Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2014; 2 (6): 173-184

ISSN 2278-4136 ISS N 2349-8234 Ethnobotany of the Laleng (Patra) Community in JPP 2014; 2 (6): 173-184 Received: 17-01-2014 Accepted: 28-02-2014

Pavel Partha Pavel Partha Researcher of Ethnobiology and Ethnoecology, Barcik, HN- 50, RN-16 ABSTRACT (New), Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209, The Laleng (Patra) is a historical indigenous community in Bangladesh. They called themselves as Bangladesh, Laleng but the name Patra/Pator has been given to them by others. 3,500 Lalengs are residing now Email: [email protected] only the hilly areas of region in Bangladesh and a very few population are found in the and Meghalayan parts of . Laleng is renowned for the descendants of King Gaur-Govinda and later for charcoal maker. They are using surrounding wealth for their daily life and livelihood with conservational heritage. The present ethnobotanical investigation has been carried out the first time in the Laleng community among of the 15 different areas of 3 Upazillas of Greater . 112 species belonging to 57 plant families. 58 Plants are used in 42 human diseases and health problems, 52 as food, 11 rituals and sacred, 4 charcoal making, 13 traditional drink, 7 household materials, fish poison, needle and other purposes. Day by day Lalengs are lost their indigenous plant heritage and displaced from their origin. This paper is focusing the importance to save the local flora and to ensure the ethnobotanical wisdom of Laleng. Keywords: Ethnobotany, Laleng (Patra) community, Sylhet, Bangladesh

1. Introduction Plants and people are living together in a critical ecological womb. Ethnobotanical perspectives try to realize the relationship between people and their surrounding flora. Ethnobotany can be defined as the total natural and traditional relationship and the interactions between man and his surrounding plant wealth [1]. In the present world, traditional knowledge and ethnobotanical research are playing an important role in biological investigation, ecological analysis and livelihood security. Preliminary works of Hassan and Khan [2] in ethnobotanical research is regarded as pioneer endeavor in Bangladesh. Since then Mia and Huq [3], Alam and Alam et al. [4, 5], Uddin et al. [6], Khan et al. [7], Partha [8], Partha and Hossain [9, 10], Partha and Hossain [11], Rana et al. [12] have also made significant role the ethnobotanical studies in Bangladesh. Most of these studies, however, focused on indigenous peoples (but they mentioned the term `tribal’) in the Chittagong Hill Tracts with some surveys 1communities in the Sylhet and Dhaka region. But there is no ethnobotanical information of Laleng (Patra) community in Bangladesh. From the above ethnobotanical records it can be said that the present ethnobotanical investigation has been performed for the first time among Laleng indigenous community in Bangladesh. The Lalneg (patra) consider themselves as the descendants of Raja Gaur Govinda (an ancient king of Gaur kingdom, now it is of Bangladesh). These people are also known as Laleng in their language [13]. In the Laleng dialect, `Laleng’ means stone. They are a mongoloid group [14]. Once upon a time they were animist in religion but now they are practicing . Now they are live on agriculture, day labor, charcoal making and gardening. They are going to extinction, but still now practicing Poinunu, Madhai-thakur, Akung-laram, Tilsongkranti, Correspondence: Pavel Partha Thibum, TaishiTakki festivals and rituals in their own traditional way. They are also fighting to Researcher of Ethnobiology and uphold their ethnobotanical wisdom in their daily life for survival. Ethnoecology, Barcik, HN- 50, RN- Present understanding of the enthnobotany of Laleng community of Bangladesh is very limited. 16 (New), Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209, The present investigation, therefore, gives an opportunity to walk around the inter-relationships Bangladesh, between plants and Laleng society residing at 15 villages of Sylhet district in Bangladesh. Email: [email protected]

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2. Study area 4.5 Aloe vera L. (A. barbadensis Mill), Family: Liliaceae, Local The present investigation was carried out between December 2001 name: Ghirtokanchan, Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Fresh leaf juice is and May 2002 and from February 2005 to April 2006 into the used in improvement of health and illness. Laleng communities of 15 different hilly villages (Doloipara, Goaindair, Lawgool, Kahaigarh, Thakurermati, Chiknagool, 4.6 Amaranthus spinosus L. Family: Amaranthaceae, Local name: Fatepur, Rajarbagicha, Paschimsuti, Noirgool, Kushirgool, Isukjaroi, katakailpha. Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Young leaves is used Kalichori, Malgaon, Ahmednagar T.E. and Boronagar) of 5 Unions as vegetable. (Chiknagool, Jaintapur, Khadimpara, Khadimnagar and Fatepur) of 3 Upazillas ( Goainghat, Sylhet sadar and Jaintapur) of Sylhet 4.7 Amomum aromaticum Roxb. Family: Zinziberaceae, Local district. And lastly all ethnobotanical records are cross-checked by Name: Dhewtara, Uses: Loc. Kahaigarh: Fresh leaf paste is used in the in-depth community-led ethnobotanical exercises on January the local yeast-cake "Muli" (one kind of fermenting medium of 2011. their traditonal liquor "Khor").

