DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethnobotany of the Laleng (Patra) Community in Bangladesh

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethnobotany of the Laleng (Patra) Community in Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2014; 2 (6): 173-184 ISSN 2278-4136 ISS N 2349-8234 Ethnobotany of the Laleng (Patra) Community in JPP 2014; 2 (6): 173-184 Received: 17-01-2014 Bangladesh Accepted: 28-02-2014 Pavel Partha Pavel Partha Researcher of Ethnobiology and Ethnoecology, Barcik, HN- 50, RN-16 ABSTRACT (New), Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209, The Laleng (Patra) is a historical indigenous community in Bangladesh. They called themselves as Bangladesh, Laleng but the name Patra/Pator has been given to them by others. 3,500 Lalengs are residing now Email: [email protected] only the hilly areas of Sylhet region in Bangladesh and a very few population are found in the Assam and Meghalayan parts of India. Laleng is renowned for the descendants of King Gaur-Govinda and later for charcoal maker. They are using surrounding plants wealth for their daily life and livelihood with conservational heritage. The present ethnobotanical investigation has been carried out the first time in the Laleng community among of the 15 different areas of 3 Upazillas of Greater Sylhet District. 112 plant species belonging to 57 plant families. 58 Plants are used in 42 human diseases and health problems, 52 as food, 11 rituals and sacred, 4 charcoal making, 13 traditional drink, 7 household materials, fish poison, needle and other purposes. Day by day Lalengs are lost their indigenous plant heritage and displaced from their origin. This paper is focusing the importance to save the local flora and to ensure the ethnobotanical wisdom of Laleng. Keywords: Ethnobotany, Laleng (Patra) community, Sylhet, Bangladesh 1. Introduction Plants and people are living together in a critical ecological womb. Ethnobotanical perspectives try to realize the relationship between people and their surrounding flora. Ethnobotany can be defined as the total natural and traditional relationship and the interactions between man and his surrounding plant wealth [1]. In the present world, traditional knowledge and ethnobotanical research are playing an important role in biological investigation, ecological analysis and livelihood security. Preliminary works of Hassan and Khan [2] in ethnobotanical research is regarded as pioneer endeavor in Bangladesh. Since then Mia and Huq [3], Alam and Alam et al. [4, 5], Uddin et al. [6], Khan et al. [7], Partha [8], Partha and Hossain [9, 10], Partha and Hossain [11], Rana et al. [12] have also made significant role the ethnobotanical studies in Bangladesh. Most of these studies, however, focused on indigenous peoples (but they mentioned the term `tribal’) in the Chittagong Hill Tracts with some surveys 1communities in the Sylhet and Dhaka region. But there is no ethnobotanical information of Laleng (Patra) community in Bangladesh. From the above ethnobotanical records it can be said that the present ethnobotanical investigation has been performed for the first time among Laleng indigenous community in Bangladesh. The Lalneg (patra) consider themselves as the descendants of Raja Gaur Govinda (an ancient king of Gaur kingdom, now it is Sylhet division of Bangladesh). These people are also known as Laleng in their language [13]. In the Laleng dialect, `Laleng’ means stone. They are a mongoloid group [14]. Once upon a time they were animist in religion but now they are practicing Hinduism. Now they are live on agriculture, day labor, charcoal making and gardening. They are going to extinction, but still now practicing Poinunu, Madhai-thakur, Akung-laram, Tilsongkranti, Correspondence: Pavel Partha Thibum, TaishiTakki festivals and rituals in their own traditional way. They are also fighting to Researcher of Ethnobiology and uphold their ethnobotanical wisdom in their daily life for survival. Ethnoecology, Barcik, HN- 50, RN- Present understanding of the enthnobotany of Laleng community of Bangladesh is very limited. 