19381-3 ISBN 978-1-349-19379-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-19379-0 To the memory of Elisabeth Barker ·-....Leningrad / ! Frontlines: • • • • • • • • June 1944 ~,..,._:-----August 1944 • f ········· October 1944 : - December 1944 •••• .. .....,.. Troop movements .. .. 0 ..:;::> q 0 500 km Contents Preface ix Postscript x Notes on the Contributors xi Participants in the Conference xv 1 British Military Planning and Aims in 1944 1 David Hunt 2 British Political Aims in Central, Eastern and Southern Europe, 1944 21 David Dilks 3 Problems of the Alliance: Misconceptions and Misunderstandings 40 Elisabeth Barker 4 Central and Eastern Europe at the Quebec Conference 54 Keith Sainsbury 5 The Moscow Conference of October 1944 (Tolstoy) 67 K. G. M. Ross 6 Resistance in Occupied Central and South-Eastern Europe 78 William Deakin 7 The Yugoslav Partisans and the British in 1944 111 DuJan Biber 8 British Strategy towards Greece in 1944 130 Lars Baerentzen 9 The Birth and Growth of Romania's Anti-Fascist Resistance Movement 151 Gheorghe Zaharia 10 Notes on Operation Autonomous: Romania, 1944 162 Ivor Porter vii viii Contents 11 Problems of the Hungarian Resistance after the German Occupation, 1944 180 Gyula Juhasz 12 Anti-Fascist Resistance in Bulgaria - 1944 190 David Elazar 13 Bulgaria in August 1944: a British View 201 Elisabeth Barker 14 Poland and Great Britain in 1944 212 Czeslaw Madajczyk 15 The 1944 Slovak Rising 223 Vi/em Preean 16 Soviet Policy on the Balkans in 1944: a British View 235 Malcolm Mackintosh Index 253 Preface The International Committee for the History of the Second World War was formed in Paris in 1967 following a series of international conferences on the history of the Resistance in Occupied Europe. Sir William Deakin was invited to form a British Section in which he brought together a small group of leading historians and heads of the relevant official archives. The Imperial War Museum provided an administrative base and secretariat. With grants from the Wolfson and Astor Foundations Sir William initiated an experimental programme. Besides inviting individual historians to participate in conferences held abroad, the British Section has held a series of bi­ lateral meetings with foreign counterparts (so far, from Belgium, France, West Germany (May 1986), Japan, the USA and Yugos­ lavia) and occasional international conferences, the latest of which is the subject of this book. Since 1976 the British Section has been sponsored by the British Academy, as the British National Committee for the History of the Second World War. The choice of the subject of this book derives from the conviction of the Committee that the time was ripe for a fresh review of the events of 1944 in central, southern and eastern Europe. Despite the mass of evidence now available in the Public Record Office and the archives of other nations, and in diaries and memoirs, for example, there must be expected to persist both myths and controversies about the events and the intentions of statesmen, soldiers and diplomats during the closing years of the Second World War. The year 1944 offers much to explore and sheds light both on the contrast between Britain's prewar and postwar standing in the world, and on postwar developments in the Cold War period and thereafter in central and south-eastern Europe. It seemed particularly valuable to draw into the discussions representatives of foreign committees and other foreign experts both to obtain insight into their views of the events and to enrich with contrasts our debates centred on the papers published here. The editors should like to thank Professor Dilks and Sir David Hunt who during the final eighteen months of preparation for the conference shared our work in a planning Sub­ Committee set up by the BNC. The Committee thanks all who took part, whether as paper-writers or as invited observers and partici­ pants in the discussions. ix x Preface The Committee also wishes to record its thanks for the support and encouragement of the British Academy, the Trustees, Director and Staff of the Imperial War Museum, and the Trustees of the Imperial War Museum Trust, without which the meeting in the Imperial War Museum during the period 10--12December1984 could not have been held. Extracts from documents in the Public Record Office and from HMSO publications are published by permission of the Controller of HM Stationery Office. London WILLIAM DEAKIN ELISABETH BARKER JONATHAN CHADWICK Postscript The death of Elisabeth Barker occurred during the final stages of the preparation of this book. She had had much to do with the inception of the Conference and was still editing these papers ten days before she died. After coming down from Oxford, Elisabeth Barker joined her brother who was The Times correspondent in Vienna and it was from there that she first put down her roots into Eastern Europe. During the War she became Head of Balkan Region of the Political Warfare Executive. In 1945 she was made Reuter's Balkan Corre­ spondent and later worked in the BBC's Overseas Service first as Diplomatic Correspondent, then as Head of European Talks. Her earlier books included Truce in the Balkans (1948) and Mace­ donia: Its Place in Balkan Power Politics (1950). After retirement in 1970, she published Britain in a Divided Europe, 1945-70 (1971), British Policy in South-East Europe in the Second World War (1976), Churchill and Eden at War (1978) and The British between the Super­ powers, 1945-50 (1983). Elisabeth Barker combined an instinct for a good story with iron discretion and a historian's insistence on accuracy. She went straight to the centre of a problem in short, straightforward sentences. She has contributed much to our understanding of Eastern Europe. She had a genuine, unselfish interest in people; her generosity seemed limitless. She will be greatly missed by her friends and colleagues, including the many she had in Eastern Europe. IVOR PORTER Notes on the Contributors Lars Baerentzen is lecturer in the department of Modern Greek and Balkan Studies, University of Copenhagen, He is editor of British Reports on Greece 1943-46 by J. M. Stevens, C. M. Woodhouse and D. J. Wallace, co-editor of Studies in the History of the Greek Civil War 1945-9 and author of articles on Greek wartime history. Elisabeth Barker, who died in 1986, was Head of Balkan Region of the Political Warfare Executive from 1942 to 1945. She was the author of Truce in the Balkans; Macedonia: Its Place in Balkan Power Politics; Britain in a Divided Europe, 1945-70; Austria 1918-72; British Policy in South-East Europe during the Second World War; Churchill and Eden at War and The British between the Superpowers 1945-50. Du~an Biber is scientific collaborator and historian at the Institute for the History of the Labour Movement, Ljubljana. He is President of the Yugoslav Committee for the History of the Second World War and a vice-president of the International Committee. He was a war correspondent in various partisan Resistance units from 1941. He held the UNESCO Fellowship in 1961-2 and the Ford Foundation Fellowship in 1967-8. He is author of Nacizem in Nemci v Jugoslaviji 1933-41 (Nazism and Germans in Yugoslavia 1933-41) and Tito­ Churchill, strogo tajno (Top Secret). William Deakin was the Warden of St Antony's College, Oxford from 1950 to 1969. He is now retired. He is Chairman of the British National Committee for the History of the Second World War and a vice-president of the International Committee, a standing commission of the International Congress of Historical Sciences. He served with the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars from 1939 to 1941 and was seconded to Special Operations, War Office from 1941-3. He led the first British Military Mission to Tito in May 1943, and was attached to the Balkan Air Force, based in Italy, from the summer of 1944 onwards, serving on the staff of (then) Mr Harold Macmillan, Resident Minister at the headquarters of General Alex­ ander.
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