3. Methods and Materials 4.8 Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Bl. Family: Araceae, Local The ethnobotanical information was collected by ‘participant name: Loregochha. Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Used as vegetable. observations’, from focus group discussions, and interviewing local people and indigenous healers who prescribe their own herbal 4.9 Andrographis paniculata Nees Family: Acanthaceae, Local preparations. The healers of both woman and man were name: Chorotta. Uses: Loc. Thakurermati: Stems are cut into small interviewed individually in the forests and their homestead gardens pieces and soaked in water 12 hrs. The extract decanted and is used where they pointed out the herbs that they use to cure different for body pain. ailments. Information was also gathered from the aged people and from the small groups using two separate questionnaires. A large 4.10 Antidesma roxburghii Family: Euphorbiaceae, Local name: number of plant materials were collected during the present survey Khoipora, Uses: Loc. Chiknagool: Ripe fruits are edible. and were preserved as herbarium sheets. During plant collection and making herbarium specimens, unknown, little known and 4.11 Aphanamixis polystachya important plants were given more preference. Most of the (Wall.) R.N. Park. Family: Meliaceae, Local name: Bodraj, Uses: herbarium specimens are preserved in the Jahangirnagar University Loc. Thakurermati: Timber is used for making fine "Angra" Herbarium (JUH), Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar (charcoal). Making and selling charcoal is an ancient occupation of University, Savar, Dhaka-1342. The JUH allows anybody to use Laleng people. these specimens for academic and research purposes. 4.12 Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. (Syn. A. agallocha Vahl) 4. Ethnobotanical findings Family: Thymelaeaceae, Local name: Agor, Uses: Loc. Fatepur: The present investigation in 16 areas of Sylhet district on the This plant is sacred in the Lalong society. Laleng (Patra) communities, recorded the following 112 plant species are used in their daily life. Those species are enumerated 4.13 Areca triandra Roxb., Family : Palmae, Local name : /Ban- below along with their botanical names, plant families, localities gua, Uses : Loc. Rajarbagicha : Tree used for house making as a (Loc.), local names in Laleng dialect and various ethnobotanical strong pillar. Leaves are also used for roof thatching. Ripe seeds uses. The medicinal uses of plants listed here are indicative and not are used as a chewing material. accompanied by doses, therefore the readers are not encouraged to follow them without verification. 4.14 Artemisia nilagirica (Cl.) Paup. (Syn. A. vulgaris L. var. nilagirica Cl., A. vulgaris auct. non L.) Family: Asteraceae, Local 4.1 Abroma augusta L. Family: Sterculiaceae, Local name: name: Nagdani, Nagdain. Uses: Loc. Paschimsuti: The decoction of Ulatkambal, Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Decoction of leaf stem used in leaves are used in cough and cold. Loc. Ahmednagar T.E.: Fresh liver problem and digestion. Loc. Lawgool: Root paste used for leaf of "Nagdani" and the tuber of "Titcorola" (Momordica women in their menstrual complexities. charantia L., Cucurbitaceae) are grounded and made into paste. This paste is used as a "Voron" (poultice) to relieve from headache. 4.2 Acorus calamus L. Family: Araceae, Local name: Baipata, Uses: Loc. Goandair: Leaf juice is used to prevent liver pain. Loc. 4.15 chaplasha Roxb. Family: , Local name: Noirgool: Fresh leaf paste is used in the local yeast-cake “Muli" Cham-kattol, Uses: Loc. Noirgool: Ripe fruits are edible. (one kind of fermenting medium of their traditonal liquor "Khor"). 4.16 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. {A. integra (Thunb) Merr}. 4.3 Adhatoda vasica Nees, Family: Acanthaceae, Local name: Family: Moraceae, Local name: Phong, Uses: Loc. Noirgool: Dhola-bashok, Uses: Loc. Lawgool: Fresh leaf juice is used for Green fruit used as vegetable and ripe fruit and seeds are edible. cough and cold. Leaves are delicious fodder for goats. Young leaf paste used for wounds. Stem bark, rock salt and fresh turmeric grounded and 4.4 Ageratum conyzoides L. Family: Compositae, Local name: mixed together and used for women in menstrual problem. Pechnagunii, Uses: Loc.Lawgool: Whole plant paste mixed with the root paste of `Khangla’ [Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Kuntze 4.17 Artocarpus lacucha Buch.:Ham. (Syn. Artocarpus lakoocha (Syn. C. indicum (L.) Kuntze.) Family: Verbenaceae] and the fresh Roxb.) Family: Moraceae, Local name: Demphal, Uses: Loc. zinger paste used for pneumonia of children. Paste is not usually Noirgool: Ripe fruits are edible. taken in mouth, it is used as "Voron" (poultice) to relieve pneumonia. 4.18 Aristolochia indica L. Family: Aristolochiaceae, Local name: Ishharmul, Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Roots are used for increasing

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4.19 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Melia azadirachta L.), Family: 4.31 Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Rbinson, Family: Meliaceae, Local name: Neem, Uses: Loc. Kushirgool: Leaves are Compositae, Local name: Assam-pata, Uses: Loc.: Doloipara : Leaf used as vegetable. Leaf paste used in skin disease, chicken pox and paste used externally in cough and cold. prickles. Stems used as toothbrush. Sun dried leaf paste used against worms. 4.32 Citrus grandis (L.) Osb. Family: Rutaceae, Local name: Mattu, Uses: Loc. Kushirgool: Fruits are edible. 4.20 Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. (Syn. B. sapida (Roxb.) Muell.- Arg. Family: Euphorbiaceae, Local name: Bhubi, Uses: Loc. 4.33 Citrus Jambhiri, Family: Rutaceae, Local name: Jara-Jamir, Kahaigarh: Ripe fruits edible. Uses: Loc. Kushirgool: Fruits are edible.

4.21 Bacopa monniera (L.) Pennel (Harpestis monniera H. B. & 4.34 Citrus limon (Linn.) Burm. F. Family: Rutaceae, Local name: K.), Family: Scrophulariaceae, Local name: Dhupri, Uses: Loc. Jara, Uses: Loc. Kushirgool: Sun dried 3/5 pieces of roots are tied Doloipara: Garland made by this plant and wearing in the head of together along with black thread and copper coin and put it on the black goat, which is devoted for the goddess in the Poinunu naval of women during delivery. It is locally believed that this festival. process makes delivery easier.

4.22 Bambusa longispiculata gamble ex brandis, Family: 4.35 Citrus macroptera Montrouz, Family: Rutaceae, Local name: Gramineae, Local name: Mrittinga-lakla, Uses: Loc. Lawgool: The Jamir, Uses: Loc. Kushirgool: Fruits are edible. thinnest bamboo in the Laleng areas. Bamboo sticks are used for fencing in the homestead gardens. 4.36 Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Kuntze (Syn. C. indicum (L.) Kuntze.) Family: Verbenaceae, Local name: Khangla, Uses: Loc. 4.23 Bambusa polymorpha Munro. Family: Gramineae, Local Fatepur: Root paste is used in the local yeast-cake “Muli". Loc. name: Bethua-lakla, Uses: Loc. Lawgool: Used as a devoted coin Paschimsuti: Leaf paste is used in fever. box for the Madai thakur. Laleng people are saving coins in the bamboo hole for the cost of their Madai thakur and Aukung-laram 4.37 Coccinea cordifolia (L.) Cogn. {Syn. C. indica (Naud.) Wt. festival. Akung-laram is an extinct ritualistic festival in the Laleng and Arn.} Family : Cucurbitaceae, Local name : Kaowaluli, Uses : community. Loc. Thakurermati: Fresh leaf juice is used in diabetes.