16 (New), Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209, The present investigation, therefore, gives an opportunity to walk around the inter-relationships Bangladesh, between plants and Laleng society residing at 15 villages of Sylhet district in Bangladesh. Email: [email protected] ~ 173 ~ Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2. Study area 4.5 Aloe vera L. (A. barbadensis Mill), Family: Liliaceae, Local The present investigation was carried out between December 2001 name: Ghirtokanchan, Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Fresh leaf juice is and May 2002 and from February 2005 to April 2006 into the used in improvement of health and illness. Laleng communities of 15 different hilly villages (Doloipara, Goaindair, Lawgool, Kahaigarh, Thakurermati, Chiknagool, 4.6 Amaranthus spinosus L. Family: Amaranthaceae, Local name: Fatepur, Rajarbagicha, Paschimsuti, Noirgool, Kushirgool, Isukjaroi, katakailpha. Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Young leaves is used Kalichori, Malgaon, Ahmednagar T.E. and Boronagar) of 5 Unions as vegetable. (Chiknagool, Jaintapur, Khadimpara, Khadimnagar and Fatepur) of 3 Upazillas ( Goainghat, Sylhet sadar and Jaintapur) of Sylhet 4.7 Amomum aromaticum Roxb. Family: Zinziberaceae, Local district. And lastly all ethnobotanical records are cross-checked by Name: Dhewtara, Uses: Loc. Kahaigarh: Fresh leaf paste is used in the in-depth community-led ethnobotanical exercises on January the local yeast-cake "Muli" (one kind of fermenting medium of 2011. their traditonal liquor "Khor"). 3. Methods and Materials 4.8 Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Bl. Family: Araceae, Local The ethnobotanical information was collected by ‘participant name: Loregochha. Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Used as vegetable. observations’, from focus group discussions, and interviewing local people and indigenous healers who prescribe their own herbal 4.9 Andrographis paniculata Nees Family: Acanthaceae, Local preparations. The healers of both woman and man were name: Chorotta. Uses: Loc. Thakurermati: Stems are cut into small interviewed individually in the forests and their homestead gardens pieces and soaked in water 12 hrs. The extract decanted and is used where they pointed out the herbs that they use to cure different for body pain. ailments. Information was also gathered from the aged people and from the small groups using two separate questionnaires. A large 4.10 Antidesma roxburghii Family: Euphorbiaceae, Local name: number of plant materials were collected during the present survey Khoipora, Uses: Loc. Chiknagool: Ripe fruits are edible. and were preserved as herbarium sheets. During plant collection and making herbarium specimens, unknown, little known and 4.11 Aphanamixis polystachya important plants were given more preference. Most of the (Wall.) R.N. Park. Family: Meliaceae, Local name: Bodraj, Uses: herbarium specimens are preserved in the Jahangirnagar University Loc. Thakurermati: Timber is used for making fine "Angra" Herbarium (JUH), Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar (charcoal). Making and selling charcoal is an ancient occupation of University, Savar, Dhaka-1342. The JUH allows anybody to use Laleng people. these specimens for academic and research purposes. 4.12 Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. (Syn. A. agallocha Vahl) 4. Ethnobotanical findings Family: Thymelaeaceae, Local name: Agor, Uses: Loc. Fatepur: The present investigation in 16 areas of Sylhet district on the This plant is sacred in the Lalong society. Laleng (Patra) communities, recorded the following 112 plant species are used in their daily life. Those species are enumerated 4.13 Areca triandra Roxb., Family : Palmae, Local name : /Ban- below along with their botanical names, plant families, localities gua, Uses : Loc. Rajarbagicha : Tree used for house making as a (Loc.), local names in Laleng dialect and various ethnobotanical strong pillar. Leaves are also used for roof thatching. Ripe seeds uses. The medicinal uses of plants listed here are indicative and not are used as a chewing material. accompanied by doses, therefore the readers are not encouraged to follow them without verification. 