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Inlprovement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in Agro-Ecological Zones of South Asia

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Inlprovement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in Agro-Ecological Zones of South Asia Inlprovement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in Agro-ecological Zones of South Asia C. Devendra, D. Thomas, M.A. Jabbarand E. Zerbini International Livestock Research Institute Affiliation of authors C. Devendra International Livestock Research Institute P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi Kenya D. Thomas Natural Resources Insritute Chatham Maritime, Central Avenue Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom MA.Jabbar International Livestock Research Institute P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa Ethiopia E. Zerbini International Livestock Research Institute South Asia Project at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics P.O. Box 502324, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India ISBN 92-9146-066-4 Correct citation: Devendra C., Thomas D., Jabbar M.A and Zerbini E. 2000. Improvement of Livestock Production in Crop-Animal Systems in Agro-ecological Zones of South Asia. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya 117 pp. Table of contents Foreword.•..•.••.••••..•.........••.••••••.••••••••••.••••••••.•••••••••••• vii Acknowledgements •••.•••.....••••...••.••••.•....••.•...•.•••.••.•••••••••• viii Executive summary· •••••••.••.••.•••••• .. •••• .. • .. .. •. .. .. ..•.••••• .. •• .. .. .. • 1 1 Background 5 Introduction 5 The setting 5 Agriculture in the region· 5 Level ofpoverty 7 Objectives ofthe assessment· ..•.•••..••...••..••.•..•••••.•••.••.•.••.••.•.. 7 General objective 7 Specific objectives 8 The study process 8 Study output· 8 2 Characterisation and importance of agro- ecological zones in South Asia 9 Introduction 9 Characterisation ofthe agro-ecological zones· ••.••••.•••••••.••.••••••••••••••••. 9 Definition ofAEZs 9 Soils ..•..•••.••.••.••..••.••.••••..•..••.••.••••••.••••••.••••.••.•. 10 Rainfed farming systems· 11 Conclusions 12 3 Characterisation of farming systems and review of research 13 Introduction .•..•.••.••••••••..••..•••.••.•.•••...•...•••••••.••••.••••• 13 Cropping systems and rangeland resources· .• .. .. .... .. .. •.••..•••• .. ••••.•.. 13 Cropping systems .•.•.•••......•.•••.•••••••••••••.•..•.•.••.•.•••.•..• 13 Rangeland resources 14 Animal genetic resources· •..••..••.••.......•••.•.••....••••••.••••••.••••. 16 Indigenous breeds· ••............•.••••••••••••••••••..•..•••.•.••.••.•• 16 Crossbreeding. .•.•...•.•....••..••••••••••••••.•.•.•.••••••..•.••..•.. 16 Animal production systems 17 Crop-animal interactions· ••....••..•.•.••••.••••••...•.•.•..••.•••••••.••• 18 Animal traction .•.•.•.•••.•••••••••.••.•••.•••..•...•••.•..••••••••••• 18 Animal feeds from crops· •.•..•••••••••••.•••••.••.•..•••.•••..••••••••.• 19 Introduction of improved forages 21 Manure•.•.•.••..•••••..•.••..•.•••...••••••••••...•••••••••.••.••.•. 22 Benefits ofcrop-animal interactions 22 Animal health and diseases 23 Livestock and the environment· .••••••••••.•.•.•.•.••...•••.•..••••.•••.•• 24 Socio-economics and policy.•....••.•..••.•••••.••••.••••••••••••.•.•.•••.•• 25 Post-production systems ••...•..••••..••.••.••••••••••.•..••••••••.•.•••.•. 26 Conclusions 26 Crop-animal systems· ••.••..••.••.•••••.••••••••••.•.••••••••••••••.••• 26 iii Animal genetic resources •••••••••••••••••••.•••••••.••••.••••••••••••••• 27 Feed resources and nutrition •••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27 Animal health· •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27 Livesrock and environment· •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••.••••••••••• 27 Socio-economics and policy 28 Post-production systems 28 4 Field assessment of crop-animal systems 29 Introduction· •••••••••..••.•••••.•••.••••.••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••. 29 Environmenr and cropping systems· .•••••••••.•••.••••••••••.••••••••••••••.• 29 Animal genetic resources •••••••.•••••.•.•.•••••••••••••..•.••••••••••••••• 29 Animal production systems· ••.•••••.•••••..••••••.•••.•.••••••••••••••••••• 30 Feed resources· •••••••••••••••••••••.•••.•.••••••••.•••.••••••••••••••••. 31 Animal health and diseases •••••.••.••••••.••.•••••••.••.••••.•••••••••••••. 32 Socio-economics and policy••••••••••••••••••••••••••••..••.•••..•••••.••••. 33 Insritutions and research capacity ••••••••••••.•.•••.••••.•.•••••••••••••••••• 34 Information systems ••••••.••..•.••••••••.•.•••.••••••.••••••••••••••••••• 35 Conclusions •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35 5 Key researchable issues in crop-animal systems 37 Introduction ••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••.••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 37 Conclusions •••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••..•••••••••••••••••• 41 6 Strategy for research and recommendations 43 Justification for research· •..•.•••••.•••••.••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••. 