4.24 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex Wendl. Family: Gramineae, 4.38 Cocos nucifera L. Family: Palmae, Local name: Nairool, Local name: Jaai-lakla, Uses: Loc. Lawgool: The strongest bamboo Uses: Loc.: Lawgool : Root juice used for women in menstrual in the Laleng areas. Used in house making and daily bamboo based problem. Ripe fruit has a sacred value in the Laleng society and works. they are devoting this fruit in their rituals. Ripe fruit kernel edible and water of green fruit used as a popular drink and for recovery 4.25 Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth. (Syn. c. indicus spreng.) Family: diarrhea. Leguminosae, Local name: Sorol, Uses: Loc. Fatepur: Fresh leaf juice ismixed with 'Gur' (sweet molasses) and is used in jaundice. 4.39 Colocasia affinis Schott. Family: Araceae, Local name: Maan-Kheru, Uses: Loc. Thakurermati: Tuber paste used in 4.26 Calamus erectus Roxb. Family: Arecaceae, local name: rheumatism. Songatta/Kadambet. Uses: Ripe fruits are edible. 4.40 Colocasia esculenta L. Family: Araceae, Local name: Kheru, 4.27 Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Family: Asclepiadaceae, Uses: Loc. Thakurermati: Leaf, tuber used as vegetable. Fresh juice Local name: Akon, Uses: Loc. Kalichori: The leaves are fried in of petiole used for cuts and wounds. Leaves are used as a local mustard oil and this used as ointment to relieve muscle pain. packet for carrying fish or molasses from the market to house. Sun 4.28 Caryota urens L.Kirt. Family: Arecaceae, Local name: dried fleshy tuber preserved as food for the rainy season. Ramgua. Uses: Loc. Malgaon: Dried seeds is used as chewing material. 4.41 Combretum pilosum Roxb. Family: Combretaceae, Local name Zonia/Junia-lot, Uses: Loc. Doloipara: The young twig and 4.29 Cassia fistula L. Family: Leguminosae, Local name: dried rice powder grounded together, and made in to paste. This Bandorlatti, Uses: Loc. Ahmednagar, T.E.: Ripe fruit pulp, leaf of paste is used for children against ascaris. Loc. Lawgool: Young "Bai pata" (Acorus calamus L., Family: Araceae), "Nimpata" twig juice is anti-helminthic. (Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Meliaceae), and dried fruit of "Hartoki" (Terminalia chebula Retz., Combretaceae) are grounded 4.42 Cordia dichotoma Forest. f. (Syn. C. obliqua Willd., C. myxa together and made into paste. The decoction of this paste is used to Roxb.) Family: Ehretiaceae, Local name: Kalahuza, Uses: Loc. prevent body pain and fever. Kalichori: Ripe fruits are edible.

4.30 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. (Sny. Hydrocotyle asiatica L.) 4.43 Costus speciosus (Koening.) Smith. Family: Costaceae, Local Family: Umbelliferae, Local name: Khudmaniga, Uses: Loc. name: Golabera, Uses: Loc. Ahmednagar T.E.: Seed powder Fatepur: Fresh leaf juice is used in inflammation of throat and soaked in water and is used in diarrhoea. gastric pain. Loc. Lawgool: Fresh leaf juice mixed with forest honey and taking for flatulence and liver pain. Root is used to make 4.44 Curcuma sp. Family: Zingiberaceae, Local name: Adaruk, the local yeast-cake "Muli"(one kind of fermenting medium of their Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Tuberous root stock is used as vegetable.

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4.45 Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. Family: Gramineae, Local name: 4.59 Garcinia cowa Roxb., Family : Clusiaceae (Guttiferae), Local Dhuphi, Uses: Loc. Doloipara: This grass consider as a sacred plant name : Kaw, Uses : Loc. Lawgool : Fruits are edible. Not available and used this most of the ritual in Laleng community. Whole plant in the local forest areas. juice used in wounds and cuts and also used for toothache. 4.60 Garcinia mangostana L., Family: Clusiaceae (Guttiferae), 4.46 Cyperus rotundus (L.) Family: Cyperaceae, Local name: Local name: Lashai, Uses: Loc. Lawgool: Fruits are edible. Extinct Harikata, Uses: Loc. Thakurermati: Root stock paste is mixed with and rarely found in the local forest areas. honey and is used in cough and cold. 4.61 Homalomena aromatica (Roxb. ex. Sims.) Schott. Family: 4.47 Datura innoxia Mill (Syn. D. metel Sensu C. B. Cl.) Family Araceae, Local name: Chapla/Gundrui. Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Leaf, Solanaceae, Local name: Dhuthra, Uses: Loc. Kalichori: 2/3 Seeds stem and tuber are used as vegetable. are used in the local yeast-cake "Muli"(one kind of fermenting medium of their traditional liquor "Khor"). 4.62 Ipomea digitata L., Family: Convolvulaceae, Local name: Bhui-kumra, Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Roots used as aphrodisiac. 4.48 Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. Family: Leguminosae, Local name: Krishnachura, Uses: Loc. Paschimsuti: Green fruits are edible after 4.63 Jasminum sambac Ait. Family: Oleaceae, Local name: roasting. Mollokhoi, Uses: Loc. Chiknagool: Young leaf and root paste is used in the local yeast-cake "Muli"(one kind of fermenting medium 4.49 Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees et Arn. ex Munro, Family : of their traditonal liquor "Khor"). Gramineae, Local name : Pecha-lakla, Uses : Loc. Lawgool : This bamboo is naturally grown in the hilly forest in the Laleng areas. 4.64 Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Bryophyllum calycium This bamboo is long life lasting and more anti-termite. Salisb.), Family: Crassulaceae, Local name: Pathhorchuna/Pathhorshila, Uses: Loc. Lawgool: Leaf juice used in 4.50 Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro, Family: Gramineae, Local flatulence. name: Barak-lakla, Uses: Loc. Lawgool: Used for house making materials, fencing and thatching. 4.65 Lasia spinosa (L.) Thw. (Syn. L. heterophylla Schoott, L. aculeata Lour.) Family: Araceae, Local name: Golonta, 4.51 Dillena indica L. Family: Dilleniaceae, Local name: Godudongi, Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Used as vegetable. Chalom/Salam, Uses: Loc. Lawgool: Fruits are hanging in the front of the door for against the evil spirits. It is locally believed that if 4.66 Leonurus sibiricus L. Family: Lamiaceae, Local name: anybody hang the Choilta fruit in the front of the door in the full Chota, Uses: Loc. Fatepur: whole plant paste is used in edema moon period, it will guard the house from evil power. Green and during and after pregnancy for women. ripe fruits are edible. 4.67 Leucas aspera Spreng. Family: Lamiaceae, Local name: 4.52 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. (Syn. D. scabrella Roxb.) Family: Dankolosh, Uses: Loc. Paschimsuti: Young twig used as a Dilleniaceae, Local name: Ekush, Hargoja. Uses: Loc. vegetable. Fresh leaf juice used for anti-helminthes. Paschimsuti: Ripe fruits are edible. 4.68 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) (Syn. Sabifera glutinosa Lour.) 4.53 Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Family: Dioscoreaceae, Local Family: Lauraceae, Local name: Chengpichol, Uses Loc. name: Goonga, Uses: Loc. Ahmedbagar T.E.: Fresh leaf paste is Paschimsuti: Stem bark soaked in water for 12 hrs. The used in dysentery of poultry bird. mucilaginous extract is decanted and taken with sugar for few days in blood dysentery. 4.54 Diospyros peregrina (Gaertn.) Gurke. (D. embryopteris Pers.) 4.69 Macaranga indica Wight. Family: Euphorbiaceae, Local Family: Ebenaceae, Local name: Mekur kendi, Gub. Uses: Ripe name: Patgulali, Chetgulali, Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Sun dried whole fruits edible. plant is the main source of fuel for the poor in the Laleng areas.