4.14 Artemisia nilagirica (Cl.) Paup. (Syn. A. vulgaris L. var. nilagirica Cl., A. vulgaris auct. non L.) Family: Asteraceae, Local 4.1 Abroma augusta L. Family: Sterculiaceae, Local name: name: Nagdani, Nagdain. Uses: Loc. Paschimsuti: The decoction of Ulatkambal, Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Decoction of leaf stem used in leaves are used in cough and cold. Loc. Ahmednagar T.E.: Fresh liver problem and digestion. Loc. Lawgool: Root paste used for leaf of "Nagdani" and the tuber of "Titcorola" (Momordica women in their menstrual complexities. charantia L., Cucurbitaceae) are grounded and made into paste. This paste is used as a "Voron" (poultice) to relieve from headache. 4.2 Acorus calamus L. Family: Araceae, Local name: Baipata, Uses: Loc. Goandair: Leaf juice is used to prevent liver pain. Loc. 4.15 Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb. Family: Moraceae, Local name: Noirgool: Fresh leaf paste is used in the local yeast-cake “Muli" Cham-kattol, Uses: Loc. Noirgool: Ripe fruits are edible. (one kind of fermenting medium of their traditonal liquor "Khor"). 4.16 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. {A. integra (Thunb) Merr}. 4.3 Adhatoda vasica Nees, Family: Acanthaceae, Local name: Family: Moraceae, Local name: Phong, Uses: Loc. Noirgool: Dhola-bashok, Uses: Loc. Lawgool: Fresh leaf juice is used for Green fruit used as vegetable and ripe fruit and seeds are edible. cough and cold. Leaves are delicious fodder for goats. Young leaf paste used for wounds. Stem bark, rock salt and fresh turmeric grounded and 4.4 Ageratum conyzoides L. Family: Compositae, Local name: mixed together and used for women in menstrual problem. Pechnagunii,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Homestead Plant Diversity in the South-Central Coastal Saline Region of Bangladesh: Utilization and Conservation
    IJETST- Vol.||03||Issue||05||Pages 4029-4041||May||ISSN 2348-9480 2016 International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology Impact Factor: 2.838 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijetst/v3i05.26 Homestead plant diversity in the south-central coastal saline region of Bangladesh: utilization and conservation Authors Atikullah, S. M1, Hossain, A.B.M. E2, Miah, G.U3, M. Oliur Rahman4 1Assistant Professor, Dept of Agribusiness, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Banani, Dhaka-1000 Email: [email protected], 01552418718 2Retd. Professor, Department of Botany, Jahangirnagr University, Savar, Dhaka-1342 3Professor, Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agriculture University, Salna, Gazipur-1706 4Professor, Dhaka University, Department of Botany, Dhaka-1205 Abstract The present study has found a total of 189 plant species belonging to 152 genera and 74 families growing in homesteads in the south-central coastal region of Bangladesh. Despite variation of species diversity was found in different saline zones the highest numbers of species were recorded in moderately saline zone. Distribution of existing plant species were recorded as 67.20% trees and 32.80% were woody, non-woody and climber types. The family Euphorbiaceae followed by Poaceae and Fabaceae represented highest number of species. On an average, 181 species existed per homestead. Distribution of species in different saline zones varied and it was highest in less saline zone (37.16%) followed by strongly saline (32.55%), and moderately saline (30.29%) zones. The most prevalent timber tree species are Albizia richardiana, Swietenia macrophylla and Samanea saman. Adaptation of different species in various saline zones widely varied due to different levels of salinity while Cocos nucifera as fruit species was almost equally dominant in all saline zones.