43 Guiding principles.••.•••••••••••••••.•.•.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 43 Recommendations on priority production systems and researchable areas ••••••••••••. 44 Dairy production 44 Small ruminant production 45 Other opporrunities 45 Resource requirements ••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••.•••..••••••••••••••••• 46 References· •••••••••••••••.•••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••• 46 Appendix I 53 Animal agriculture in the six countries 53 Bangladesh ••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••.••.•.•••.•..••••.•••••••••••. 53 Environment and cropping systems ••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••.••.•••••••• 53 Animal genetic resources 54 Animal production systems· 55 Feed resources 56 Animal health· •••••••••••••••••••••.••••.•••.••.•.••.•••••••••••.••••• 57 Socio-economics and policy •••••••••.••••••••.••••.•••..••••..••••.•••••• 58 Institutions· •.•••••••••••.••••••.•.•••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••• 60 Bhutan •••••••.••••••••••••••••••.••.••••.•••••••••••••••••••.••••••••• 61 Environment and cropping systems •••••••.•••••••••••.•.•••••••••••••••••. 61 Animal genetic resources 63 Animal production systems· ••••••••••••••.••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 64 Feed resources 64 Animal health· ••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 64 iv Socio-economics and policy ...................•.................•.•••..•. 65 Instimtions ............................................••••........... 66 India 66 Environment and cropping systems 66 Animal genetic resources 68 Animal production systems· 69 Feed resources ........................•••...•................•.•••••.. 70 Animal health........................•...•....................•....... 72 Socio-economics and policy .................•••.••..............•••••.••. 73 Instimtions ...•.•.•••......................••••.•.•...••...........•.• 74 Nepal.....................................................•.......•.... 75 Environment and cropping systems .........•.••.•....................•.••. 75 Animal genetic resources .......•...•.••.•.................•..•.......... 77 Animal production systems· 77 Feed resources· ......•.........•.................•.•.••................ 77 Animal health ..••.•.•••.......•.........•••.••.•.............••.••... 78 Socio-economics and policy .................•.......................•.... 78 Instimtions· ..............•••..•...............•................•.••.• 79 Pakistan· .......•..•....................•••..............••••........... 80 Environment and cropping systems .........•.................••............ 80 Animal genetic resources .....................•.••..............•••...... 82 Animal production systems..••..••...........••••.•.•............•••..... 83 Feed resources· 84 Animal health•..........................................••............ 86 Socio-economics and policy 86 Instimtions 88 Sri lanka· •......................••••••................••••............. 88 Environment and cropping systems 88 Animal genetic resources 89 Animal production systems· ....•.•..............••••.................••.. 89 Feed resources .....••.....•..••..••......•. + ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 90 Animal health 90 Socio-economics and policy ........•.•.....................•............. 9I Institutions 92 Appendix II 93 Itinerary of research team 93 Appendix III 99 List of persons met 99 Appendix IV 108 List of acronyms 108 v List of tables Table 1. Human populations (1996) and selecred economic indicators (1992-94 averages) fot South Asia· ••.••••••.•.••••••••••.•••••.••..••••.•••••••..••••..•• 6 Table 2. Animal populations and meat and milk producrion in South Asia· ••••••••••••••• 6 Table 3. Importance oftainfed agriculture in South Asia· ••••••••••.•.•••••••••••••••• 9 Table 4. The most important soil groups in the six countries ofSouth Asia· .•.•.••••••••• 10 Table 5. Human populations, food demand and land use in the ptiority AEZs ofAsia ...••. 12 Table 6. Important crops and cropping patterns in farming systems in SouthAsia •••••••.• 14 Table 7. Main crop-animal interactions in mixed farming systems· ....•.•••••.•.•••••• 18 Table 8. Some examples ofcrop-animal interactions in South Asia· •••·•·•··•·•·•• •••.. 19 Table 9. Institutions, organisational structures and research capacity in South Asia· •.•••••. 34 Table ro. Key researchable issues in the arid/semi-arid and subhumid/humid AEZs· 37 Table AI. Some examples ofcropping systems in Bangladesh••••.•••••••.••.•••••••••.• 55 Table A2. Description ofthe six agro-ecological zones· •.•.•••.••••.••••••.•••••••••••• 62 TableA3. Major crops grown in the four provinces of Pakistan 81 Table A4. Some important cropping patterns on the Pothowar Plateau, Punjab Province·· •.• 81 TableA5. Total areas ofthe major crops in each province (haxI06)• ••••••••••••••••••••••• 82 Table A6. Main commodity research priorities by province in Pakistan ••••••••.•••••••.•• 83 vi Foreword From the livestock petspective, the South Asian region has many distinctive fearures.
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