4.55 Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Swartz. Family: Athyriaceae, 4.70 Mangifera indica L. Family: Anacardiaceae, Local name: Local name: Paloi, Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Young leaves are used as Kharai, Uses: Green and ripe fruits are edible and ripe seed kernel vegetable. is also edible after roasting. Ripe mango seed is also used as a children local play item. Sun dried seeds are burnt and ash used for 4.56 Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume. {E. robusta Roxb., E. tooth powder. Mango leaves are used in rituals. Stems are used as tectorius (Lour.) Poir.}, Family: Elaeocarpaceae, Local name: tooth brush. Fruits are used for making different kinds of pickles. Belphoi, Uses: Fruits are edible. Loc. Thakurermati: Sundried seed powder mixed with water and is used in dysentery. Loc. Paschimsuti: Leaf ash mixed with table salt 4.57 Eurayle ferox Salisb. Family: Nymphaeaceae, Local name: and coconut oil to use locally for eczema. Stem bark squeezed and Phukhol, Uses: Fresh fruits are edible. mixed with latex and used for piles.

4.58 Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusc 4.71 Michelia champa L. Family: Magnoliaceae, Local name: h. (F. cataphracta Roxb. ex Willd.), Family: Flacourtiaceae, Local Champa ful, Uses: Lawgool: Stem bark and root paste used in fever name: Lookloki, Uses: Fruits are edible. Loc. Malgaon: The and body pain. prickles of the shrub are used as needles to burst boils, perforating ear nose and cake designing. 4.72 Microcos paniculata L. ex W. & A. (Grewia microcos Wall. ex Mast.) Family: Tiliaceae, Local name: Pesondi, Uses: Loc.

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Doloipara: Ripe fruits edible. believed that, fastening a piece of root about 2-3 cm. long with `taga’ (black thread) on arm to prevent chronic fever. 4.73 Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) Rob. (M. scandens Cl.), Family: Compositae, Local name: Assamilot, Uses: Loc.: Doloipara : Fresh 4.87 Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees, Family: Acanthaceae, leaf juice used for wounds and cuts. Local name: Kala-bashok, Uses: Loc. Lawgool: Young twigs used in the local yeast-cake "Muli" (one kind of fermenting medium of 4.74 Mimosa pudica L. Family: Leguminesae, Local name: their traditonal liquor "Khor"). Fresh leaf juice is used for cough Choitemora, Uses: Loc. Fatepur: Fresh leaf paste is used locally to and cold. relieve the inflammation of the body. Loc. Lawgool: Root is used to make the local yeast-cake "Muli"(one kind of fermenting 4.88 Phyllanthus emblica L. (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), Family: medium of their traditonal liquor "Khor"). Phyllanthaceae, Local name: Aoola, Uses: Loc. Lawgool: Fruits used for digestion and improvement of health. Crushed the sun 4.75 Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. Family: Cucurbitaceae, dried fruit and fruit powder mixed with coconut oil for hair fall and Local name: Kankura, Uses: Loc. Paschimsuti: Fruits is used as used as anti-dandruff. vegetable. Tuber paste is used for abortion about 3-4 months of pregnancies. 4.89 Randia dumetorum Lam. Family: Rubiaceae, Local name: Mon-kata, Uses: Loc. Goandair: Ripe fruits are edible. Spines are 4.76 Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex. Wight.) used as needle for local treatment and household works, like to Balcer. Family: Leguminoseae. Local name: Kolauri, Uses: Loc. burst the prickles. Doloipara: Young pod is used as vegetable. 4.90 Saccharum spontaneum L. Family: Gramineae, Local name: 4.77 Musa ornata Roxb. Family: Musaceae, Local name: Ram- Khag, Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Grasses are used in rituals as a sacred Phang-U, Uses: Loc. Malgaon: Fruits are edible. item.