    [Show full text]
  • Botany Ethnobotany and Socio-Economic Importance Of
    Research Paper Volume : 4 | Issue : 7 | July 2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 Botany Ethnobotany and socio-economic KEYWORDS : Ethnobotany, socio-econom- importance of some Moraceous species in ic, Moraceae, Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh, India Department of Botany, Maryam Ajmal Women’s College of science & Technology, Rubul Buragohain Hojai-782435, Nagaon, Assam ABSTRACT The paper discusses the Ethnobotany and utilization pattern of some Moraceous species of Arunachal Pradesh, India. The present study revealed the strong socio-cultural relationships of community with the species of Moraceae and the species are commonly used by the tribal communities for different purposes. They use it mostly as food, timber, fuelwood, medicine, fodder etc. The species wise uses as per the present botanical study are summarized below with the local name of species, parts use and pat- tern of uses. Total 20 recorded species are known so far for their various uses like wild edible, fodder, wild vegetable, timber and medicine etc. INTRODUCTION RESULT AND DISCUSSION Arunachal Pradesh is the largest state of Northeastern region Total 20 recorded species are known so far for their various uses and comprises major part of the Eastern Himalaya with an area like wild edible, fodder, wild vegetable, timber and medicine etc. of 83,743 square km. It is situated between 260 30/ to 290 30/ In the state it has been found that a large number of species of North latitude and 91030/ E 970 30/ to E longitude and comprises the family are strongly associated with the socio-cultural aspects major parts of Eastern Himalaya. The total forest cover is about of the tribal communities besides the common economic uses.
    [Show full text]
  • Biogeography, Phylogeny and Divergence Date Estimates of Artocarpus (Moraceae)
    Annals of Botany 119: 611–627, 2017 doi:10.1093/aob/mcw249, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org Out of Borneo: biogeography, phylogeny and divergence date estimates of Artocarpus (Moraceae) Evelyn W. Williams1,*, Elliot M. Gardner1,2, Robert Harris III2,†, Arunrat Chaveerach3, Joan T. Pereira4 and Nyree J. C. Zerega1,2,* 1Chicago Botanic Garden, Plant Science and Conservation, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA, 2Northwestern University, Plant Biology and Conservation Program, 2205 Tech Dr., Evanston, IL 60208, USA, 3Faculty of Science, Genetics Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/aob/article/119/4/611/2884288 by guest on 03 January 2021 and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mittraphap Highway, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand and 4Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, PO Box 407, 90715 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia *For correspondence. E-mail [email protected], [email protected] †Present address: Carleton College, Biology Department, One North College St., Northfield, MN 55057, USA. Received: 25 March 2016 Returned for revision: 1 August 2016 Editorial decision: 3 November 2016 Published electronically: 10 January 2017 Background and Aims The breadfruit genus (Artocarpus, Moraceae) includes valuable underutilized fruit tree crops with a centre of diversity in Southeast Asia. It belongs to the monophyletic tribe Artocarpeae, whose only other members include two small neotropical genera. This study aimed to reconstruct the phylogeny, estimate diver- gence dates and infer ancestral ranges of Artocarpeae, especially Artocarpus, to better understand spatial and tem- poral evolutionary relationships and dispersal patterns in a geologically complex region. Methods To investigate the phylogeny and biogeography of Artocarpeae, this study used Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches to analyze DNA sequences from six plastid and two nuclear regions from 75% of Artocarpus species, both neotropical Artocarpeae genera, and members of all other Moraceae tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Diversity of Vascular Plants of Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha, India
    New York Science Journal, 2011;4(3) http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork Species Diversity Of Vascular Plants Of Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha, India B. Kandi1, S.C. Sahu2, N.K. Dhal2 and R.C. Mohanty1 1. Dept. of Botany, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar-751004 2. Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR), Bhubaneswar-751013 Corresponding author: Sudam Charan Sahu, CSIR-SRF, IMMT, CSIR, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India-751013; E.mail- [email protected]; 09437764563(M), 0674 2581636 Ext. No.