GEOGRAPHICAL INSTITUTE “JOVAN CVIJIC” SASA COLLECTION OF PAPERS NO 54 YEAR 2005 912:314 Jasmina Jovanovic, ∗ Dragica Zivkovic, ∗∗ CARTOGRAPHIC MODELING OF THE POPULATION DENSITY IN THE FUNCTION OF RESEARCH OF SPATIAL–DEMOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS Abstract: Cartographic modeling of the population density by a diagram map method (comparative way of semioscale mapping) and by a method of cartogram, enables presentation of the information about current spatial-demographical relations in a systematic, comparative, metrical, synoptic and suitable way, relevant for different aspects of specific research. Through methods of the cartographic information forms various types of population density are included: general, general agrarian, specific agrarian, agrarian-productive density and valorized agrarian population density. Chosen and applied cartographical methods, by modeling of the population density, enable to view them and express in a more apparent spatial graphical-analytical way. Applied semiometrics tends to realize the results of the numerical values of the parameters of the subject area via figures of symbols. Different types of population density are shown on the coordinate graph which enables their comparison as well as their status regarding the average values of the subject area. Cartographic modeling of the population density enables analytic and synthetic approach in researching and evaluating of the quantities and quality characteristics of the presented categories, which are functionally connected and determined, for the purpose of highlighting the typical, specific and essential. Application of the cartographic methods in modeling of the population density is shown in the example of municipalities in districts of Bor and Zajecar for 2002, where the spatial differentiation of the population density was explicit. Key words: cartographic modeling, cartographic method, semiometrics, population density, spatial-demographical relations Introduction Cartographic modeling is a specific way of scientific expression and research. The system of cartographic forms of logical methods of knowledge, includes the following processes: comparison, analyses and synthesis, abstraction and generalization. Cartographic form of comparison has its own specialty. A map exists spatially in time, and temporally in space, thus enabling a cartographic ∗ Jasmina Jovanovic, Ass. to Prof. at Faculty of Geography, University in Belgrade, 3/3 Studenstki trg , Belgrade, [email protected] ∗∗ Dragica Zivkovic, Prof. at Faculty of Geography, University in Belgrade, 3/3 Studenstki trg, Belgrade, [email protected] 116 J. Jovanovic, D. Zivkovic GIJC SASA form of the logical method of learning of the objects that can be grasped visually, but also of the phenomena and processes that do not have visual forms of existence. A map, through its language, expresses the similarities and differences, while in its more complex form, i.e. a geographic comparison, it shows the regularity in those similarities and differences for the further generalizations. Cartographic form of analyses and synthesis is characterized by spatial, temporal and structural distinctiveness in the course of research and learning of the content – of each element, of the characteristics and determination of their mutual relations, as well as its core. Cartographic form of the abstraction and generalization includes parameters of quantity and quality of the content of the subject area, their actual characteristics and relations determined by the process of chosen and adjusted to purpose, classification for the reason of highlighting the typical, specific and essential (Aslanikasvili, 1974). Complexity of the mapped parameters is shown in the map. A map represents the source of rational information for presentation and researching (structural, causal and comparative analyses). Composition of thematic content of the map depends on its purpose. By cartographic modeling of the population density, as one of the most important quantity and quality parameters for actual geographical-demographical relations, the information is given in: a systematic, classified, generalized, comparative and synoptic form. Application of the cartographic methods (diagram map and cartogram) and of the cartographic ways of expression, enables metrical and explicit presentation of the spatial complexity of the population positioning. Application of the cartographic methods in population density modeling A map with the population density (as in the example of municipalities in districts Bor and Zajecar for 2002), composed by combining of a diagram map and cartogram method, enables systematic analyses in research and evaluation of the characteristics of the presented phenomena regarding their quantity and quality – essentially interfaced and determined. The chosen application of combined methods of diagram map and cartogram method in mapping the population density enables to highlight the differences between the numerical expressions of its attributes. Characteristics of the population density, as a series of numerical values of parameters, are given in a semioscale (comparative way of mapping) in the course of cartographic modeling, by which their metrical adjusting has been done, in order to achieve more diverse and quality information. COLLECTION OF PAPERS NO 54 (2005) Cartographic modeling .... 117 Methodological approach is based on the presentation of the population density on real and reduced areas. Reduced areas are the parameters for production potentials of the territories depending on their natural resources. Different ways of soil exploiting can be translated to one measurement unit and calculated in relation to the reduced area1, which gives, so called reduced density. A graphical-analytical spatial description of population density is shown, as an example, for the municipalities of districts Bor and Zajecar according to the registration in 2002 – (total number of population, total number of the agrarian population and total number of active agrarian population). Data on the ratio between total population, total and active agrarian population regarding the total and total agrarian land of the subject municipal territory were presented as measurable numerical parameters. That is, various types of population density were included in cartographic forms of knowledge – general, general agrarian, specific agrarian and agrarian-productive density2. Two combined cartographic methods were intentionally chosen and applied to the subject topic: diagram map and cartogram. Diagram map method was used to show the figures: area surface (real and reduced) and population density (real 1 Ratio between real and the same reduced area. For reducing of the real area surface the following coefficients are used: acre and garden – 1; orchard – 1.6; vineyards – 3.01; fields – 0.4 (cultivated area); pasture – 0.15; sedge land – 0 (agrarian area); wood – 0.10 (productive area); and infertile land – 0.05 (total area) (Simonovic, 1980). 2 1. General density – General population density – ratio between total number of population at 100 ha of the total (real) area surface; 2. Agrarian density – general agrarian density – ratio between total number of population at 100 ha of the total (real) agrarian surface area; – specific agrarian density – ratio between total number of population at 100 ha of the total (real) agrarian surface area; – agrarian-productive density – ratio between total number of active agrarian population at 100 ha of the total (real) agrarian surface area; 3. Reduced density: – general reduced population density – ratio between total number of population at 100 ha of reduced total surface area; – general reduced agrarian population density – ratio between total number of population at 100 ha of reduced agrarian surface area; – specific reduced agrarian population density – ratio between total number of agrarian population at 100 ha of reduced agrarian total surface area; – reduced agrarian-productive population density – ratio between total number of active agrarian population at 100 ha of total reduced agrarian surface area (Spasovski, 1985). 118 J. Jovanovic, D. Zivkovic GIJC SASA and reduced), by the coordinate graph in relation to the average values. In this way, the different components (area surface, population) were apparently compared as well as their characteristics in functional relation (population density). Cartogram method was used to show the values of valorized agrarian population density according to the given classification by raster intensity for the relevant administrative-territorial division. Modeling of the population density determines application of the semioscale in metrical forming of the figures in a symbol form for series of diverse numerical values, which result in graphic-numerical information. Coordinate graph of the population density enables comparison of different types of population density in administrative units (as in the example for municipalities of districts Bor and Zajecar). The graph is a rectangular coordinate system with x and y and areas they form in a certain quadrant, in a rectangular shape. Surface area is shown on the abscise (x), and population density on the ordinate (y). Values of the coordinates are sides of the rectangle which make a graphical area showing the number of population. Values on the x- axis and y- axis showing the area surface and population density are defined by a semioscale – a comparative way of mapping. There are various types of population density