4.78 Musa sapientum L. Family: Musaceae, Local name: Phang-U, 4.91 Scoparia dulcis L. Family: Scrophulariaceae, Local name: La- Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Fruits are edible. Fruits are used in the dokhoi. Uses: Loc. Malgaon: Whole plant paste is used in the local religious festival Poinunu. yeast-cake "Muli' (one kind of fermenting medium of their traditonal liquor "Khor"). 4.79 Musa sapientum L. var. sylvestris, Family: Musaceae, Local name: Aitta-Phang-U, Uses: Loc. Kushirgool: Fruits are edible and 4.92 Spondias pinnata Kurz. Family: Anacardiaceae, Local name: also taken to stop diarrhea. Ambra. Uses: Loc. Malgaon: Fruits are edible. Fruits are cooked with red Amaranthus sp. and served it with local small fried fish 4.80 Ocimum sanctum L. Family: Lamiaceae, Local name: Kala- and it is a delicious Laleng dish. Leaves juice are used for joint tulshi, Uses: Loc. Kushirgool: Leaves juice is used for cough and pain and dysentery. cold. This plant has a sacred value in the Laleng society. Fresh leaf juice used in stomach problem. 4.93 Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers. Family: Menispermaceae, Local name: Pimpurush, Uses Loc. Doloipara: The tuber paste is 4.81 Oxalis corniculata L. Family: Oxalidaceae, Local name: used in "Muli". Loc. Ahmednagar T.E. The leaf of "Pim-Purush", Amboilot, Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Leaves are used as vegetable. "Dutra" leaf (Datura innoxia Mill. Family: Solanaceae) and ginger tuber are grounded and made into paste. This paste is locally is 4.82 Paederia foetida L. Family: Rubiaceae, Local name: used for fractured bones. Paudrapata, Uses: Loc. Ahmednagar T.E.: Fresh leaf, Rasun (Allium sativum L. Family: Liliaceae) and ginger (Zingiber 4.94 Stellaria media L., Family: Caryophyllaceae, Local name: officinale Rose., Zingiberaceae) grounded together and made into Murmoori, Uses: Loc. Boronagar: Young twig used as a vegetable paste. This paste is used internally for liver pain. and gives more energy for the aged people.

4.83 Passiflora quadrangularis L. Family: Passifloraceae, Local 4.95 Sterculia villosa Roxb. (Syn. S. Colorata Roxb.), Family: name: Thaloi, Uses: Loc. Kahaigarh: Ripe fruits are edible. Sterculiaceae, Local name: Udalchami, Uses: Loc. Kushirgool: The timber is used for "Angra" (Charcoal). 4.84 Piper betel L. Family: Piperaceae, Local name: Paan, Uses: Used as a common chewing item in the Laleng community. They 4.96 Stixis suaveolens (Roxb.) Pierre. (Syn. Roydsia suaveolens are offering someone and their guest with betel leaf, betel nut and Roxb.) Family: Cappridaceae, Local name: Modhumala, Uses: Loc. edible lime. Loc. Goandair: Betel leaf is also used in the socio- Thakurermati: Ripe fruits are edible. cultural festival. Betel leaf oiling with mustard oil and put it on the naval to relieve liver pain. 4.97 Streblus asper Lour. Family: Urticaceae, Local name: Hewra, Uses: Loc. Kushirgool: Laleng people are not use this plant to 4.85 Plumbago indica L. (Syn. P. rosea L.) Family: make charcoal. It is sacred in the Laleng society. Rupashi barta Plumbaginaceae, Local name: Agnichita, Uses: Loc. Ahmednagar (ritual related to birth and marriage) is held under the Hewra tree. T.E.: It is locally believed that, fastening a piece of root with black thread on arm cure jaundice. 4.98 Strychnos nux-vomica L. Family: Loganiaceae, Local name: Kuchilla, Uses: Loc. Kahaigarh: The paste of stem bark is used in 4.86 Plumbago zeylanica L. Family: Plumbaginaceae, Local name: "Muli". Loc. Doloipara: The sun dried leaf and stembark are Jorer-Jorigach, Saingori. Uses: Loc. Doloipara: It is locally soaked in water for 12 hrs. The extract is decanted and taken with

~ 177 ~ Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry sugar in the morning to prevent rheumatic pain. name: Bombori, Uses: Loc. Thakurermati: Fruits are edible.