-411 Abstract: Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary (20º 24′ to 20º 44′ latitude and 82º 20′ 0′′ to 82º 34′ 42′′ longitude), one of the 18 protected areas of Odisha is situated in the north-west corner of Nuapada district. An extensive study has been carried out from 2008 to 2010 to assess the floristic diversity of the sanctuary. A total of 188 angiospermic plants and 2 gymnosperms were recorded from the sanctuary belonging to157 genera and 59 families. Out of that 154 species belong to dicotyledons (128 genera and 52 families), 34 species belong to monocotyledons (27 genera & 5 families) and 2 species of gymnosperms (2 genera and 2 families). Habit wise grouping shows 90 (47.36%) are trees followed by 18 (9.47%) shrubs, 36 (18.94%) herbs, 27 (14.21%) climbers and 19 (10%) grasses. Among the families of angiosperms, Poaceae with 22 species is the dominant family followed by Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Combretaceae, Anacardiaceae, Mimosaceae, Apocynaceae and Caesalpiniaceae. Dioscorea is the dominant genus with 8 species followed by Terminalia, Ficus, Acacia, Ziziphus, Butea, Anogeisus and Bauhinia. Among the plants Tectona grandis, Shorea robusta, Acacia nilotica, Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia alata, Bauhinia vahlii and Ziziphus oenoplia are predominant.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6 ENUMERATION
    Chapter 6 ENUMERATION . ENUMERATION The spermatophytic plants with their accepted names as per The Plant List [http://www.theplantlist.org/ ], through proper taxonomic treatments of recorded species and infra-specific taxa, collected from Gorumara National Park has been arranged in compliance with the presently accepted APG-III (Chase & Reveal, 2009) system of classification. Further, for better convenience the presentation of each species in the enumeration the genera and species under the families are arranged in alphabetical order. In case of Gymnosperms, four families with their genera and species also arranged in alphabetical order. The following sequence of enumeration is taken into consideration while enumerating each identified plants. (a) Accepted name, (b) Basionym if any, (c) Synonyms if any, (d) Homonym if any, (e) Vernacular name if any, (f) Description, (g) Flowering and fruiting periods, (h) Specimen cited, (i) Local distribution, and (j) General distribution. Each individual taxon is being treated here with the protologue at first along with the author citation and then referring the available important references for overall and/or adjacent floras and taxonomic treatments. Mentioned below is the list of important books, selected scientific journals, papers, newsletters and periodicals those have been referred during the citation of references. Chronicles of literature of reference: Names of the important books referred: Beng. Pl. : Bengal Plants En. Fl .Pl. Nepal : An Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Fasc.Fl.India : Fascicles of Flora of India Fl.Brit.India : The Flora of British India Fl.Bhutan : Flora of Bhutan Fl.E.Him. : Flora of Eastern Himalaya Fl.India : Flora of India Fl Indi.
    [Show full text]
  • Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India
    A book in the series Radical Perspectives a radical history review book series Series editors: Daniel J. Walkowitz, New York University Barbara Weinstein, New York University History, as radical historians have long observed, cannot be severed from authorial subjectivity, indeed from politics. Political concerns animate the questions we ask, the subjects on which we write. For over thirty years the Radical History Review has led in nurturing and advancing politically engaged historical research. Radical Perspec- tives seeks to further the journal’s mission: any author wishing to be in the series makes a self-conscious decision to associate her or his work with a radical perspective. To be sure, many of us are currently struggling with the issue of what it means to be a radical historian in the early twenty-first century, and this series is intended to provide some signposts for what we would judge to be radical history. It will o√er innovative ways of telling stories from multiple perspectives; comparative, transnational, and global histories that transcend con- ventional boundaries of region and nation; works that elaborate on the implications of the postcolonial move to ‘‘provincialize Eu- rope’’; studies of the public in and of the past, including those that consider the commodification of the past; histories that explore the intersection of identities such as gender, race, class and sexuality with an eye to their political implications and complications. Above all, this book series seeks to create an important intellectual space and discursive community to explore the very issue of what con- stitutes radical history. Within this context, some of the books pub- lished in the series may privilege alternative and oppositional politi- cal cultures, but all will be concerned with the way power is con- stituted, contested, used, and abused.
    [Show full text]
  • Artocarpus Lacucha Buch-Ham (Moraceae) and Its Isolated Phenolic Compound, Catechin, in Mice Shanta Islam1, Md
    Islam et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2019) 19:214 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2565-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Antinociceptive activities of Artocarpus lacucha Buch-ham (Moraceae) and its isolated phenolic compound, catechin, in mice Shanta Islam1, Md. Shafiullah Shajib1, Ridwan Bin Rashid2, Mohammad Firoz Khan2 , Md. Abdullah Al-Mansur3, Bidyut Kanti Datta1 and Mohammad Abdur Rashid4* Abstract Background: The present study evaluated the antinociceptive effect of the bark of Artocarpus lacucha, which is used for the treatment of stomachache, headache and boils in the traditional system of medicine. Methods: The antinociceptive activity was investigated by the tail immersion, hot plate, acetic acid- & formalin- induced nociception and carrageenan-induced paw edema tests using a hydro-methanolic extract of A. lacucha bark. The plant extract was found to contain a substantial amount of phenolic compounds according to the total phenolic and flavonoid content assay. A phenolic metabolite, (+)-catechin, has been isolated using different chromatographic techniques. The compound was characterized with 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. (+)-catechin, isolated from A. lacucha was assessed for antinociceptive effects swiss albino mice. Furthermore, the possible involvement of opioid receptors and ATP-sensitive K+ channel for the effect of the plant extract and (+)-catechin has been justified using naloxone and glibenclamide, respectively. Results: Oral administration (p.o) of the plant extract (50–200 mg/Kg b.w.) resulted in significant thermal pain protection in the hot plate and tail immersion tests. The action of the plant extract was significantly antagonized by naloxone, a non-selective opioid antagonist, in the hot plate and tail immersion tests, which supports the involvement of opioid receptors.
    [Show full text]
  • Inlprovement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in Agro-Ecological Zones of South Asia
    Inlprovement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in Agro-ecological Zones of South Asia C. Devendra, D. Thomas, M.A. Jabbarand E. Zerbini International Livestock Research Institute Affiliation of authors C. Devendra International Livestock Research Institute P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi Kenya D. Thomas Natural Resources Insritute Chatham Maritime, Central Avenue Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom MA.Jabbar International Livestock Research Institute P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa Ethiopia E. Zerbini International Livestock Research Institute South Asia Project at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics P.O. Box 502324, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India ISBN 92-9146-066-4 Correct citation: Devendra C., Thomas D., Jabbar M.A and Zerbini E. 2000. Improvement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in Agro-ecological Zones of South Asia. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya 117 pp. Table of contents Foreword.•..•.••.••••..•.........••.••••••.••••••••••.••••••••.•••••••••••• vii Acknowledgements •••.•••.....••••...••.••••.•....••.•...•.•••.••.•••••••••• viii Executive summary· •••••••.••.••.•••••• .. •••• .. • .. .. •. .. .. ..•.••••• .. •• .. .. .. • 1 1 Background 5 Introduction 5 The setting 5 Agriculture in the region· 5 Level ofpoverty 7 Objectives ofthe assessment· ..•.•••..••...••..••.•..•••••.•••.••.•.••.••.•.. 7 General objective 7 Specific objectives 8 The study process 8 Study output· 8 2 Characterisation and importance of agro- ecological zones in South Asia 9 Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • National Exotic Fruit Fly Detection Trapping Guidelines Some Processes, Equipment, and Materials Described in This Manual May Be Patented
    National Exotic Fruit Fly Detection Trapping Guidelines Some processes, equipment, and materials described in this manual may be patented. Inclusion in this manual does not constitute permission for use from the patent owner. The use of any patented invention in the performance of the processes described in this manual is solely the responsibility of the user. APHIS does not indemnify the user against liability for patent infringement and will not be liable to the user or to any third party for patent infringement. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of any individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. When using pesticides, read and follow all label instructions. First Edition Issued 2015 Contents Exotic Fruit
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh Railway Time Schedule Dhaka to Sylhet
    Bangladesh Railway Time Schedule Dhaka To Sylhet proximoNathanil andremains besiegings out-of-door: her diplomas. she platinize Soulfully her Samothrace tentiest, Teddy denationalizing kyanised racemizations too jovially? andQuent tumblings is herbiest: darafs. she summing Then click on. With amtrak trains for seven days through child pornography charges related information about all times to convince tello was this train journey! Central part time. Surma express weekly off day of a short trip! Jayantika express trains, just because of tourist spots where you. And industrial label printer, o gauge railways minister nurul islam rent apartment price. Several times for maximum people in chicago was killed by time schedule from southern part in dhaka city, followed by vinsaell. Bangladesh are providing you time table and air conditioned class chair car types of tongi junction railway sends you have. Where transshipment for an ancient kingdom which offer for bangladesh? Cd pipeline and time schedules posted anonymously by time, railways minister nurul islam sujan confirmed this. Are used by running again, new house shifting in dhaka route. Our website by time schedule bangladesh railway to sylhet dhaka and daring but also has grown, llc corporate office in the king fahd causeway will then avoid being made. All so if you want to. There from diffrent rail transportation routes six color, dhaka city are: bit higher consumer goods for accommodation at sylhet train. Read about a teenage girl bangladeshi fashion website where you can present load its images, hazrat shahjalal international travel. Removing any time of five bogies of purchase tickets from bangladesh is given origin and on emergency number on this.