4.99 Tamarindus indica L. Family: Leguminoseae, Local name: 5. Discussions Tentoi, Uses: Loc. Ahmednagar T.E.: Fruits are edible and good Most of the Laleng people rely on surrounding plants wealth for appetite. Sun dried fruit shell burnt and ash used for toothpowder. their healthcare, food and other life accessories. Present ethnobotanical investigation generated much important information 4.100 Tectona grandis L. Family: Verbenaceae, Local name: that might be useful for country’s healthcare program, recognition Segun, Uses: Loc. Ahmednagar T.E.: Sun dried flower powder of local knowledge and indigenous wisdom, ecological initiatives, mixed with coconut oil in hair fall. Seed powder used for urinal community sustainability and biodiversity conservation. problem. It is found that, Laleng people are using 112 local plant species which are belonging to 57 plant families. The highest number of 4.101 Terminalia arjuna Bedd. Family: Combretaceae, Local plants (total 8 species) is belonging to Leguminosae plant family name: Arjun, Uses: Loc. Ahmednagar T.E.: Dried stem bark put in and second highest plants are belonging to family Gramineae (total to water and taking the water in the next morning for heart 7 species). Total 58 plant species used for 42 common human problem. Decoction of bark is also used in blood pressure and diseases and health treatments. One plant used for ethno-poultry improvement of health. practice and one plant used as fish poison. 12 plants used for liver problem, gastric pain, flatulence and digestion. 4 plants used for 4.102 Terminalia belerica Roxb. Family: Combretaceae, Local menstrual complexities and delivery problem of women. 6 Plants name: Boyra, Uses: Loc. Ahmednagar T.E.: Decoction of dried used in cold and cough, pneumonia and bronchial problems. 11 fruits are used in improvement of health and digestion. Plants used in fever, body pain, headache and body inflammation. 6 plants used as aphrodisiac, strengthens and improvement of health. 4.103 Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. (Syn. T. citrine Roxb. 4 plants used for wounds, cuts and fractured bones treatments. 3 ex. Flem.) Family: Combretaceae, Local name: Oortoki, Uses: Loc. plants used for eczema, pox, prickle, hair fall and skin diseases. 6 Ahmednagar T.E.: Dried fruits as is used in liver pain, fever. Sun plants used for diarrhea and dysentery. 3 plants used as anti- dried fruit powder used in toothache. helminthes. 2 plants used in jaundice treatment. 5 plants used for toothache, toothpowder and as toothbrush. 5 plants used for 4.104 Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O. Knt. (T. agrastis Roxb.), diabetes, rheumatism, heart problem and blood pressure. 12 plants Family: Gramineae, Local name: Phul-jharu, Uses: Loc. Dried are used to make traditional yeast cakes `Muli’ for their traditional flower sticks are used as broom. rice beer `Khor’. 4 plants used to make charcoal and as daily fuel for cooking. 11 plants used in socio-cultural festivals, local 4.105 Tinospora cordifolia Miers, Family: Menispermaceae, Local believes, rituals and considered as sacred by the community name: Aaam-buruch, Uses: Loc. Decoction of stems are used for tradition. 7 plants are used for thatching, fencing and making liver pain and digestion. different homestead materials. Spines from 2 plant species used as needle are also recorded. There are no ethnobotanical records from 4.106 Tinospora tomentosa Miers, Family: Menispermaceae, the Laleng communities in the world before, so, this paper is Local name: Aaam-buruch, Uses: Loc. Decoction of stems are used presented the ethnobotanical records here for the first time. for liver pain and digestion. Present ethnobotanical investigation revealed that, Laleng people are using most of the plants for fulfill of their minimum daily needs 4.107 Trapa bispinosa Roxb. (Syn. T. quadrispinosa Wall., T. as a non-commercial and ecological way. Uncultivated leafy natus L. var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makina.) Family: Trapaceae, Local vegetables and natural fruits are belonging total 57 plant species name : Hingrail, Uses : Loc. Ahmednagar, T.E. : Leaf of "Higrail", out of the total 112 plants are taken as food in their families. Most leaf of "Nagdoin" (Artemisia Sp., Asteraceae), leaf of "Baipata" of Laleng lands were acquired and grabbed by the extension of and tuber of "ginger' (Zingiber officinale Rose., Zingiberaceae) are cantonment, airport, expansion of tea-garden, national park grounded and made into paste. This paste is used in diarrhoea and development project, ceramic industry, resorts, local influential and dysentery. Loc. Doloipara: Leaf is used in the local yeast-cake infrastructure development activities. In the present devastating "Muli"(one kind of fermenting medium of their traditonal liquor situation Laleng people are not only losing their ethnobotanical "Khor"). rights, but the hill ecosystem and floral diversity also going to extinction. The land and ethnobotanical rights of the Laleng people 4.108 Typhonium trilobatum Schott. Family: Araceae, Local are to be ensured for biodiversity conservation and for the name: Khakron, Uses: Loc. Noirgool: Used as vegetable. community justice. The recent state law of Bangladesh ‘Khudra- Nrigosthi Sangskritik Pratisthan Ain 2010 (Cultural institute law of 4.109 Vitex negundo L., Family: Verbenaceae, Local name: minor-ethnic communities 2010)’ is listed the total 27 indigenous Nishinda, Loc. Lawgool: Leaves are used for fever. communities but Laleng (Patra) are excluded from the list. The ecological justice of Laleng with constitutional recognition to be 4.110 Wrightia coccinea Sims. Family: Apocynaceae, Local name: ensured. The ethnobotanical records of Laleng which are presented Palan, Uses: Loc. Doloipara: Timber is used in to make "Angra" in this paper are not to be used as commercial or be patented (charcoal). without the prior consent of the community. Intellectual property rights (IPR) and the access to natural resources of Laleng people 4.111 Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb.) Keay. (Syn. Randia dumetorum are to be ensured and be recognized under the CBD 1992 (UN Lam.) Family: Rubiaceae, Local name: Monkata, Uses: Loc. Convention on Biological Diversity). State authority should take Kalichori: Ripe fruits are edible. Spines is used as needle. Loc. step to recognize and protect their knowledge and resources Goan dair: Green fruit is a fish poison. through eco-friendly policies and laws with the active participation 4.112 Zizyphus oenoplea (L.) Mill. Family: Rhamnaceae, Local of Laleng.

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Table 1: Plants used in human liver problem, gastric pain, flatulence and digestion S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used LF, SM, 1. Abroma augusta L. Ulatkambal RT 2. Acorus calamus L. Baipata LF 3. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. (Sny. Hydrocotyle asiatica L.) Khudmaniga LF Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Bryophyllum calycium 4. Pathorchuna/Pathhorshila LF Salisb.) 5. Ocimum sanctum L. Kala-tulshi LF 6. Paederia foetida L. Padurapata LF 7. Piper betel L. Paan LF 8. Phyllanthus emblica L. (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) Aoola FT 9. Terminalia belerica Roxb. Boyra FT Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. (Syn. T. citrine Roxb. ex. 10. Oortoki FT Flem.) 11. Tinospora cordifolia Miers. Aam-buruch ST 12. Tinospora tomentosa Miers. Lata-buruch ST

Table 2: Plants used in human menstrual complexities and delivery problem S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used 1. Abroma augusta L. Baipata RT 2. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. {A. integra (Thunb) Merr} Phong SB 3. Citrus limon (Linn.) Burm. Jara RT 4. Cocos nucifera L Nairool RT

Table 3: Plants used in human cough and cold, pneumonia and bronchial problem S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used 1. Adhatoda vasica Nees Dhola-basak LF 2. Ageratum conyzoides L. Pechnagunii WP Artemisia niliagirica (Cl.) Paup. (Syn. A. vulgaris L. var. 3. Nagdai/Nagdain LF nilagirica Cl., A. vulgaris auct. non L.) 4. Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Rbinson Assam-pata LF 5. Cyperus rotundus (L.) Harikata RT 6. Ocimum sanctum L. Kala-tulshi LF

Table 4: Plants used in human fever, body pain, headache and body inflammation: S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used 1. Andrographis paniculata Nees Chorotta ST Artemisia niliagirica (Cl.) Paup. (Syn. A. vulgaris L. var. 2. Nagdani/Nagdain LF nilagirica Cl., A. vulgaris auct. non L.) 3. Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Akon LF 4. Cassia fistula L. Bandorlatti FT pulp Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Kuntze (Syn. C. indicum(L.) 5. Khangla LF Kuntze.) 6. Michelia champa L. Champa ful SB, RT 7. Mimosa pudica L. Choitemora LF Jorer-jorigach/ 8. Plumbago zeylanica L. RT Saingori 9. Spondias pinnata Kurz. Ambra LF Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. (Syn. T. citrine Roxb. ex. 10. Oortoki FT Flem.) 11. Vitex negundo L. Nishinda LF

Table 5: Plants used as aphrodisiac, strengthens and improvement of health S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used 1. Aloe vera L. Ghirtokanchan LF 2. Aristolochia indica L. Ishharmul RT 3. Ipomea digita L. Bhui-kumra RT 4. Stellaria media L. Murmoori TG 5. Terminalia arjuna Bedd. Arjun FT 6. Terminalia belerica Roxb. Boyra FT ~ 179 ~ Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Table 6: Plants used in wounds, cuts and fractured bones treatment S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used 1. Colocasia esculenta L. Kheru PE 2. Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. Dhuphi WP Mikania cordata (Burm. f.) Rob. (M. scandens 3. Assamilot LF Cl.) 4. Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers. Pimpurush LF

Table 7: Plants used in skin diseases, eczema, pox, prickle, hair fall and dandruff S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Melia azadirachta 1. Neem LF L.) 2. Mangifera indica L. Kharai LF Phyllanthus emblica L. (Emblica officinalis 3. Aoola FT Gaertn)

Table 8: Plants used in diarrhea and dysentery S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used Cocos nucifera L Nairool FT 1. Costus speciosus (Koening.) Smith. Golabera SD Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) (Syn. Sabifera 2. Chengpichol SB glutinosa Lour.) 3. Mangifera indica L. Kharai SD 4. Musa sapientum L. var. sylvestris Phang-U FT 5. Spondias pinnata Kurz. Ambra LF Trapa bispinosa Roxb. (Syn. T. quadrispinosa 6. Wall., T. natus L. var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Hingrail LF Makina.)

Table 9: Plants used as anti-helminthes and against worms S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Melia azadirachta 1. Neem LF L.) 2. Combretum pilosum Roxb. Zonia/Junia-lot TG 3. Leucas aspera Spreng. Dankolosh LF

Table 10: Plants used in Jaundice S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth. (Syn. c. indicus 1. Sorol LF spreng.) 2. Plumbago indica L. (Syn. P. rosea L.) Jorer-Jorigach/ Saingori RT

Table 11: Plants used in toothache and as tooth powder and toothbrush S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Melia azadirachta 1. Neem ST L.) 2. Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. Dhupi WP 3. Mangifera indica L. Kharai SD, LF 4. Tamarindus indica L. Tentoi FT shell Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. (Syn. T. 5. Oortoki FT citrine Roxb. ex. Flem.)

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Table 12: Plants used in diabetes, rheumatism, heart problem and blood pressure S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used Coccinea cordifolia (L.) Cogn. {Syn. C. indica 1. Kaowaluli LF (Naud.) Wt. and Arn.} 2. Colocasia affinis Schott. Maan-kheru TR 3. Strychnos nux-vomica L. Kuchilla LF, SB 4. Tectona grandis L. urinal problem. Segun FR 5. Terminalia arjuna Bedd. Arjun SB

Table 13: Plants used in local yeast cakes `Muli’ for making traditional drink `Khor’ S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used 1. Acorus calamus L. Baipata LF 2. Amomum aromaticum Roxb. Dhewtara LF Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. (Sny. Hydrocotyle 3. Khudmaniga RT asiatica L.) Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Kuntze (Syn. C. 4. Khangla RT indicum(L.) Kuntze.) Datura innoxia Mill (Syn. D. metel Sensu C. B. 5. Dhutra SD Cl.) 6. Jasminum sambac Ait. Mollokhoi LF, RT 7. Mimosa pudica L. Choitemora RT 8. Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees Kala-bashok TG 9. Scoparia dulcis L. La-dokhoi WP 10. Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers. Pimpurush TR 11. Strychnos nux-vomica L. Kuchilla SB Trapa bispinosa Roxb. (Syn. T. quadrispinosa 12. Wall., T. natus L. var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Hingrail LF Makina.)

Table 14: Plants (Fruits and Vegetables) are used as human food S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used 1. Amaranthus spinosus L. Isukjarol LF 2. Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Bl. Loregochha WP 3. Antidesma roxburghii Khoipora FT 4. Areca triandra Roxb Ban-gua SD 5. Artocarpus chaplasha Roxb Cham-kattol FT 6. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. {A. integra (Thunb) Merr} Phong FT 7. Artocarpus lacucha Buch.:Ham. (Syn. Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.) Demphal FT 8. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Melia azadirachta L.) Neem LF 9. Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. (Syn. B. sapida (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg. Bhubi FT 10. Calamus erectus Roxb. Sonatta/Kadambet FT 11. Caryota urens L.Kirt. Ramgua SD 12. Citrus grandis (L.) Osb. Mattu FT 13. Citrus Jambhiri Jara-jamir FT 14. Citrus macroptera Montrouz Jamir FT 15. Cocos nucifera L. Nairool FT 16. Colocasia esculenta L. Kheru LF, TR 17. Cordia dichotoma Forest. f. (Syn. C. obliqua Willd., C. myxa Roxb.) Kalahuza FT 18. Curcuma sp. Adaruk TR 19. Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. Krishnachura FT 20. Dillena indica L. ritual Chalom/Salam FT 21. Dillena pentagyna Roxb. (Syn. D. scabrella Roxb.) Ekush/Hargoja FT 22. Diospyros peregrina (Gaertn.) Gurke. (D. embryopteris Pers.) Mekurkendi FT 23. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Swartz. Paloi TG Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume. {E. robusta Roxb., E. tectorius 24. Belphoi FT (Lour.) Poir.} 25. Euryale ferox Salisb. Phukhol SD Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. (F. cataphracta Roxb. ex 26. Lookloki FT Willd.) ~ 181 ~ Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