    [Show full text]
  • Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers State of forest genetic resources conservation and management in Bangladesh by Sk. Sirajul Islam Bangladesh Forest Research Institute 2003 Forest Resources Development Service Working Paper FGR/68E Forest Resources Division FAO, Rome, Italy Disclaimer The Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers report on issues and activities in related to the conservation, sustainable use and management of forest genetic resources. The purpose of these papers is to provide early information on on-going activities and programmes and to stimulate discussion. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Quantitative information regarding the status of forest resources has been compiled according to sources, methodologies and protocols identified and selected by the author, for assessing the diversity and status of genetic resources. For standardized methodologies and assessments on forest resources, please refer to FAO, 2003. State of the World’s Forests 2003; and to FAO, 2001. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 (FRA 2000). FAO Forestry Paper No 140. Official information can also be found at the FAO Internet site (http://www.fao.org/forestry/Forestry.asp). This paper is based on a country report prepared for the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, held at Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 15-18 July 200.
    [Show full text]
  • MORACEAE Genera Other Than FICUS (C.C
    Flora Malesiana, Series I, Volume 17 / Part 1 (2006) 1–152 MORACEAE GENera OTHer THAN FICUS (C.C. Berg, E.J.H. Corner† & F.M. Jarrett)1 FOREWORD The following treatments of Artocarpus, Hullettia, Parartocarpus, and Prainea are based on the monograph by Jarrett (1959–1960) and on the treatments she made for this Flora in cooperation with Dr. M. Jacobs in the 1970s. These included some new Artocarpus species described in 1975 and the re-instatement of A. peltata. Artocarpus lanceifolius subsp. clementis was reduced to the species, in A. nitidus the subspe- cies borneensis and griffithii were reduced to varieties and the subspecies humilis and lingnanensis included in var. nitidus. The varieties of A. vrieseanus were no longer recognised. More new Malesian species of Parartocarpus were described by Corner (1976), Go (1998), and in Artocarpus by Kochummen (1998). A manuscript with the treatment of the other genera was submitted by Corner in 1972. Numerous changes to the taxonomy, descriptions, and keys have been made to the original manuscripts, for which the present first author is fully responsible. References: Corner, E.J.H., A new species of Parartocarpus Baillon (Moraceae). Gard. Bull. Singa- pore 28 (1976) 183–190. — Go, R., A new species of Parartocarpus (Moraceae) from Sabah. Sandaka- nia 12 (1998) 1–5. — Jarrett, F.M., Studies in Artocarpus and allied genera I–V. J. Arnold Arbor. 50 (1959) 1–37, 113–155, 298–368; 51 (1960) 73–140, 320–340. — Jarrett, F.M., Four new Artocarpus species from Indo-Malesia (Moraceae). Blumea 22 (1975) 409–410. — Kochummen, K.M., New species and varieties of Moraceae from Malaysia.
    [Show full text]