27. Garcinia cowa Roxb. Kaw FT 28. Garcinia mangostana L. Lashai FT 29. Homalomena aromatica (Roxb. ex. Sims.) Schott. Chapla/Gundrui LF, SM, TR Lasia spinosa (L.) Thw. (Syn. L. heterophylla Schoott, L. aculeata 30. Golonta/Godudongi SM Lour.) 31. Leucas aspera Spreng. Dankolosh TG 32. Mangifera indica L. Kharai FT, SD 33. Microcos paniculata L. ex W. & A. (Grewia microcos Wall. ex Mast.) Pesondi FT 34. Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. kankura FT 35. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex. Wight.) Balcer. Kolauri Pod 36. Musa ornata Roxb. Ram-Phan-U FT 37. Musa sapientum L. Phang-U FT 38. Musa sapientum L. var. sylvestris Aitta-Phang-U FT 39. Oxalis corniculata L. Amboilot LF 40. Paederia foetida L. Padurapata LF, TG 41. Passiflora quadrangularis L. Thaloi FT 42. Piper betel L. Paan LF 43. Phyllanthus emblica L. (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) Aoola FT 44. Spondias pinnata Kurz. Ambra FT 45. Stellaria media L. Murmoori TG 46. Stixis suaveolens (Roxb.) Pierre. (Syn. Roydsia suaveolens Roxb.) Modhumala FT 47. Terminalia belerica Roxb. Boyra FT 48. Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. (Syn. T. citrine Roxb. ex. Flem.) Oortoki FT 49. Typhonium trilobatum Schott. Khakron SM, LF Trapa bispinosa Roxb. (Syn. T. quadrispinosa Wall., T. natus L. var. 50 Hingrail FT bispinosa (Roxb.) Makina.) 51. Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb.) Keay. (Syn. Randia dumetorum Lam.) Monkata FT 52. Zizyphus oenoplea (L.) Mill. Bombori FT

Table 15: Plants used for making `Angra’ (local charcoal) and daily fuel S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used 1. Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R.N. Park. Bodraj TR 2. Macaranga indica Wight. Patgulali WP 3. Sterculia villosa Roxb. (Syn. S. Colorata Roxb.) Udalchami TR 4. Wrightia coccinea Sims. palan TR

Table 16: Plants used in rituals, festivals and as a sacred value S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. (Syn. A. agallocha 1. Agor WP Vahl) Bacopa monniera (L.) Pennel (Harpestis 2. Dhupri WP monniera H. B. & K.) 3. Bambusa polymorpha Munro. Bethua-lakla SM 4. Cocos nucifera L. Nairool FT 4. Cynodon dactylon L. Pers. Dhupi WP 5. Dillena indica L. Chalom/Salam FT 6. Mangifera indica L. Kharai WP, LF 7. Musa sapientum L. Phang-U FT 8. Ocimum sanctum L. Kala-tulshi WP 9. Piper betel L. Paan LF 10. Saccharum spontaneum L. Khag SM 11. Streblus asper Lour. Hewra WP

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Table 17: Plants used for thatching, fencing and house-hold materials

S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used 1. Areca triandra Roxb. Ban-gua LF, SM 2. Bambusa longispiculata gamble ex brandis Mrittinga-lakla SM 3. Bambusa polymorpha Munro. Bethua-lakla SM 4. Bambusa vulgaris Schrad ex Wendl. Jaai-lakla SM 5. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees et Arn. ex Munro Pecha-lakla SM 6. Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro Barak-lakla SM 7. Thysanolaena maxima ( Roxb.) O. Knt. (T. agrastis Roxb.) Phul-jharu FR

Table 18: Plants used as needles S.No Botanical name Local name Parts used Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. (F. 1. Lookloki Spine cataphracta Roxb. ex Willd.) Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb.) Keay. (Syn. Randia 2. Mon-kata Spine dumetorum Lam.) YG-Young twig, LF-Leaf, SM-Stem, IE-Inflorescence, SD-Seed, WP-Whole plant, FT-Fruit, TR-Tuber, LX-Latex, RT-Root, RE- Rhizome, SB-Stembark, TM-Timber, WD-Wood, BB-Bulb, FR-Flower.

Fig 1: A Laleng women collecting different types of wild herbs for Fig 2: Laleng peoples are using bamboo for their daily family traditional liquor utensil

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Khadimnagar, Sylhet); Surendra Patra (Paschimsuti, Khadimnagar, Sylhet); Bokul Patra (Malgaon, Goainghat, Sylhet); Ponchomi Patra (Ahmednagar T.E., Goainghat, Sylhet); Gourango Patra (President, Bangladesh Patra Sampradai Kalyan Parisad, Doloipara, Khadimnagar, Sylhet); Nreepen Patra, Kartik Patra, Samonta Patra, Sobujmohan Patra (Doloipara, Khadimnagar, Sylhet) for their overall supervision, cordial guidance, valuable advice and constant encouragement throughout the course of this study.

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for malaria, jaundice, diarrhoca and dysentry. Bangladesh J plant Taxon 2001; 8(1):101-104. 7. Khan MS, Hassan MA, Uddin MZ. Ethnobotanical survey in Rema-Kalenga wildlife sanctuary (Habigonj) in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J plant Taxon 2002; 9(1):51-60. 8. Partha P. Ethnobotanical investigation of the ethnic communities living in greater Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh. M.Sc Thesis, Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh (unpublished), 2002, 390. 9. Partha P, Hossain ABME. Ethno conservational practices by 14 ethnic communities in Bangladesh. In: Bangladesh Environment. Vol. 1, Bangladesh Poribesh Andolon, Dhaka, 2002, 523-530. 10. Partha P, Hossain ABME. Ethnobotanical investigation of the Khasia ethnic community in Bangladesh. Seminar paper presented in the International conference on the role of plant in herbal medicine and conservation policy of floral diversity, BAPT, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2003. 11. Partha P, Hossain ABME. Ethnobotanical investigation in to the Mandi ethnic community in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Plant Taxon 2007; 14(2):129-145 12. Rana MP, Sohel MSI, Akhter S, MJ. Ethno-

medicinal plants use by the Manipuri tribal community in Fig 4: Laleng children like to taste the wild fruit of Pisundi Bangladesh. Journal of Forestry Research 2010; (Microcos paniculata L. ex W. & A.) 21(1):85−92. 13. Hye MA. The changed culture of the Laleng community 6. Acknowledgement of Sylhet. Edn 1, Mother prints, 10, Nilkhet Babupura, Wish to express my sincere appreciation and the deepest sense of Dhaka-1205, 2007 gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. A B M Enayet Hossain (Professor, 14. Chakrabarty RL. Sylheter Nishya Adibashi Patra (Indigent Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University), and Bangladesh ethnic group Patra in Sylhet-In Bangali), Edn 1, Maula National Herbarium for their cooperation to botanical Brothers, 39 Banglabazar, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh, 1998. identification. Doi Patra, Sonkor Patra (Thakurermati, ~ 184 ~ Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

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